Intergenerational Correlation Research Articles

The intergenerational correlation of employment: Mothers as role models?

Linking data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, we document a substantial positive correlation of employment status between mothers and their offspring in the United States. After controlling for ability, education, fertility and wealth, offspring of permanently employed mothers have an 11 percentage-point higher probability to be employed in each given year than those of never employed mothers. The intergenerational transmission of maternal employment is stronger to daughters but significant also to sons. Investigating potential mechanisms, we provide suggestive evidence for a role model channel, through which labor force participation may be transmitted. Offspring seem to emulate the example of their mother when they observe her working. By contrast, we are able to rule out alternative candidate explanations such as network effects, occupation-specific human capital and local conditions of the labor market.

Parent-offspring regression and intergeneration correlation analysis in powdery mildew resistance derived F4 and F5 generations of oat

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the intergeneration correlation and parent-offspring regression in F4 and F5 generations of seven different oat crosses which were grown during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, at Experimental Farm of Fodder Section, CSKHPKV, Palampur. Correlation studies revealed a negative correlation between crude protein yield per plant with grain yield per plant in F5 generation and a positive correlation between fresh fodder yield per plant and dry matter yield per plant in both generations, revealing crude protein yield as major forage yield component. F4 generation progenies showed highly significant and positive values of intergeneration correlation and regression with F5 generation progenies for grain yield per plant, crude protein yield per plant, harvest index and number of tillers per plant in most of the crosses, which indicated that the performance of plants on the basis of these traits is a reliable indicator of their performance in subsequent generations. Narrow sense heritability increased with the advancement of generation from F4 to F5, indicating the additivity of gene effects for the traits such as grain yield per plant, 100-grain weight, harvest index and crude protein yield per plant. Two progenies P4-5-2 -5 and P4-5-2-8 of the cross HJ-8 × JPO-46 were resistant to powdery mildew disease in F5 generation and the number of resistant plants was more in F5 generation over F4 generation which showed the efficiency of selection for resistance to powdery mildew.

Intergenerational Transmission of Welfare Benefit Receipt: Evidence from Germany

We study the intergenerational transmission of welfare benefit receipt in Germany. We first describe the correlation between welfare receipt experienced in the parental household and subsequent own welfare receipt of young adults. In a second step, we investigate whether the observed correlations reflect causal effects of past welfare experience. We use family fixed effects estimations and Gottschalk's (1996) approach and take advantage of the long‐running German Socio‐Economic Panel Survey to contribute to a sparse literature. We find strong positive correlations between parental and own welfare receipt. These patterns do, however, not persist after controlling for unobserved heterogeneities. Therefore, our results suggest that the strong intergenerational correlation of welfare benefit receipt is determined by family background rather than by the experience of parental welfare benefit receipt.

The rising influence of family background on early school performance

We use administrative data from Norway to examine recent trends in the association between parents’ prime age earnings rank and offspring's educational performance rank by age 15/16. We show that the intergenerational correlation between these two ranks has increased over the past decades, and that offspring from economically disadvantaged families have fallen behind. This has happened despite public policies contributing to leveling the playing field. We show that the expansion of universal childcare and, more recently, the increased teacher-pupil ratio in compulsory school, have disproportionally benefited lower class offspring. The rising influence of parents’ earnings rank can partly be explained by a strengthened intragenerational association between earnings rank and education among parents, as educational achievement has an inheritable component. Yet a considerable unexplained rise in the influence of family background remains, consistent with evidence pointing toward increased parental involvement in children's lives, plausibly in response to higher returns to education.

Polygenic Prediction of Education and Its Role in the Intergenerational Transmission of Education: Cohort Changes Among Finnish Men and Women Born in 1925-1989.

Major changes in the educational distribution of the population and in institutions over the past century have affected the societal barriers to educational attainment. These changes can possibly result in stronger genetic associations. Using genetically informed, population-representative Finnish surveys linked to administrative registers, we investigated the polygenic associations and intergenerational transmission of education for those born between 1925 and 1989. First, we found that a polygenic index (PGI) designed to capture genetic predisposition to education strongly increased the predictiveness of educational attainment in pre-1950s cohorts, particularly among women. When decomposing the total contribution of PGI across different educational transitions, the transition between the basic and academic secondary tracks was the most important. This transition accounted for 60-80% of the total PGI-education association among most cohorts. The transition between academic secondary and higher tertiary levels increased its contribution across cohorts. Second, for cohorts born between 1955 and 1984, we observed that one eighth of the association between parental and one's own education is explained by the PGI. There was also an increase in the intergenerational correlation of education among these cohorts, which was partly explained by an increasing association between family education of origin and the PGI.

Measuring Education Changes Between Generations: Evidence for 52 Developing Countries from 1870 to 2010

AbstractThis work measures the education changes between generations for a sample of 52 developing countries (Latin America, 15; Asia and the Pacific, 13; the Middle East, 6; and Africa, 18) from 1870 to 2010. Results show that the intergenerational correlations of Pearson-Spearman indices in the developing world are higher than ρ = 0.90, with those cases in which the existing correlation between individuals of the same gender exceeds values higher than ρ = 0.95 being especially noteworthy. The OLS estimations show intergenerational indices between 0.67 and 0.99, with Asia and Pacific being the region with the highest values, and Latin America being the developing region with the lowest indices. All four regions show a significantly high level of educational transmission between generations, with this lack of educational mobility appearing to be one reason for the stagnation of growth and economic development in these regions.

Understanding the Relationship Between Decreases in Social Security Benefits and Intergenerational Inequalities in Mental Health.

It is well-established that mental health follows similar patterns across generations. However, little is known how structural factors, such as those related to social security reforms, may impact this relationship. Our aim was to quantify the strength of association in mental health between parents and their adolescent children, and to explore how much of this correlation is explained by decreases in benefits. We used data from U.K. Household Longitudinal Study (2009-2019) from which we matched youth data to their parents, and split the sample into single- and dual-parent households. To estimate the intergenerational correlations, we estimated a series of unit- and rank-based regression models of standardized and time-averaged mental health measures for adolescents and their parents. Our findings suggest that there are statistically significant intergenerational associations in mental health between parents and children for both single- and dual-parent households, with the relationship being stronger for single-mother households. Benefit losses explain a small proportion of this association, for both single-mother and dual-parent households. Nevertheless, they are negatively associated with the mental health of adolescents in dual-parent households-independently of both adolescent and parental characteristics. Such negative effects should be considered when designing and evaluating future social security benefit policies.

Intergenerational educational mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa

Research on social mobility in developing countries has been hampered by the coresidency criterion applied to most surveys. However, a recent study showed that for educational mobility, the intergenerational correlation (IGC) suffers from significantly less bias in coresident samples, and is also more robust for comparing mobility across sub-samples, time and varying coresidency rates. This study employs the IGC and census data from 22 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to investigate the association between parents’ and children's educational attainment for several cohorts born between the mid-1950s and early 1990s. According to the results, the SSA average IGC during the period was 0.4, with country averages between 0.3 and 0.5, which would indicate low to medium intergenerational educational persistence. Trend estimates, however, show that the IGC rose (mobility worsened) over the decades in several countries, as it did on average for the region as a whole.

Like Father, Like Son: Empirical Insights into the Intergenerational Continuity of Masculinity Ideology

Scholarly work and public commentary point to the persistence of masculinity models characterized by a sense of entitlement, the exertion of dominance, and the justification of abusive behaviors. While there is abundant theoretical work on men and masculinities, fewer empirical studies have examined how young men develop their masculine ideals. In this study, we theorize the role of fathers’ adherence to masculinity ideology in influencing the development of young men’s masculine ideals. We then provide novel empirical evidence on intergenerational congruence between fathers’ and sons’ masculinities using unique data from an Australian national probability survey. Our results reveal moderate, positive associations between fathers’ and sons’ adherence to masculinity ideology. This pattern holds for an overall measure of masculinity, as well as for each of its subscales. Fathers’ religiosity amplified the magnitude of the intergenerational correlation. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at encouraging the development of healthy masculinities amongst young men should engage their paternal figures.

Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity

Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity

Estimation of Genetic Variability Parameters and Parent-offspring Correlation, Regression in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Genetic variability is major component which helps in selecting better genotypes under different environmental conditions, with this aim an experiment was conducted to understand the genetic potential, heritability, genetic advance and traits association of yield contributing characters for F6 and F7 families derived from the cross GKVK-6 × KCG-2 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore in an augmented block design along with three checks viz., TMV-2, KCG-6 and KCG-2 during summer and Kharif 2017. Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that highly significant differences were observed for all the characters studied. High genetic variability was observed for major yield contributing characters like the number of pods per plant (g), pod yield (g), kernel yield per plant (g), SMK% (sound mature kernel per cent), SCMR (SPAD chlorophyll meter reading) and SLA (specific leaf area) (cm2/g). Narrow difference between GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) and PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) was observed for pods per plant, pod yield, SCMR and SLA and high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance per cent mean was recorded for pod yield, SCMR and SLA indicating the involvement of additive gene action in controlling these traits. Three superior families were noticed with more pods plant-1, high pod yield plant-1, high kernel yield-1, high shelling (%), high SMK (%), high SCMR value, and low SLA value. Further, these superior families also revealed the presence of high parent offspring regression and intergeneration correlation, implying increased efficiency of selection for most of the traits considered and these were identified to be the important characters that could be used in selection for yield Keywords: GCV, PCV, Heritability, GAM, water use efficiency, Groundnut.

Review: Selfie Aesthetics: Seeing Trans Feminist Futures in Self-Representational Art, by Nicole Erin Morse

Review: <i>Selfie Aesthetics: Seeing Trans Feminist Futures in Self-Representational Art</i>, by Nicole Erin Morse

Parent Progeny Regression Analysis for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in F3 and F4 Generations in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The present study was carried out during kharif (June−September, 2019) and from January to mid of May 2020 at AC&amp;RI, Madurai, Tamilnadu state, India. From the segregating populations of F3 and F4 generations of the cross ASD16×Improved Pusa Basmati 1 to estimate the effectiveness of selection for yield and its contributing traits. F3 generation was raised in single seed decent method in the non-replicated manner and line sowing was taken in F4 generation. Positively skewed and platykurtic curve was observed for the trait hundred seed weight in the both generations this result revealed that the trait was controlled by the complementary type of gene action hence showing that intense selection is needed to obtain more genetic gain from these traits. The parent progeny regression and intergenerational correlation showed positive and highly significance for the quantitative traits i.e., days to 50% flowering, number of productive tillers, number of filled grains panicle-1, and single plant yield, plant height and hundred grain weight. Narrow sense heritability was observed for the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, single plant yield, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1 infer that these traits carried their additive×additive component and helped in the fixation of the characters in the early generation itself.

Social Interaction in the Family: Evidence from Investors’ Security Holdings

Abstract We show that investors tend to hold the same securities as their parents. This intergenerational correlation is stronger for mothers and family members who are more likely to communicate with each other. An instrumental variables estimation and a natural experiment suggest that the correlation reflects social influence. This influence runs not only from parents to children, but also vice versa. The resulting holdings of identical securities increase intergenerational correlations in portfolio choice, exacerbate wealth inequality, and amplify the consequences of behavioral biases.

The combination of DNA methylome and transcriptome revealed the intergenerational inheritance on the influence of advanced maternal age.

BackgroundThe number of women delivering at advanced maternal age (AMA; > = 35) continuously increases in developed and high‐income countries. Large cohort studies have associated AMA with increased risks of various pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, which raises great concerns about the adverse effect of AMA on the long‐term health of offspring. Specific acquired characteristics of parents can be passed on to descendants through certain molecular mechanisms, yet the underlying connection between AMA‐related alterations in parents and that in offspring remains largely uncharted.MethodsWe profiled the DNA methylomes of paired parental peripheral bloods and cord bloods from 20 nuclear families, including 10 AMA and 10 Young, and additional transcriptomes of 10 paired maternal peripheral bloods and cord bloods.ResultsWe revealed that AMA induced aging‐like changes in DNA methylome and gene expression in both parents and offspring. The expression changes in several genes, such as SLC28A3, were highly relevant to the disorder in DNA methylation. In addition, AMA‐related differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in mother and offspring groups showed remarkable similarities in both genomic locations and biological functions, mainly involving neuron differentiation, metabolism, and histone modification pathways. AMA‐related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by mother and offspring groups were highly enriched in the processes of immune cell activation and mitotic nuclear division. We further uncovered developmental‐dependent dynamics for the DNA methylation of intergenerationally correlated DMRs during pre‐implantation embryonic development, as well as diverse gene expression patterns during gametogenesis and early embryonic development for those common AMA‐related DEGs presenting intergenerational correlation, such as CD24. Moreover, some intergenerational DEGs, typified by HTRA3, also showed the same significant alterations in AMA MII oocyte or blastocyst.ConclusionsOur results reveal potential intergenerational inheritance of both AMA‐related DNA methylome and transcriptome and provide new insights to understand health problems in AMA offspring.

Mothers’ and daughters’ employment in Europe. A comparative analysis

Abstract This article analyzes the intergenerational correlation of employment between young women (at about 30 years of age) and their mothers (when their daughters were about 14 years old), using 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions data. It examines the extent to which this correlation varies across 19 European countries and is associated with the socioeconomic context at the national level. Having grown up with a working mother is associated with a sizeable increase in the daughters’ employment probability in almost all countries, with greater effect for women with children. For this group, the intergenerational correlation is smaller in countries where the policy context is less favorable to maternal employment. It is crucial to promote gender equality, challenging individuals’ gender stereotypes through education and in society at large, and create conditions that allow young women’s preferences for work to be realized, enhancing policies that favor a balanced sharing of unpaid work.

Estimating Narrow Sense Heritability from Parent Progeny Regression and Inter-generation Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Characters in Segregating Lines of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Black gram or urdbean is a self-pollinated short duration diploid grain legume packed with abundant nutrients and acts as a N2 fixer, fertility restorer agent by using as mulch or catch crop. But still the crop’s value is limited due to many genetic as well as biotic and abiotic factors. Keeping this in regard, the present research was undertaken by estimating parent-progeny regression and inter-generation correlation coefficient and in turn attain narrow sense heritability values for the traits so as to determine and identify desirable and probable genotypes and their further improvement by selection in consecutive generations. Methods: The present research was aimed to ascertain the extent of narrow sense heritability through parent-progeny regression and inter-generation relationships between F2 and F3 generations for 11 quantitative traits in 14 crosses using randomised complete block design in the Experimental farm of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) during Kharif 2018 and 2019. Result: Regression and intergeneration analysis revealed that five crosses showed positive and significant values for days to 75% maturity, thereby meaning that plants selected in the F2 population had a significant positive association with that of F3 for this trait. Estimates of narrow sense heritability were recorded highest for biological yield and days to 75% maturity. Keeping the above parameters in consideration, it was concluded that days to 75% maturity and biological yield affirm the presence of additive variance which determined as a good transmission index of genetic potentials from parent of one generation to the progeny of other, while a high regression suggests low influence of environment along with large genetic effects. So, these can be prioritized as the prime traits and used as a reliable predictor for making effective selection and improvement of genotypes for enhancing yield in subsequent generations.

The Evolution of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey

ABSTRACT We investigate the role of intergenerational transmission in educational outcomes and inequalities for cohorts born between 1951 and 1985 in Turkey via the Turkish Statistical Institute’s Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantages Module in 2011. Our results show that Turkey has a relatively low degree of intergenerational educational mobility. Further, the primary measures of intergenerational educational mobility – the regression and correlation coefficients via years of schooling – exhibit a U-shape over the sample period. Our first decomposition exercise reveals that the early cohorts’ improving intergenerational mobility stems mainly from the educational improvements of descendants born to low-educated fathers. In contrast, the recently increasing intergenerational correlation stems from the disproportionately favorable university prospects of descendants born to university graduate fathers. Moreover, we decompose the correlation coefficient via a second methodology and show that 91% of the correlation stems from within-subgroup correlations. Specifically, the contribution of urban (rural) males and females average 32% and 44% (7% and 8%), respectively.

What is the source of the intergenerational correlation in earnings?

We use a dynastic model of household behavior to estimate and decompose the correlations in earnings across generations. The estimated model can explain 75% to 80% of the observed correlation in lifetime earnings between fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, and families across generations. We find that human-capital accumulation in the labor market, the nonlinear return to part-versus full-time work, and the return to parental time investment in children are the main forces driving the intergenerational correlation in earnings. The primary mechanism through which these three sources affect the intergenerational correlation in earnings is their effects on fertility and the division of labor within the household. Assortative mating magnifies these forces.

An anatomy of the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment – Learning from the educational attainments of Norwegian twins and their children

Research on the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment (ICE) has long attempted to identify the impact of family background, specifically parent’s education. However, previous research has largely ignored genetic inheritance. We address this shortcoming by adopting a Multiple-Children-of-Twin design and decompose the ICE into its environmental and genetic transmission mechanisms. This decomposition reveals to what extent the impact of parents’ education operates through the rearing context and/or genetic factors. We use a register-based dataset from Norway, a context with egalitarian access to education. Our results show that the direct impact of parents’ education is negligible once genetic factors are accounted for. While genetic factors represent the main driver of the ICE, the genetic variants that mattered for educational attainment in the parent generation overlap only partially with those that mattered for their offspring’s attainment. Together, our findings complement common sociological narratives on how parent’s education affects offspring’s education by emphasizing the role of genetic transmission. Furthermore, our study challenges current research practices in genetics that overlook the importance of parallel changes in social structures and gene-expression over generations.