Stability Of Interface Research Articles

A Polymeric Hole Transporter with Dual-Interfacial Interactions Enables 25%-Efficiency Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells.

Self-assembly monolayer (SAM) hole transporters, consisting of anchoring, spacer, and terminal groups, have played a significant role in the development of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the weak interaction between perovskite and hydrophobic terminal group of SAMs limits surface wettability and interface stability. To address this issue, two novel hole transporters (named DBPP and Poly-DBPP) with centrosymmetric biphosphonic acid groups are developed. Unlike conventional SAM hole transporters, the biphosphonic acid groups in DBPP and Poly-DBPP can anchor to the underlying conductive substrate and interact with the perovskite layer simultaneously, improving surface wettability and suppressing interface recombination. Furthermore, compared to the small-molecular DBPP, Poly-DBPP exhibits higher conductance and excellent uniformity. This translates to a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 25.1% for blade-coated PSCs and 22.0% for large-area modules, respectively. Additionally, the PSCs based on Poly-DBPP demonstrate impressive operational stability, retaining 92% of their initial PCE after 1,600 h of light soaking. This work presents a promising strategy for designing multifunctional hole transporters, paving the way for highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Enabling superior cathode/sulfide electrolyte interfacial stability by Li3BO3 coating for all solid-state Li battery

Enabling superior cathode/sulfide electrolyte interfacial stability by Li3BO3 coating for all solid-state Li battery

Interface evolution induced by two successive shocks under diverse reshock conditions

The effects of reshock conditions, including the interface evolution state before reshock and the second shock intensity, on interface instability induced by two successive shocks propagating in the same direction are investigated via shock-tube experiments. It is observed that the reshock promotes the interface instability, and the post-reshock perturbation evolution relates to both the pre-reshock interface evolution state and second shock intensity. For the linear evolution of the twice-shocked interface, existing models perform poorly when either the pre-reshock interface shape effect or the secondary compression effect is pronounced, as current reduction factors fail to accurately describe these effects. Besides, the reshock-induced linear amplitude growth rate shows a non-monotonic dependence on the scaled pre-reshock amplitude, primarily due to the shape effect of the pre-reshock interface. For the post-reshock nonlinear evolution, the model proposed by Zhang & Guo (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 786, 2016, pp. 47–61) offers reasonable predictions when the second shock is weak. However, when the second shock is moderately strong, the model overestimates the bubble growth and underestimates the spike evolution under the influence of the significant secondary compression effect. Furthermore, empirical linear and nonlinear models capable of describing the dependence of the post-reshock evolution on reshock conditions are proposed based on the present experimental results and existing models.

Bubble-Assisted Sample Preparation Techniques for Mass Spectrometry.

This review delves into the efficacy of utilizing bubbles to extract analytes into the gas phase, offering a faster and greener alternative to traditional sample preparation methods for mass spectrometry. Generating numerous bubbles in liquids rapidly transfers volatile and surface-active species to the gas phase. Recently, effervescence has found application in chemical laboratories for swiftly extracting volatile organic compounds, facilitating instantaneous analysis. In the so-called fizzy extraction, liquid matrices are pressurized with gas and then subjected to sudden decompression to induce effervescence. Alternatively, specifically designed effervescent tablets are introduced into the liquid samples. In situ bubble generation has also enhanced dispersion of extractant in microextraction techniques. Furthermore, droplets from bursting bubbles are collected to analyze non-volatile species. Various methods exist to induce bubbling for sample preparation. The polydispersity of generated bubbles and the limited control of bubble size pose critical challenges in the stability of the bubble-liquid interface and the ability to quantify analytes using bubble-based sample preparation techniques. This review covers different bubble-assisted sample preparation methods and gives practical guidance on their implementation in mass spectrometry workflows. Traditional, offline, and online approaches for sample preparation relying on bubbles are discussed. Unconventional bubbling techniques for sample preparation are also covered.

Ultra‐Tough Dynamic Supramolecular Ion‐Conducting Elastomer Induced Uniform Li+ Transport and Stabilizes Interphase Ensures Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes

AbstractArtificial polymer solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) with microphase‐separated structures provide promising solutions to the inhomogeneity and cracking issues of natural SEIs in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, achieving homogeneous ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and superior interfacial stability remains challenging due to interference from hard‐phase domains in ion transport and solid‐solid interface issues with lithium metal. Herein, we present a dynamic supramolecular ion‐conducting poly (urethane‐urea) interphase (DSIPI) that achieves these three properties through modulating the hard‐phase domains and constructing a composite SEI in situ. The soft‐phase polytetrahydrofuran backbone, featuring loose Li+−O coordinating interactions, ensures uniform Li+ transport. Concurrently, sextuple hydrogen bonds in the hard phase dissipate strain energy through sequential bond cleavage, thereby imparting exceptional mechanical properties. Moreover, enriched bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion (TFSI−) in DSIPI promotes the in situ formation of a stable polymer‐inorganic composite SEI during cycling. Consequently, the DSIPI‐protected lithium anode (DSIPI@Li) enables symmetric cells with exceptional cyclability exceeding 4,000 hours at an ultra‐high current density of 20 mA cm−2, thereby demonstrating excellent cycling stability. Furthermore, DSIPI@Li facilitates stable operation of the pouch cells under the constraints of a high‐loading LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode and low negative/positive capacity (N/P) ratio. This work presents a powerful strategy for designing artificial SEIs and high‐performance LMBs.

Interface dynamics in electroosmotic flow systems with non-Newtonian fluid frontiers

Abstract Microfluidic applications involving liquid manipulation, selective membranes, and energy harvesting strongly em-phasize the importance of the electrokinetic phenomenon, which is widely used at multiple fluid and electrochemi-cal interfaces. However, critical scientific issues that address multifield coupling and multiscale physics have not been well addressed in non-Newtonian fluids. In this paper, electrical field–fluid flow–ion transport coupling is numerically implemented in two mainstream problems, i.e., induced electroconvection phenomena at ion-selective interfaces and induced charge electroosmosis in polarized cylinders. The effects of different non-Newtonian rheo-logical properties, which are absent in Newtonian fluids, on the interfacial dynamics, instability and ion transport are examined. The results reveal that the non-Newtonian rheology significantly modulates the statistical data and interfacial phenomena. Generalized power-law fluids alter velocity and interfacial charge profiles, with shear thin-ning enhancing ion transport to lower overlimiting current thresholds and shear thickening broadening the limiting current region (with hindered ion transport). In Boger-type Oldroyd-B fluids, the addition of polymer decreases the velocity amplitude and increases the interface resistance. At low voltages, polymer viscoelasticity minimally affects the ohmic and limiting regions, but under convection-dominated flow, different rheological parameters, such as the viscosity ratio, Weissenberg number, anisotropic parameter, and electrohydrodynamic coupling con-stants, enable controllable regulation of ion transport behavior across a wide range. Finally, this paper states that modulated electroosmosis by complex charged polymers is the future cutting edge. The relevant results supple-ment the non-Newtonian physics of electrokinetic systems and provide guidance for the design and operation of microfluidic devices.

Ultra-Tough Dynamic Supramolecular Ion-Conducting Elastomer Induced Uniform Li+ Transport and Stabilizes Interphase Ensures Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes.

Artificial polymer solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) with microphase-separated structures provide promising solutions to the inhomogeneity and cracking issues of natural SEIs in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, achieving homogeneous ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and superior interfacial stability remains challenging due to interference from hard-phase domains in ion transport and solid-solid interface issues with lithium metal. Herein, we present a dynamic supramolecular ion-conducting poly (urethane-urea) interphase (DSIPI) that achieves these three properties through modulating the hard-phase domains and constructing a composite SEI in situ. The soft-phase polytetrahydrofuran backbone, featuring loose Li+-O coordinating interactions, ensures uniform Li+ transport. Concurrently, sextuple hydrogen bonds in the hard phase dissipate strain energy through sequential bond cleavage, thereby imparting exceptional mechanical properties. Moreover, enriched bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion (TFSI-) in DSIPI promotes the in situ formation of a stable polymer-inorganic composite SEI during cycling. Consequently, the DSIPI-protected lithium anode (DSIPI@Li) enables symmetric cells with exceptional cyclability exceeding 4,000 hours at an ultra-high current density of 20 mA cm-2, thereby demonstrating excellent cycling stability. Furthermore, DSIPI@Li facilitates stable operation of the pouch cells under the constraints of a high-loading LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode and low negative/positive capacity (N/P) ratio. This work presents a powerful strategy for designing artificial SEIs and high-performance LMBs.

High-Performance Ga2O3 Solar-Blind Photodetector Based on Thermal Oxidized Ga Buffer-Layer.

High-performance Ga2O3 solar-blind photodetectors are critical for applications due to their selective solar-blind ultraviolet sensitivity. The quality of the Ga2O3 film has a significant impact on the performance of photodetectors. This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the quality of Ga2O3 films through the introduction of a naturally graded buffer layer, which is formed by the oxidation of a metallic Ga film and significantly improves interface stability by accommodating lattice mismatches and reducing defects. The structural and compositional characteristics of Ga2O3 films were comprehensively analyzed using UV-vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), PL (Photoluminescence Spectroscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). The photodetectors fabricated from these films demonstrate responsivity of 99.8 mA/W and a solar-blind UV/UV ratio of 1.17 × 103, with significant improvement compared to direct deposited films. This research highlights the potential of natural buffering layers to advance the performance of Ga2O3-based solar-blind UV detectors.

Crystallographic Texturing of Electrodeposits for Sustainable Zn Anodes

AbstractAqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs) offer a promising solution for grid‐scale energy storage. Nonetheless, their commercial deployment is hindered by pivotal challenges related to the Zn metal anode, particularly the morphological heterogeneity of electrodeposits and interfacial chemical instability arising from irreversible and uneven electrodeposition. Crystallographic texturing during Zn electrodeposition emerges as a robust approach to achieve grain‐refinement and chemically stable electrodeposits, thereby promoting the sustainable cycling of the Zn anode. Despite substantial progress in Zn texturing, a comprehensive review that systematically elucidates the principles and mechanisms underlying irregular morphological evolution and crystallographic texturing is still lacking. Therefore, this review addresses this gap by first examining the formation of these issues from a crystallographic perspective. The review then categorizes and details five distinct induction mechanisms for crystallographic texturing in Zn electrodeposits. Eventually, the review offers future perspectives on crystallographic texturing, aiming to advance the transition from academic research to industrial application of AZMBs.

Progress and Perspective of High‐Entropy Strategy Applied in Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for High‐Energy and Long Cycle Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLayered transition metal oxide (LTMO) cathode materials of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have shown great potential in large‐scale energy storage applications owing to their distinctive periodic layered structure and 2D ion diffusion channels. However, several challenges have hindered their widespread application, including phase transition complexities, interface instability, and susceptibility to air exposure. Fortunately, an impactful solution has emerged in the form of a high‐entropy doping strategy employed in energy storage research. Through the implementation of high‐entropy doping, LTMOs can overcome the aforementioned limitations, thereby elevating LTMO materials to a highly competitive and attractive option for next‐generation cathodes of SIBs. Thus, a comprehensive overview of the origins, definition, and characteristics of high‐entropy doping is provided. Additionally, the challenges associated with LTMOs in SIBs are explored, and discussed various modification methods to address these challenges. This review places significant emphasis on conducting a thorough analysis of the research advancements about high‐entropy LTMOs utilized in SIBs. Furthermore, a meticulous assessment of the future development trajectory is undertaken, heralding valuable research insights for the design and synthesis of advanced energy storage materials.

Design and Implementation of Quality Inspection System for Image on National Platform for Geospatial Information Services in China

Abstract. This article is based on the data update characteristics of the online service for National Platform for Geospatial Information Services (TIANDITU) imagery data, and it designs and implements a full-process imagery data quality inspection system specifically for imagery tile data. The development and application of this system have made the quality inspection and update process of TIANDITU imagery data more scientific and efficient, significantly enhancing the efficiency of the quality inspection and update process for TIANDITU imagery data. The article provides a detailed introduction to the system’s architecture, design, implementation, characteristics and application. It also proposes optimizations to be made in algorithm optimization, user interface, and system stability. This article provides new ideas for quality inspection and publishing based on image tile data.

Innovations in Energy Through Nanomaterials Enhancing Solid-State Battery Safety and Efficacy

The development of solid-state batteries (SSBs) represents a significant advancement in energy storage technology, addressing the limitations of traditional liquid electrolyte batteries, such as safety concerns and efficiency issues. However, SSBs face challenges including rigid solid-to-solid contacts, poor interfacial stability, and suboptimal performance across temperature ranges. This paper explores the role of nanotechnology in enhancing the performance and safety of SSBs. It highlights the applications of nanomaterials, such as nano-composites, nano-coatings, and embedded nanoparticles, which improve ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal management. The paper also discusses the challenges of commercializing nanotechnology in SSBs, including high production costs and regulatory hurdles. Despite these challenges, nanotechnology offers promising solutions for increasing the energy density and cycle life of SSBs, making them viable for applications in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to fully realize the potential of SSBs in various industries.

Bismuth and Fluorine Dual-Doping of Lithium Argyrodite toward High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

The chlorine-rich lithium argyrodite is considered a promising superionic conductor electrolyte, but its practical application is limited due to poor air stability and instability toward lithium metal. In this work, BiF3 is proposed as a multi-functional dopant for electrolyte modification, and the effects on the ionic conductivity, air stability, critical current density, and electrolyte/Li metal interfacial stability are studied. The results show that the doped electrolyte Li5.54P0.98Bi0.02S4.5Cl1.44F0.06 (LPBiSClF0.06) still maintains a relatively high ionic conductivity of 5.37 mS cm-1. Additionally, the formation of BiS45- unit and LiBiS2 phase provides high air/moisture resistibility. Meanwhile, the critical current density of the Li/LPBiSClF0.06/Li cell is increased two-fold (2.1 mA cm-2). The in-situ formation of LiF and Li-Bi alloy at the lithium metal/electrolyte interface plays a key role in achieving high performance. As a result, the assembled LCO@LNO/LPBiSClF0.06/Li battery retains 78.4% of its capacity after 100 cycles at 0.2C.

High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries of Garnet/Polymer Composite Thin-Film Electrolyte with Domain-Limited Ion Transport Pathways.

The integrated approach of interfacial engineering and composite electrolytes is crucial for the market application of Li metal batteries (LMBs). A 22 μm thin-film type polymer/Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) composite solid-state electrolyte (LPCE) was designed that combines fast ion conduction and stable interfacial evolution, enhancing lithium metal interface stability and cycling performance. The ether-based molecular coordination groups/clusters formed by triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TGDE) and anions facilitated the movement of Li+ between the polymer chain segments. These specific coordination clusters significantly "constrained" the interaction between anions and Li+, inducing the anions to follow the clusters to the Li metal and preferentially participate in solid electrolyte interface (SEI) derivatization. The inorganic salt-rich gradient SEI modulates Li+ deposition and inhibits uncontrolled dendrite growth, achieving stable cycling of Li symmetric cell at 0.2 mA cm-2 for over 2000 h. Furthermore, the Li||NCM811 cell at a rate of 0.1 C exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 194.5 mAh g-1, maintaining a capacity retention rate of over 90% after 500 cycles. This work demonstrates the importance of domain-limited ion clusters in ion transport and interfacial evolution, providing a perspective for solid-state LMBs.

Nanostructured Solid Electrolytes for Enhanced Safety and Performance of Battery Materials

Solid-state batteries (SSB) have garnered significant attention by reason of their potential advantages over traditional liquid electrolyte batteries, including higher energy density, enhanced safety, and reduced volume. However, the development and implementation of solid electrolytes confront several challenges, such as lower ionic conductivity, dendrite formation, and interface stability issues. This review explores the current advancements in solid electrolytes (SLs), with a focus on nanostructured materials, including solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), solid inorganic electrolytes (SIEs), and composite solid electrolytes (CSEs). The review highlights the benefits of nanostructuring in improving mechanical intensity, ionic conductivity and thermostability. Key methods for synthesizing nanostructured solid electrolytes (NSLs), such as the sol-gel method and 3D printing, are discussed. Additionally, the review addresses critical challenges, including the high cost of materials and manufacturing processes, and proposes future research directions to overcome these barriers. The purpose is to comprehensively understand the current status and future potential of NSL in promoting SSB technology.

Highly Effective Polyacrylonitrile-Rich Artificial Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase for Dendrite-Free Li-Metal/Solid-State Battery.

Lithium metal anode batteries have attracted significant attention as a promising energy storage technology, offering a high theoretical specific capacity and a low electrochemical potential. Utilizing lithium metal as the anode material can substantially increase energy density compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of lithium metal anodes has encountered notable challenges, primarily due to the formation of dendritic structures during cycling. These dendrites pose safety risks and degrade battery performance. Addressing these challenges necessitates the development of a reliable and effective protection layer for lithium metal. This study presents a cost-effective and convenient method to spontaneously produce lithium metal protective layers by creating polymeric layers by using acrylonitrile (AN). This method remarkably extends 6× of the lifetime of lithium metal anodes under high current density (1 mA/cm2) cycling conditions. While the cycle life of bare lithium metal is approximately 150 h under high current cycling conditions, AN-treated lithium metal anodes exhibit an impressive longevity of over 900 h. The AN-treated lithium metal anodes are further integrated and tested with sulfide-based Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) solid-state electrolytes to evaluate its interfacial stability at a solid-solid interface. The formation of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-rich ASEI, due to AN-treatment, effectively reduces and stabilizes the cell overpotential to only one-tenth of that with the interface without treatment. This strategy paves a route to enable a highly efficient and highly stable Li/LGPS solid-state battery interface.

Anion‐Anchored Polymer‐in‐Salt Solid Electrolyte for High‐Performance Zinc Batteries

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes hold promise for addressing key challenges in rechargeable zinc batteries (ZBs) utilizing aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving simultaneous high ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and a high cation transference number while effectively suppressing Zn dendrites remains challenging. Herein, we design a novel polymer‐in‐salt solid electrolyte (PISSE) composed of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and niobium pentoxide with oxygen vacancies (Nb2O5‐x) with high ionic conductivity. PAN polymer matrix provides the electrolyte good mechanical properties and solubility of Zn salt. The high concentration of ZnCl2 effectively decouples the Zn2+ from polymer chain segments and provides more ionic conduction amorphous region. Moreover, incorporating Nb2O5‐x filler accelerates Zn2+ desolvation by anchoring (ZnxCly)2x–y clusters and enhances the system's mechanical properties, achieving a superior Zn2+ transference number (~0.93) and interfacial stability. Consequently, the optimized PISSE demonstrates exceptional stability during prolonged cycling periods, wide temperature range operation (−40 °C to 60 °C), remarkable flexibility, and compatibility with diverse electrode materials. This study provides valuable insights into the design of solid‐state electrolytes based on ZBs and elucidates their multifunctional prospects.

Effect of Presodiation Additive on Structural and Interfacial Stability of Hard Carbon | P2‐Na0.66Mn0.75Ni0.2Mg0.05O2 Full Cell

AbstractThe compatibility between a corncob‐derived hard carbon anode and a layered oxide cathode (Na0.66Mn0.75Ni0.2Mg0.05O2), as well as the effect of presodiation via cathode additive (Na2C4O4), are investigated in a sodium‐ion full cell. Extensive physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations are performed to deeply investigate the structural and interfacial evolution of the materials in the presodiated cell, either within the single cycle or upon long‐term cycling. The use of sacrificial cathode additives is generally regarded as a method to improve full cell performance, especially when using sodium‐deficient materials. However, undesired effects upon decomposition of the sacrificial salt may arise due to the complexity of the system. In this study, it is evidenced that the presodiation changes the properties of the electrodes causing a worsening of the electrochemical performance of the cell during long‐term cycling. The surface morphology of the cathode is negatively affected by the formation of holes/cracks, while redox processes associated with structural transformations are suppressed in the voltage window of interest, with partial structural deformations occurring during activation cycles. The SEI and CEI are also affected by the formation of insulating organic species, which lead to an increased thickness and interphase resistance hampering the charge transfer kinetics of the cell.

Rubisco at interfaces II: Structural reassembly enhances oil-water interface and emulsion stabilization

Rubisco is the most abundant protein on earth and has gained extensive attentions as a novel food ingredient, such as an emulsifier. Extraction methods can significantly affect its molecular structures and consequently influence its oil-water interface and emulsion stabilization properties. This work aims to elucidate the role of the Rubisco molecular structure in stabilizing the oil-water interface and the multiphase system of emulsions. Ultrafiltration (mild) and acid precipitation-alkaline redispersion (extensive) were used to extract Rubisco from spinach leaves. Protein molecular properties were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectrometry. Subsequently, the oil-water interfacial properties, including the adsorption and rheological behavior in both small and large dilatational and shear deformations, and the emulsion stabilization properties of Rubisco were investigated. We found that acid precipitation-alkaline redispersion produced a Rubisco extract (RA) with extensive structural reassembling, compared to the one produced by ultrafiltration (RU), for which nativity was mostly retained. RA had two-fold higher surface hydrophobicity than RU, and this caused RA to adsorb faster to the oil-water interface and developed a stiffer solid-like interface (Gi’ = 26 ± 3 mN/m) than RU (Gi’ = 15 ± 2 mN/m), which was also more resistant to density changes in large dilatational deformations. Consequently, RA displayed higher emulsifying activity and emulsion stability to coalescence during bulk shear and storage. Additionally, structural reassembly resulted in a higher value of the zeta potential of RA, which made the emulsion more stable against flocculation, compared to RU. Our study demonstrates that structural reassembly might be a useful strategy to improve the behavior of plant proteins in oil-water interface and emulsion stabilization, and may stimulate the development of new plant protein-stabilized emulsion-based products.

Research Progress on Solid-State Electrolytes in Solid-State Lithium Batteries: Classification, Ionic Conductive Mechanism, Interfacial Challenges

Solid-state lithium batteries exhibit high-energy density and exceptional safety performance, thereby enabling an extended driving range for electric vehicles in the future. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are the key materials in solid-state batteries that guarantee the safety performance of the battery. This review assesses the research progress on solid-state electrolytes, including polymers, inorganic compounds (oxides, sulfides, halides), and organic–inorganic composites, the challenges related to solid-state batteries in terms of their interfaces, and the status of industrialization research on solid-state electrolytes. For each kind of solid-state electrolytes, details on the preparation, properties, composition, ionic conductivity, ionic migration mechanism, and structure–activity relationship, are collected. For the challenges faced by solid-state batteries, the high interfacial resistance, the side reactions between solid-state electrolytes and electrodes, and interface instability, are mainly discussed. The current industrialization research status of various solid electrolytes is analyzed in regard to relevant enterprises from different countries. Finally, the potential development directions and prospects of high-energy density solid-state batteries are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive reference for SSE researchers and paves the way for innovative advancements in regard to solid-state lithium batteries.