Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility Research Articles

Smoking status trajectories, intergenerational socioeconomic mobility and depression: Preliminary results from 107,734 French adults (18 to 75 years) of the CONSTANCES cohort

IntroductionCigarette smoking prevalence is significantly higher among people with mental health problems than among the general population. Smoking accounts for much of the reduction in life expectancy associated with mental illness, why the high co-occurrence of smoking and mental health illness is a major public health concern. Persons belonging to socioeconomical disadvantaged groups have higher risk of mental health conditions and also higher smoking rates.ObjectivesIn this study we aim to examine smoking trajectories among adult smokers between 2012 and 2020. Furthermore, we aim to investigate differences in smoking trajectories by adult depression by taking into consideration participants intergenerational socioeconomic mobility (ISEM).MethodsAnalyses were based on data from CONSTANCES, a French general population cohort conducted from 2012 to 2020. In total were 107,734 participants included after exclusion of never smokers. Depression was measured by the CES-D scale, and depression was classified with a score ≥16. ISEM is based on childhood (maternal and parental occupational grade) and adult socioeconomic position (SEP), and low ISEM includes those with low SEP as child and adult and high ISEM those with consistent high SEP. Group-based trajectories modelling (GBTM) was used to determine smoking status trajectories. To address the association between ISEM and smoking trajectory class we used multinomial logistic regression with former smokers as reference class adjusted for depression, household income, sex and age.ResultsWe identified five smoking trajectories 1) Former smokers (56.6%), 2) Long-term smokers (26.4%), 3) Intermediate smokers (3.3%), 4) Early quitters (5.0%) and 5) Late quitters (8.7%). Preliminary results from multinomial logistic regression showed that persons with low ISEM had higher odds of depression (OR [95%CI]=1.91 [1.77;2.06]) than those with high ISEM. Participants with low ISEM had higher odds of being long-term smoking than former smokers compared to those with high ISEM (ORa [95%CI]=1.55 [1.43;1.67]). Furthermore, those with low ISEM had lower odds of being in any of the other smoking trajectory groups vs. former smokers compared to those with high ISEM (ORa [95%CI]=0.82 [0.69;0.97]) for intermediate smokers, ORa [95%CI]=0.75 [0.66;0.85]) for early quitters, and ORa [95%CI]=0.78 [0.70;0.87]) for late quitters).ConclusionsPreliminary results showed an association between ISEM and smoking trajectories in our study. Persons with low ISEM are more likely to be long-term smokers. Future analysis should consider the effect of depression as a mediating factor on the association between ISEM and smoking trajectories.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Abstract 02: Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility is Associated With Adulthood All-Cause Mortality in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Introduction: Different patterns of socioeconomic mobility (SEM) across the life course may influence the risk of all-cause mortality in adulthood. Lifetime low socioeconomic status and downward social mobility may be associated with a higher risk of mortality. Hypothesis: SEM is associated with mortality, and persons with enduring intergenerational adversity or downward SEM have a higher risk of mortality compared to persons with enduring intergenerational advantage. Methods: This study included 13,459 participants, 18-74 years of age, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos who participated in the baseline visit (2008-2011) and were not missing key covariate information. Socioeconomic position (SEP) was assessed as parental education in childhood (dichotomized at high school), and a 5-facet index of SEP in adulthood across education, income, employment status, longest held occupation type, and homeownership. The adulthood SEP index was dichotomized at the median value of 2 (range: 0-5). Childhood and adulthood SEP were then combined into a single 4-level measure of SEM (enduring advantage, upward mobility, downward mobility, and enduring adversity). Multivariable sampling weight-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate the association between SEM and all-cause mortality. Potential confounders included age, gender, Hispanic/Latino ethnic background, US nativity, years spent in the US, and study center, whereas alcohol and tobacco use, depression score, and BMI were considered potential mediators. Presence of mediation was assessed by calculating total and direct effects via modeling, then evaluating percent change from total to direct effects against a 10% guideline. Results: During the follow-up period of 2008-2019, 515 deaths were recorded. After adjusting for all potential confounders, a significant association was found between adulthood all-cause mortality and SEM overall (F = 7.62, p < 0.0001). Downward mobility had significantly higher hazard of death compared to enduring advantage (aHR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.17-2.81), although upward mobility and enduring adversity groups were not significant. The direct effect for downward mobility was reduced after adjustment for potential mediators (aHR: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.96, 2.30). Conclusions: Socioeconomic mobility, specifically downward mobility, is associated with all-cause mortality among a diverse cohort of Hispanic/Latino individuals residing in the United States. This association shows evidence of mediation by clinical and behavioral characteristics.

Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility and Cognitive Impairment Among Chinese Older Adults: Gender Differences.

This study examined the impact of intergenerational socioeconomic mobility on the risk of cognitive impairment in a cohort of Chinese older adults aged 60years and older. Data were derived from the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the impact of three dimensions of socioeconomic mobility (occupational mobility, educational mobility, and residential mobility) on the risk of cognitive impairment. We found that men who were stable with non-professional jobs across generations had a higher risk of cognitive impairment than their counterparts who experienced upward occupational mobility compared to their father. This pattern was not observed in women. There was little evidence that educational mobility or residential mobility affected cognitive impairment in later life. The findings have implications for advancing supportive policies and practices related to maximizing the benefits of education and career advancements for cognition in later life.

Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility and Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults: Does Gender Matter?

The prevalence of dementia among older adults in mainland China is projected to increase rapidly in the next few decades. This study aimed to examine the impact of intergenerational socioeconomic mobility on the risk of cognitive impairment in a cohort of Chinese older adults, with a focus on potential gender differences. Data were derived from the 2011 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Socioeconomic mobility in this study includes three dimensions: occupational mobility, educational mobility, and residential mobility. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination. The final sample included 6,233 older adults aged 80 years and above. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the impact of the three dimensions of socioeconomic mobility on the risk of cognitive impairment in older men and women. For men, those with stable high occupational status across generations had the lowest risk of cognitive impairment. For women, those who received no education and lived in rural areas across generations had the highest risk of cognitive impairment. These findings lend support to the cumulative risk theory, which highlights the accumulation of risk factors that places individuals in jeopardy for negative health consequences in later life. The findings have implications for advancing supportive policies and practices related to maximizing the benefits of education and occupation for cognition in later life, especially for women in rural China.

What Determine Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from Pakistan

This paper examines the factors that influence the socioeconomic development of employees particularly those having poor financial backgrounds. We investigate the relationship between intergenerational socio-economic mobility and subjective well-being moreover. We look at different measures of intergenerational mobility — 1. social, 2. educational, 3. Occupational and 4. income mobility as well as 5. change in their socio-economic conditions. The mobility determinants under study included the individuals’ academics or level of their literacy along whit 2. their parents and family educational backgrounds, their prior economic status, and their financial status from what level of prosperity they use to belong, their siblings, children, and gender. To achieve this objective, this study adopted a questionnaire-based survey approach. A quantitative study was made by using a survey of about 370 responses. These individuals belong to different age groups, having different financial statuses, and having different social backgrounds. The data was analyzed using Structured Equation Modeling. The results suggested the number of children has a significant effect on downwards education mobility, however negatively affecting downwards income mobility and contributing to better socioeconomic conditions. However, the number of siblings positively affect upwards educational mobility but at the same time, downwards social mobility. Similarly, the level of self-education is negatively affecting education and income downwards mobility, hence contributing to the betterment of education. Father’s education level is causing an increase in social upward mobility but a decrease in occupation mobility, it is also contributing towards downwards income mobility. Mother education also seems to affect downwards social mobility as well as occupational mobility. Employees' prior economic status seems to negatively affect income downwards mobility, occupational mobility, as well as socioeconomic conditions. The key findings of this study suggest that both social backgrounds and levels of academic achievements have a significant impact on individual development in social and economic prosperity and play a significant role in the development and utilization of their skills.

Broken promise of college? New educational sorting mechanisms for intergenerational association in the 21st century

Previous studies have shown that intergenerational socioeconomic association becomes weaker as children's education level increases and is negligible among college graduates. A college degree is known as the great equalizer for intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. Recent studies, however, reported that the strong intergenerational association reemerges among advanced degree holders although it stays weak among BA-only holders. Despite the substantial theoretical importance and policy implications, the mechanisms behind the reemergence of the intergenerational association at the post-baccalaureate level have been less studied. In this paper, we examine the association between parents' education and children's earnings using the 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2017 National Survey of College Graduates data. Our results show that the strong intergenerational socioeconomic immobility among advanced degree holders is fully attributable to three educational sorting mechanisms: children from high-SES families (1) obtain expensive and financially rewarding advanced degrees, (2) attend selective institutions and major in hyper-lucrative fields of study such as law and medicine in graduate school, and (3) complete their education at a younger age and enjoy income growth over more years in the labor market. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Personality, Value, and Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from Vietnam

Intergenerational socioeconomic mobility is often attributed to cognitive factors like education, IQs, and heritability. Personality and values are believed to be heritable and stable over time, thus affecting the change in socioeconomic status among generations. This empirical study identifies the role of personality, values, and the interaction between them on the disparity in socioeconomic status between parents and children in Vietnam. Our research is based on a randomly-sampled survey of 450 students in different programs at the National Economics University (NEU). The estimation results indicate that besides education, most traits, among the big five traits, except openness and neuroticism, have significant positive effects on socioeconomic mobility. Furthermore, since values are considered to be behavioral manifestations of personality, we take into account the interactive effects of personality traits and personal values on socioeconomic mobility. It is interesting that we found many significant relations of personality-value interaction to socioeconomic mobility between generations. Additionally, gender inequality and the urbanrural gap are also illustrated in individuals’ socioeconomic positions.

Intergenerational social mobility and religious ecology: Disaggregating the conservative Protestant bloc

We extend research on the effects of religious ecologies by examining the role of religious ecologies in intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. We do so first by providing a theoretical framework addressing the diverse cultural influences of religious traditions and their impact on intergenerational mobility. We argue that certain otherworldly orientations among conservative Protestants suppress mechanisms of upward mobility, and that there are meaningful distinctions between sub-groups of conservative Protestants (evangelicals, fundamentalists, and Pentecostals). An analysis of county-level data from the recently released Equality of Opportunity Project and the Churches and Church Membership Survey is used to empirically examine the relationship between religious ecologies and intergenerational mobility. Findings suggest distinct effects of different religious groups on intergenerational mobility. These results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the ecological impact of religion on social mobility in the United States and challenge the conceptualization of conservative Protestants as a monolithic group.

MOVILIDAD INTERGENERACIONAL Y GASTO PUBLICO EN ARGENTINA

The main objective of this article is to determine the effect of public spending on intergenerational socioeconomic mobility (MI) in Argentina. Also analyzes their impact on the mobility gap observed between children from different socioeconomic backgrounds family. The identification strategy used is to exploit the temporal variability of public spending. The results suggest that public spending increases MI. This effect is higher when spending categories most directly related to the human capital of children and adolescents are increased. But the magnitudes of the estimated effects are modest.

Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility and Adult Depression: The CONSTANCES Study.

Using data from the nationally representative Consultants des Centres d'Examens de Santé (CONSTANCES) study in France (2012-2014; n = 67,057), we assessed the relationship between intergenerational socioeconomic mobility and adult depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale scores of ≥16 in men or ≥20 in women) and antidepressant use. Socioeconomic position was ascertained by occupational grade (childhood: maternal and paternal measures prior to age 15 years combined; adulthood: participant's own). We used logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, parental history of psychiatric disorders and suicide, health behaviors, and chronic health problems. Compared with the reference group (persistently high socioeconomic circumstances), participants in other groups had elevated levels of depression (for upward mobility, multivariate odds ratios (OR) = 1.21; intermediate socioeconomic position, 1.28; downward mobility, 1.66; persistently low socioeconomic position, 1.82). Downward mobility and persistently low socioeconomic position were also associated with elevated odds of antidepressant use (for downward mobility, multivariate OR = 1.24; for persistently low socioeconomic position, 1.36). In supplementary analyses, the association of socioeconomic mobility with depression was stronger in women than in men and among younger participants (aged 18-29 years) than among older participants. Factors that contribute to depression risk and socioeconomic inequalities in this area appeared to be at play already in childhood; this should be acknowledged by clinicians and policymakers.

Intergenerational Mobility and Gender in Mexico

This article studies intergenerational socioeconomic mobility in Mexico comparing men and women. In contrast to most sociological work that uses individual-level measures to proxy family socioeconomic status, we use a direct measure of family living standards for both generations, based on an index of economic well-being. Strong intergenerational persistence is found in Mexico compared to other countries. Persistence is stronger for men than women, particularly among advantaged families. The role of education in the mobility process is examined. Findings indicate that “excess immobility” of men is not mediated by education. Wider gender differences among married/cohabiting than single respondents suggests parents are more likely to transfer socioeconomic resources to their married sons than married daughters. We argue for the advantages of measuring socioeconomic status directly at the household level, and of evaluating gender differences to gain insight about mobility mechanisms.

Intergenerational mobility and subjective well-being—Evidence from the general social survey

We investigate the relationship between intergenerational socio-economic mobility and subjective well-being (SWB) using data from the General Social Survey (GSS). We look at three different measures of intergenerational mobility—social, educational, and income mobility. We find that downward mobility with respect to all three measures has a negative effect on the self-reported level of happiness and subjective health while upward mobility is associated with positive outcomes in subjective well-being. The positive and negative effect of social and educational mobility, however, is entirely through the income and health channels while income mobility has an impact on subjective well-being even after controlling for the current level of income and health. We further find that the effect of income mobility on subjective well-being peaks between the ages of 35–45 years and then slowly dissipates. Finally, the negative effect of downward mobility on subjective well-being is much stronger than the positive effect of upward mobility. This is consistent with the decision theory of loss aversion according to which the experienced disutility from loses outweighs the utility from acquiring proportionate gains. We do not find evidence for loss aversion when it comes to social and educational mobility.

Occupations and the evolution of gender differences in intergenerational socioeconomic mobility

This paper analyzes intergenerational mobility experiences of daughters and sons with respect to their fathers’ occupational status and documents changes in gender differences over time. While women have been in occupations with lower overall earnings potential, men are more likely to be in occupations characterized by long hours and low returns. The mobility gap in earnings has been closing and a mobility advantage with respect to education has been emerging.

Multi-generational income disadvantage and the educational attainment of young adults

We use data from three generations of participants of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the association between intergenerational socio-economic mobility and young adult outcomes. In particular, we investigate whether parents’ childhood conditions are associated with the educational attainment of their young adult children, conditional on young adults’ own childhood conditions. We examine the degree to which different paths leading to the same socio-economic position may differentially influence the outcomes of children raised under otherwise similar circumstances. We find some evidence that, conditional on young adults’ own adolescent conditions, the adolescent conditions of their parents influence their household environment and by extension their educational attainment. This association appears to be concentrated among low-income households.

Intergenerational socio-economic mobility and national development in Nigeria

Nigeria is blessed with an abundance of human and natural resources. It is the 6 th largest exporter of crude oil, formerly the largest and now the third largest exporter of palm oil in the world. It has the largest gas reserves in Africa including a vast accumulation of other natural resources and a population of about 147 million people, but it is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. This contradiction seems to evidence the fact that resources alone are not sufficient to engender growth and national development. For development to occur, the resources (human and material) must be employed to serve the positive needs of man. The human resources must be encouraged to work, initiate, interact and direct material resources towards solving practical problems and creating conveniences for man. For these to be, each and everybody in the society should be given an opportunity to contribute his or her quota toward meeting individual and collective needs. There is a need to create an opportunity space for all to contribute their talents, abilities and aptitudes towards solving societal problems. The wider the opportunity, the better for the economy. However, in Nigeria, unemployment, poverty, corruption, inequality among others, narrow the opportunity structure with the consequence that only a few people are positively engaged while majority of Nigerians rest heavily on receipts from the petroleum industry with its pollution and corruption side effects. This, has generated so much problems as the untapped energy is dissipated in negative directions in an attempt to ‘corner’ a larger share of the petroleum proceeds which is seen as free, God-given national cake which needs no work to benefit from. Intergenerational socio-economic mobility is an index that measures the opportunity structure in society, and the wider the opportunity structure, the more development is likely to occur. In sum, it is not just resources (oil or no oil) but the opportunity space that will engender development.

SOCIAL MOBILITY SANS FRONTIÈRES?

ABSTRACT In research on immigration, a lot of attention is devoted to the intergenerational socio-economic mobility of second and third generation immigrants, but little is known about the class mobility of first generation migrants. We address this issue with the use of a representative survey on middle-aged and elderly immigrants in France. A comparison between the socio-economic status of each male respondent during his childhood and at the time of the interview reveals some variation in class mobility across countries and regions of origin. At the same time, our analysis of the main determinants of the socio-economic status of the respondents at the end of their careers highlights a strong influence of the socio-economic environment during their childhoods and gives support to our main hypothesis of a dominance effect.

440: Childhood Health Status and Inter-Generational Socioeconomic Mobility in the Ontario Child Health Study

440: Childhood Health Status and Inter-Generational Socioeconomic Mobility in the Ontario Child Health Study

Ambitious education: the role of family, school and friends in the development of successful Romany life courses

Drawing upon questionnaire data this paper analyses ethno-national identity transformations among a sample of 470 socio-economically mobile Roma in Hungary. The paper concerns a group of Roma who have been successful in escaping the grip of ethnicity-specific poverty. The authors inquire about the extent to which these persons view themselves as Roma and the extent to which they were relatively privileged or disprivileged by their parents' levels of educational attainment. Some variations in the Romany identities assumed or accepted by the mobile respondents are also investigated and these are related to objective and subjective aspects of the respondents' current and especially childhood background. Predictions for respondents' children's identification are also analysed. The article asks what the circumstances are under which intergenerational socio-economic mobility among the Roma is, or is not, associated with identity switch or, alternatively, with the possible variations in patterns of identity rete...

Rags to Rags: Poverty and Mobility in the United States

Early arguments over the “culture of poverty” assumed considerable intergenerational transmission of poverty but differed over whether this was due to cultural inadequacies of the poor or to structural barriers and discrimination faced by the poor. These arguments subsided by the 1970s when quantitative social stratification studies such as Blau & Duncan (1967) found that intergenerational socioeconomic mobility was considerable and that there was little evidence for a “vicious cycle of poverty.” In the 1980s the issue of intergenerational poverty reemerged when research on new longitudinal datasets suggested that both intragenerational and intergenerational poverty were more persistent than analyses based on cross-sectional data had suggested. Four new theoretical perspectives were developed to explain intergenerational poverty: the resources model, the correlated disadvantages model, the welfare culture model, and Wilson’s (1987) underclass model. This review summarizes and evaluates recent empirical research on the extent to which being raised in poor families, in non-intact families, in welfare-dependent families, and/or in underclass neighborhoods facilitates or hinders children’s adult attainments. The review assesses how well each of the four new models are supported by this research.

Social mobility and hypertension among blacks

This paper considers the role of social mobility to hypertension among blacks. Using a nationally representative sample of the adult black population, this research finds no effects of intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. Minimal effects are found for geographic mobility; geographic moves bears a small positive relationship to hypertension. The implications for a theory of mobility effects on black health are discussed.