Interference-limited Scenarios Research Articles

Outage performance of NOMA over shadowed faded channels in interference limited scenario

Outage performance of NOMA over shadowed faded channels in interference limited scenario

Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted Large-Scale Wireless Networks Using Stochastic Geometry

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted large-scale network by characterizing the coverage probability and the average achievable rate using stochastic geometry. Considering the spatial correlation between transmitters (TXs) and RISs, their locations are jointly modelled by a Gauss-Poisson process (GPP). Two association strategies, i.e., nearest association and fixed association, are both discussed. For the RIS-aided transmission, the signal power distribution with a direct link is approximated by a gamma random variable using a moment matching method, and the Laplace transform of the aggregate interference power is derived in closed form. Based on these expressions, we analyze the channel hardening effect in the RIS-assisted transmission, the coverage probability, and the average achievable rate of the typical user. We derive the coverage probability expressions for the fixed association strategy and the nearest association strategy in an interference-limited scenario in closed form. Numerical results are provided to validate the analysis and illustrate the effectiveness of RIS-assisted transmission with passive beamforming in improving the system performance. Furthermore, it is also unveiled that the system performance is independent of the density of TXs with the nearest association strategy in the interference-limited scenario.

Power Distribution of D2D Communications in Case of Energy Harvesting Capability over κ-μ Shadowed Fading Conditions

Device-to-device (D2D) communication will play a meaningful role in future wireless networks and standards, since it ensures ultra-low latency for communication among near devices. D2D transmissions can take place together with the actual cellular communications, so handling the interference is very important. In this paper, we consider a D2D couple operating in the uplink band in an underlaid mode, and, using the stochastic geometry, we propose a cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the D2D transmit power under κ-μ shadowed fading. Then, we derive some special cases for some fading channels, such as Nakagami and Rayleigh environments, and for the interference-limited scenario. Moreover, we propose a radio frequency energy harvesting, where the D2D users can harvests ambient RF energy from cellular users. Finally, the analytical results are validated via simulation.

Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for UAV-Based RIS-Enabled Interference-Limited Vehicular Communication System

Rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) has emerged as a novel generalized multiple access technology which can control the interference in multi-user communication systems. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has also been proven to improve the spectral efficiency in the next-generation (beyond 5 G (B5G) and 6 G) wireless communication networks. Thus, in this paper, we explore the RSMA scheme for RIS-enabled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based multi-user vehicular communication network in the presence of co-channel interference. The communication between the UAV and the desired vehicle takes place through an RIS along with the direct link and is interfered by multiple interfering vehicles operating in the same spectrum. After deriving the approximate cumulative distribution function (CDF) of common and private stream signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) at the desired vehicle in the interference limited scenario, we obtain an expression for the average outage probability (AOP) over the complete flying duration of the UAV. Furthermore, the optimum RSMA power allocation coefficients in each time slot of UAV flight duration are obtained by minimizing the Sum-AOP over all the desired vehicles. The performance of the proposed RSMA based RIS-aided vehicular communication network is compared with (a) RSMA based network without RIS and (b) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based RIS-aided counterpart. The numerical results reveal the superiority of RSMA over NOMA and the significance of deploying RIS in considered vehicular communication network. The analytical results are corroborated with Monte Carlo simulations.

HybNet: A Hybrid Deep Learning-Matched Filter Approach for IoT Signal Detection

Random access schemes are widely used in IoT wireless access networks. They enable a reduced complexity and overcome power consumption constraints. Nevertheless, random access results in high packet losses which are caused by overlapping transmissions. Signal detection methods for digital modulation techniques are typically based on the well-established <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">matched filter</i> , which is proven as the optimal filter under additive white Gaussian noise for minimizing error probability. However, with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">colored</i> interference arising from the overlapping IoT transmissions, deep learning approaches are being considered a suitable alternative. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework, dubbed as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HybNet</i> , that alternates between deep learning and match filter pathways based on the perceived interference level. This helps the detector to work in a broader range of conditions, optimally leveraging both the matched filter and deep learning advantages. We compare the performance of several possible data modalities and detection architectures concerning the interference-to-noise ratio, demonstrating that leveraging domain knowledge by pre-processing the input data in conjunction with the proposed HybNet surpasses the complex conjugate matched filter performance under interference-limited scenarios.

Sensing Using Coded Communications Signals

A key challenge for common waveforms for Integrated Sensing and Communications – widely regarded as a resource-efficient way to achieve high performance for both functionalities – lies in leveraging information-bearing channel-coded communications signal(s) (c.c.s) for sensing. In this paper, we investigate the range-Doppler sensing performance of c.c.s in multi-user interference-limited scenarios, and show that it is affected by sidelobes whose form depends on whether the c.c.s modulates a single-carrier or OFDM waveform. While uncoded signals give rise to asymptotically zero sidelobes due to the law of large numbers, it is not obvious that the same holds for c.c.s, as structured codes (e.g., linear block codes) induce dependence across codeword symbols. In this paper, we show that c.c.s also give rise to asymptotically zero sidelobes – for both single-carrier and OFDM waveforms – by deriving upper bounds for the tail probabilities of the sidelobe magnitudes that decay as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\exp ( - O(\text {code rate} \times \text {block length}))$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Consequently, for any code rate, c.c.s are effective sensing signals that are robust to multi-user interference at sufficiently large block lengths, with negligible difference in performance based on whether they modulate a single-carrier or OFDM waveform. We verify the latter implication through simulations, where we observe the sensing performance (i.e., the detection and false-alarm probabilities) of a QPSK-modulated c.c.s (code rate = 120/1024, block length = 1024 symbols) to match that of a comparable interference-free FMCW waveform even at high interference levels (SIR of −11dB), for both single-carrier and OFDM waveforms.

Unified Performance Analysis of Stochastic Clustered Cooperative Systems With Distance-Based Relay Selection

In this paper, we present a unified performance analysis of stochastic clustered cooperative systems with distance-based relay selection, where the destination is located at the cluster center, the locations of the source and the candidate relays follow an independent and identical distribution, and there exists a Poisson field of interferers. As the distance-based relay selection leads to spatial correlation between cooperative transmission distances in a cluster, we first derive a general joint probability distribution function of cooperative transmission distances based on <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\psi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -order statistics. Then, the transmission success probability of the stochastic clustered cooperative systems with decode-and-forward (DF) scheme is derived. In order to reduce computational complexity, we offer an approximate expression of the transmission success probability. Furthermore, we provide an asymptotic transmission success probability in the interference-limited scenario, when the number of candidate relays in a cluster is sufficiently large. Besides, the performance analysis framework is extended into the clustered cooperative systems with finite relay distribution regions. Taking the cluster member distributions of Thomas cluster process (TCP) and Matérn cluster process (MCP) as examples, we verify our theoretical analysis via Monte-Carlo simulations. With the theoretical results, the optimization of relay selection parameter is also demonstrated.

STAR-RIS Aided NOMA in Multicell Networks: A General Analytical Framework With Gamma Distributed Channel Modeling

The simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) is capable of providing full-space coverage of smart radio environments. This work investigates STAR-RIS aided downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) multi-cell networks, where the energy of incident signals at STAR-RISs is split into two portions for transmitting and reflecting. We first propose a fitting method to model the distribution of composite small-scale fading power as the tractable Gamma distribution. Then, a unified analytical framework based on stochastic geometry is provided to capture the random locations of RIS-RISs, base stations (BSs), and user equipments (UEs). Based on this framework, we derive the coverage probability and ergodic rate of both the typical UE and the connected UE. In particular, we obtain closed-form expressions of the coverage probability in interference-limited scenarios. We also deduce theoretical expressions in conventional RIS aided networks for comparison. The analytical results show that optimal energy splitting coefficients of STAR-RISs exist to simultaneously maximize the system coverage and ergodic rate. The numerical results demonstrate that: 1) STAR-RISs are able to meet different demands of UEs located on different sides; 2) STAR-RISs with appropriate energy splitting coefficients outperform conventional RISs in the coverage and the rate performance.

Energy Efficiency Optimization Based on Power Allocation in Massive MIMO Downlink Systems

To solve the energy efficiency (EE) optimization in a multi-cell (MU) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system, of which channels are of symmetry in the Time-Division Duplex (TDD) protocol, we utilize a spatially correlated channel model and adopt the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimator to tailor linear precoding vectors. Then, we derive the expression of downlink spectral efficiency (SE), taking interference into account. Subsequently, we establish the EE optimization function, which is defined as the average capacity divided by power consumption. In an interference-limited scenario, the EE optimization is of high complexity to solve globally as it is not jointly concave. To this end, we propose the Dinkelbach-like power allocation algorithm to obtain a suboptimal solution. We transform the EE problem in a fractional form into a subtractive optimization form called an auxiliary subproblem. Then, we relax the sub-problem to a concave problem by initializing the interference and omitting the dynamic power term about throughput. Lastly, we solve iteratively the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions by bisection search. Consequently, we obtain a sub-solution with modest complexity. The simulation results justify the rationality of the Dinkelbach-like algorithm and demonstrate that the proposal outperforms the reference schemes and effectively improves the performance metrics EE and SE.

Achievable Rate With Antenna Size Constraint: Shannon Meets Chu and Bode

Using ideas from Chu and Bode/Fano theories, we characterize the maximum achievable rate over the single-input single-output wireless communication channels under a restriction on the antenna size at the receiver. By employing circuit-theoretic multiport models for radio communication systems, we derive the information-theoretic limits of compact antennas. We first describe an equivalent Chu’s antenna circuit under the physical realizability conditions of its reflection coefficient. Such a design allows us to subsequently compute the achievable rate for a given receive antenna size thereby providing a physical bound on the system performance that we compare to the standard size-unconstrained Shannon capacity. We also determine the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which strongly depends on the antenna size and experiences an apparent finite-size performance degradation where only a fraction of Shannon capacity can be achieved. We further determine the optimal signaling bandwidth which shows that impedance matching is essential in both narrowband and broadband scenarios. We also examine the achievable rate in presence of interference showing that the size constraint is immaterial in interference-limited scenarios. Finally, our numerical results of the derived achievable rate as function of the antenna size and the SNR reveal new insights for the physically consistent design of radio systems.

Outage performance of multi cell-NOMA network over Rician/Rayleigh faded channels in interference limited scenario

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising methodology for future wireless communications which provide an extra domain to access the channel. This paper evaluates the outage performance of multi-cell NOMA network in interference limited scenario. To asses the outage probability, initially we observed interference from the adjacent cells and later considered the channel propagation affect. It is assumed that, the required signal undergoes Rician fading and the interfering signals experience Rayleigh fading channel. The closed-form expressions are obtained for the outage probability of NOMA over Rician/Rayleigh faded channel including imperfect-channel state information (CSI) and successive interference cancellation (SIC). The obtained expressions are used to evaluate the outage probability of NOMA with random number of interferers with different values of offered load (Erlangs per cell). We calculate the outage probability for three users in a hexagonal cell such as near user, middle and edge user. The derived expressions help in assessing the impact of interference and imperfect-CSI and SIC on the outage performance of NOMA in different fading scenarios. The obtained results, when compared with the simulated NOMA are very appreciable.

Role of Shared Key for Secure Communication Over 2-User Gaussian Z-Interference Channel

In this paper, the role of secret key with finite rate is studied to enhance the secrecy performance of the system when users are operating in interference limited scenarios. To address this problem, a 2-user Gaussian Z-interference channel with secrecy constraint at the receiver is considered. The paper proposes novel achievable schemes, where the schemes differ from each other based on how the key has been used in the encoding process. The first achievable scheme uses a combination of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">key rate splitting</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">one-time pad</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">stochastic encoding</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">superposition coding</i> . In this scheme, one part of the key is used for one-time pad and the remaining part of the key is used for stochastic encoding. The encoding is performed such that the receiver experiencing interference can decode some part of the interference without violating the secrecy constraint. As a special case of the derived result, one can obtain the secrecy rate region when the key is completely used for one-time pad or part of the stochastic encoding. The second scheme uses the shared key to encrypt the message using one-time pad and in contrast to the previous case no interference is decoded at the receiver. The paper also derives outer bound on the sum rate and secrecy rate. The main novelty of deriving outer bound lies in the selection of side information provided to the receiver and using the secrecy constraint. The derived outer bounds are found to be tight for certain channel conditions and rate of the key. The scaling behaviour of key rate is also explored for different schemes using the notion of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">secure generalized degrees of freedom</i> . The optimality of different schemes are characterized for some specific cases. The developed results show the importance of key rate splitting in enhancing the secrecy performance of the system.

Underlay Cognitive Radio With Instantaneous Interference Constraint: A Secrecy Performance

We examine the secrecy performance of the receive antenna selection scheme in interference-limited underlay cognitive radio network (CRN) where the antenna that results in the highest signal-to-interference ratio at the secondary receiver is chosen to improve the secrecy performance of the secondary transmission. Exact and asymptotic expressions for the secrecy outage probability and intercept probability are derived for an interference-limited scenario over a general fading scenario with the assumption that the channel state information (CSI) on the secondary transmitter (ST)- primary receiver (PR) channel is perfect. However, CSI on the ST-PR channel may be outdated due to the time-varying properties or feedback latency from the PU. If the ST allocates transmission power using this outdated CSI, PR's interference constraint will not be satisfied. Therefore, we investigate the impact of outdated CSI on the secrecy performance of an interference-limited CRN when interference from the primary transmitter to SU exits under peak interference power constraint.

Cache-Enabled HetNets With Limited Backhaul: A Stochastic Geometry Model

With the rapid explosion of data volume from mobile networks, edge caching has received significant attentions as an efficient approach to boost content delivery efficiency by bringing contents near users. In this article, cache-enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) considering the limited backhaul is analyzed with the aid of the stochastic geometry approach. A hybrid caching policy, in which the most popular contents are cached in the macro BSs tier with the deterministic caching strategy and the less popular contents are cached in the helpers tier with the probabilistic caching strategy, is proposed. Correspondingly, the content-centric association strategy is designed based on the comprehensive state of the access link, the cache and the backhaul link. Under the hybrid caching policy, new analytical results for successful content delivery probability, average successful delivery rate and energy efficiency are derived in the general scenario, the interference-limited scenario and the mean load scenario. The simulation results show that the proposed caching policy outperforms the most popular caching policy in HetNets with the limited backhaul. The performance gain is dramatically improved when the content popularity is less skewed, the cache capacity is sufficient and the helper density is relatively large. Furthermore, it is confirmed that there exists an optimal helper density to maximize the energy efficiency of the cache-enabled HetNets.

Secrecy Rate Maximization via Radio Resource Allocation in Cellular Underlaying V2V Communications

In device-to-device (D2D) underlaying vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, radio resource blocks (RBs) are allocated to primary cellular users, which yields sub-optimal rates and a long access latency for secondary D2D-enabled vehicles. This work investigates a joint radio resource and power management (RRPM) problem for secure cellular underlaying V2V communications, where cellular users and vehicles have the same priority, giving vehicles more opportunities to access the RBs. Specifically, we aim to maximize secrecy rates of V2V channels under the condition that eavesdropper has an adaptive receiving detection vector to maximize the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) from vehicles. For a single pair of a vehicle and a cellular user, the closed-form optimal power allocation expressions are derived for the interference-limited scenario and the noise-limited scenario, respectively. Moreover, for multiple pairs of vehicles and cellular users, a 3-partite hypergraph based 3-dimensional matching approach is proposed to solve a mixed-integer and non-convex problem, which achieves a near-optimal result with an O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> ) time complexity. Simulations in different scenarios show that the secrecy rate of the proposed scheme can be improved by 50% if compared to existing schemes.

Performance evaluation of Wireless Nanosensor Networks under interference

Nanonetworks are enhancing the long awaited claims of nanotechnology in many fields of our society. In continuum, Wireless Nanosensor Network (WNSN) is a key enabler for intra-body surveillance which in turn guaranteed accurate targeted drug delivery systems. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a novel model for WNSN under interference limited scenario and thereby to analyze various important performance measures and their improvements. In the analysis Poisson Point Process (PPP) is considered to represent the spatial distribution of multiple nanosensors within the cluster, whereas α-stable process is considered to represent the aggregate power of interferers. However, in particular, this manuscript presents novel analytical expressions of Outage Probability (OP), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Average Capacity (AC) of WNSN in presence of interference. In addition, Selection Combining (SC) scheme is employed to mitigate the effect of impairments. Finally, effect of various parameters such as spatial density of nanosensors nodes(λ), SNR of interferers (γI), outage threshold (xth) and path loss exponent (v) is investigated. The results show that OP and BER increase with an increase in λ, or γI and vice versa. Whereas, AC increases with an increases in λ but it decreases with an increases in γI. Moreover, Simulated results show perfect agreement with the theoretical backgrounds.

Average rate performance in the presence of correlated interferers

In this work, the authors have analysed the impact of correlation among interferers, and between signal and interferers. In particular, the impact of correlation on average rate performance in an interference-limited scenario has been studied. The user's desired channel link and interfering channel links are assumed to experience Nakagami-m fading. Under this assumption, they compared the average rate for the following cases: (a) interferers are independent and the user's signal-and-interferers are also independent, (b) interferers are correlated and the user's signal-and-interferers are independent, and (c) interferers are correlated and the user's signal and-interferers are also correlated. It has been analytically shown that the average rate in case (b) is higher than the average rate in case (a) when the interferers are positively correlated. In other words, the positive correlation among the interferers increases the average rate. Furthermore, the average rate in case (c) is lower than the average rate in case (b). In other words, the positive correlation between the signal and interferers decreases the average rate. Moreover, the average rate in case (c) can be lower or higher than the average rate in case (a), depending upon the amount of correlation. Simulation results have been shown to support analytical observations.

Secrecy Performance Analysis of Two-Way Relay Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

This paper studies physical layer security for two-way relay non-orthogonal multiple access systems. Specifically, by employing a decode-and-forward relay and considering both the maximum-ratio combining and selection combining schemes at the eavesdropper, instantaneous end-to-end signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios are first formulated and approximated for the interference-limited scenario. Then analytical expressions for the secrecy outage probability and the intercept probability are obtained. Moreover, we analyze the effective secrecy diversity order and demonstrate that the eavesdropper severely degrades the secrecy performance, and even reduces the diversity order to zero. Numerical and simulation results verify our derivations and reveal that, due to information leakage in the first time phase, there exists a secrecy performance floor. It is also demonstrated that the secrecy outage probability performance degrades when the eavesdropper is closer to either of the users. Between the two combining schemes, the results demonstrate that the secrecy outage probability performance is better when the selection combining scheme is employed by the eavesdropper.

Improper Signaling for SISO Two-User Interference Channels With Additive Asymmetric Hardware Distortion

Hardware non-idealities are among the main performance restrictions for upcoming wireless communication systems. Asymmetric hardware distortions (HWD) happen when the impairments of the I/Q branches are correlated or imbalanced, which in turn generate improper additive interference at the receiver side. When the interference is improper, as well as in other interference-limited scenarios, improper Gaussian signaling (IGS) has been shown to provide rate and/or power efficiency benefits. In this paper, we investigate the rate benefits of IGS in a two-user interference channel (IC) with additive asymmetric HWD when interference is treated as noise. We propose two iterative algorithms to optimize the parameters of the improper transmit signals. We first rewrite the rate region as an pseudosignal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (PSINR) region and employ majorization minimization and fractional programming to find a suboptimal solution for the achievable user rates. Then, we propose a simplified algorithm based on a separate optimization of the powers and complementary variances of the users, which exhibits lower computational complexity. We show that IGS can improve the performance of the two-user IC with additive HWD. Our proposed algorithms outperform proper Gaussian signaling and competing IGS algorithms in the literature that do not consider asymmetric HWD.

Very-High-Frequency Single-Input–Multiple-Output Acoustic Communication in Shallow Water

Very-high-frequency (VHF) underwater acoustic communication is a relatively unexplored terrain, but its importance is expected to increase with the growing demands for larger bandwidths and higher data rates. Knowledge of VHF propagation channels is a prerequisite to achieve high data throughput. In this paper, we present time-variant angle-resolved impulse responses for a set of 250-kHz shallow-water channels. The measurements were performed at high resolution using 64 hydrophones arranged in a line array. The measured channels are characterized by delay spreads of several milliseconds, Doppler spreads of tens of hertz, and angular spreads up to 30 °. The angular spread is not separable from the delay-Doppler spread, and the impulse response depends heavily on the direction of arrival. Different beamforming and multichannel equalizer strategies are compared for a single-input-multiple-output configuration. A method combining subarray beamforming and multichannel equalization delivers in both noise- and interference-limited scenarios, transferring data at 78.125 kb/s over ranges up to 770 m.