Evolution Of Interface Morphology Research Articles

Numerical study of perturbed shock driven instability in a dilute gas-particle mixture

The effects of particles on the Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instability of a flat interface driven by perturbed and reflected shock waves are numerically investigated. By utilizing three different sizes of particles (d=5μm, 20μm and 50μm) and two types of heavy gases (SF6 and CO2), the effect of the presence of particles with different sizes on the RM instability and the dynamic process of particle diffusion have been explored, respectively. The evolution of interface morphology under smaller particle (d=5μm and 20μm) conditions bears a striking resemblance to that of the condition without particles while the large particles (d=50μm) contribute to the formation of many “wrinkles” on the interface due to the large particle size and particle inertia. The addition of particles with smaller size (d=5μm and 20μm) can either slightly inhibit or promote the growth of the mixing width at the late stage of the interface evolution, depending on the extent of interface evolution. Both the particle size and the type of heavy fluid are able to influence the particle motion.

Evolution of the interfacial microstructure in 316L/AlxCoCrFeNi composite material induced by high-velocity impact welding

AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy with various Al contents has been successfully joined to 316L steel. The effect of mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi induced by Al content on the interfacial microstructure in the 316L/ AlxCoCrFeNi has been investigated. All the 316L/AlxCoCrFeNi composite plates showed the typical interfacial microstructure of the high-velocity impact welding—periodic wavy interface. Four areas of the straight smooth area, the small wave area, the wave area, and the large wave area were along the radial direction in the interface orderly. The differences in wavelength, amplitude, ratios of the length in each area to the overall length, and the evolution of interfacial microstructure were discussed. The analysis of grain orientation, grain boundary, recrystallization, and orientation difference in the wave area showed that interfacial differences were caused by the difference in deformation mechanism of AlxCoCrFeNi matrix with different Al content. The deformation mechanism was closely related to the elongation and hardness in the macroscopic mechanical properties, which represented the ability to deformation and resist deformation, respectively. Consequently, the effect of Al content on the evolution of interface morphology was essentially the effect of hardness and elongation of AlxCoCrFeNi matrix. Additionally, all the wavy interfaces of 316L/AlxCoCrFeNi had good bonding strength in the wave area.

Crater radius analysis after dual droplets successive oblique impact on liquid film

Droplet impact is a common occurrence in nature, agriculture, and industry. The research on the multi‐droplet impact is fundamental to understanding the tangled nature of reality. This paper numerically studies the successive oblique impact of dual droplets on the liquid film by building an effective three‐dimensional model. The leading and trailing droplets are set to pass a certain impact point with the same velocity. The main contribution of this paper is the investigation of the effects of Weber number, liquid film thickness, impact angle, and impact time interval on the interface morphology evolution after the droplet impact. Results show that splash pattern conversion of the primary or secondary crown occurs with the change of these factors. Besides, the variations of the maximum crater radius in upstream, lateral, and downstream directions with time are quantitatively analyzed. The crater radius analysis is carried out from three perspectives, the variation during the single droplet impact, the change during the dual droplets impact, and the comparison between them. It is found that the crater of dual droplets impact exhibits shape distortion in the deformation period and appears a marked dimensional increase in the secondary expansion period.

A novel test apparatus to study the mechanism of harmonic normal force on fretting wear

Fretting wear significantly affects the hysteresis behavior of the contact surface and leads to joint degradation due to material removal. Although numerous tests have been conducted to investigate fretting wear under constant normal force, the applied mechanical load on the contract surface more or less deviates from that in the operational condition. The normal force is typically time-varying due to the coupling of tangential and normal vibration, rather than remaining constant. The time-varying normal force can be regarded as the superposition of harmonics for steady-state vibration which is widely encountered in engineering. In this paper, we investigate how would the harmonic component of the normal force affect the evolution of interface morphology and contact parameters with fretting wear. To do that, we design a novel fretting wear test apparatus that generates the stable harmonic normal force. The normal force is controlled by a closed-loop control system, ensuring its consistency throughout the entire wear test. In addition, we develop various subsystems to realize different functions like support, constraint and measurement, enabling the acquisition of hysteresis loops under different normal forces. The critical performances of the test apparatus (e.g. force transfer, closed-loop control and repeatability) are also demonstrated. Results indicate that the harmonic normal force can significantly influence the hysteresis loop and the energy dissipation distribution on the contact surface. In comparison to the constant normal force, the worn surface has a higher degree of non-uniformity, characterized by alternating pits and prominences. Furthermore, the friction coefficient exhibits an outstanding upward trend after reaching a steady state, while the tangential contact stiffness continuously weakens as fretting wear progresses. These unique evolution characteristics could be attributed to the non-uniform energy dissipation caused by the harmonic normal force acting across the fretting space. This viewpoint can be partly validated through observing the interesting hysteresis loops, which are captured by the test apparatus.

Investigation of non-uniform oxidation based on a mechanochemical phase field model with nonlinear reaction kinetics and large inelastic deformation

A mechanochemical model is proposed to investigate the non-uniform oxidation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) that involves large inelastic deformation and nonlinear reaction kinetics. The large-deformation theory incorporates the higher-order term of geometric nonlinearity for a more precise description of the deformation and stress evolution in an oxide layer. The effect of stresses on the reaction kinetics is considered, which is expressed as the Eshelby stress tensor to account for the conformational volume change and deformation energy. A nonlinear reaction kinetics is adopted for a more accurate description of the nonequilibrium thermodynamic processes. The 2D simulations reveal a non-uniform oxide growth, three modes of oxide-metal interfacial morphology evolution, and tensile stress concentrations in the oxide scale. These simulation results agree with the experimental observations that cannot be described by the previous models. With the model, it is further demonstrated that a stable interfacial morphology and a significantly reduced tensile stress can be achieved by increasing the creep rate of the oxide and the flatness of the oxide-metal interface. This model thus provides an approach to extend the service time of TBCs.

Diffusion mechanism of immiscible Fe-Mg system induced by high-density defects at the steel/Mg composite interface

Due to positive mixing heat between Fe and Mg, it is difficult to diffuse for Fe-Mg at the interface of steel/Mg laminated composites, resulting in the inability to achieve high-strength metallurgical bonding. In this paper, 20#steel/Mg laminated composites were prepared by large deformation rolling and subsequent diffusion heat treatment process. The interfacial bonding strength was improved by constructing high-density crystal defects at the interface to promote element diffusion. The mechanisms of interface morphology evolution and element diffusion were analyzed by finite element simulation and theoretical calculation. The results show after diffusion heat treatment, the bond strength of the large deformation rolled interface was increased from 14 MPa to 30 MPa. Fe-Mg transition layer with about 80 nm thickness as well as high-density vacancies, dislocations and grain boundaries were formed in the large deformation rolled interface region. During diffusion heat treatment, Mg elements diffused into grain interior and grain boundary regions of 20#steel under the effect of heat-force coupling, and the thickness of Fe-Mg transition layer increased to 150 nm, forming an Fe-based supersaturated solid solution. The interface with high-density defects constituted a non-equilibrium interface. The 20#steel internal energy in the non-equilibrium interface is able to overcome positive mixing heat of immiscible Fe-Mg system and provide the driving force for Mg elements diffusion. Promoting elemental diffusion by constructing high-density defects can be a new concept to achieve metallurgical bonding at the interface of immiscible metal laminated composites.

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Crystalline Morphology of Bi2O3‐Fe2O3 Pseudo‐Binary System

Herein, the crystallographic morphology of the 80%Bi2O3‐20%Fe2O3 pseudo‐binary system under different cooling rates (100, 6.3, 0.12 K s−1) is investigated using an optical microscopy system. The interfacial morphology evolution and interfacial kinetics in two dimensions during crystal growth are systematically studied. At the low cooling rate (ΔT < 10 K), blade‐like crystals appear slowly in the melt. In turn, the emergence of numerous irregularly shaped grains in the melt at the high cooling rate (ΔT > 100 K) indicates a rapid solidification process. Tetragonal crystals appear typically during melt solidification accompanied with triangular crystals simultaneously (15 K < ΔT < 35 K). The X‐ray diffraction and EDS data reveal that both kinds of polygonal crystals are attributed to Bi25FeO40. In addition, the crystal growth kinetics are presented as the dependence of the growth rate on the subcooling, and thus the growth mechanism of crystals is discussed. According to the results, Bi25FeO40 crystals grow through a two‐dimensional nucleation mechanism.

On the shock-driven hydrodynamic instability in square and rectangular light gas bubbles: A comparative study from numerical simulations

A comparative investigation of the hydrodynamic instability development on the shock-driven square and rectangular light gas bubbles is carried out numerically. In contrast to the square bubble, both horizontally and vertically aligned rectangular bubbles with different aspect ratios are taken into consideration, highlighting the impacts of aspect ratios on interface morphology, vorticity production, and bubble deformation. Two-dimensional compressible Euler equations for two-component gas flows are simulated with a high-order modal discontinuous Galerkin solver. The results show that the aspect ratio of rectangular bubbles has a considerable impact on the evolution of interface morphology in comparison with a square bubble. In horizontal-aligned rectangular bubbles, two secondary vortex rings connected to the primary vortex ring are produced by raising the aspect ratio. While in vertical-aligned rectangular bubbles, two re-entrant jets are seen close to the top and bottom boundaries of the upstream interface with increasing aspect ratio. The baroclinic vorticity generation affects the deformation of the bubble interface and accelerates the turbulent mixing. Notably, the complexity of the vorticity field keeps growing as the aspect ratio does in horizontal-aligned rectangular bubbles, and the trends are reversed in the vertical-aligned rectangular bubbles. Further, these aspect ratio effects also lead to the different mechanisms of the interface characteristics, including the upstream and downstream distances, width, and height. Finally, the temporal evolution of spatially integrated fields, including average vorticity, vorticity production terms, and enstrophy are analyzed in depth to investigate the impact of aspect ratio on the flow structure.

The Growth Behavior for Intermetallic Compounds at the Interface of Aluminum-Steel Weld Joint.

In this work, the microstructure and growth behavior of Al-Fe intermetallic compounds (IMCs), which formed at interface of weld steel-aluminum joint, are successfully analyzed via the combination of experiment and physical model. A layer IMCs consists of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13, in which the Fe2Al5 is the main compound in the layer. The IMCs layer thickness increases with the increase of the heat input and the maximum thickness of IMCs layer is 22 ± 2 μm. The high vacancy concentration of Fe2Al5 IMCs provides the diffusion path for Al atoms to migrate through the IMCs layer for growing towards to steel substrate. By using the calculated temperature profiles as inputs, the combined 2D cellular automata (CA)-Monte Carlo (MC) model is applied to simulate the grain distribution and interfacial morphology evolution at the Al-steel interface. This 2D model simulates the IMCs nucleation, growth, and solute redistribution. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results, suggesting that the growth process can be divided four stages, and the thickness of the Fe2Al5 layer increases nonlinearly with the increase of the growth time. The whole nucleation and growth process experienced 1.7~2 s, and the fastest growth rate is 8 μm/s. The addition of Si element will influence diffusion path of Al atom to form different interface morphology. The effects of peak temperature, cooling time, and the thermal gradient on the IMCs thickness are discussed. It shows that the peak temperature has the major influence on the IMCs thickness.

Hot dip aluminization of 304L SS and P91 ferritic-martensitic steel – Comparison of interface morphology and growth kinetics of reaction zones

P91 ferritic/martensitic and AISI 304L austenitic stainless steels were hot dip aluminized (HDA) in 99.9% pure aluminum in a pit type vertical furnace at three different temperatures i.e. 750, 800 and 850 °C for 1 to 10 min. Evolution of interface morphology, type and distribution of phases and growth kinetics of the reaction zones were studied using a variety of experimental techniques. Though similar intermetallic compounds formed in both steels, their distribution, morphology and growth kinetics were distinctly different. In P91 F/M steel, aluminized surface adjacent to the substrate had wide Fe2Al5 layer with serrated morphology containing high volume fraction of 2–3 μm sized Cr rich intermetallic phases. Width of FeAl3 phase present adjacent to this layer did not show much variation with HDA conditions. Above FeAl3, on the surface, the pure Al top coat contained nonequilibrium phases. Compared to P91 steel, width of the aluminized layer in 304L SS was less (35 ± 5 μm vs 120 ± 15 μm at 800 °C-10 min) and the Fe2Al5 layer had a planar interface with the substrate. Optimum temperature-time combination to get thin, uniform, defect free surface aluminide layer in P91 F/M and 304L steels were found to be 750 °C-2 min and 800 °C-1 min respectively. Growth kinetics of surface aluminide layers in both steels were studied, kinetic parameters were determined and compared with information available in literature.

Laplace-Fourier transform solution to the electrochemical kinetics of a symmetric lithium cell affected by interface conformity

Lithium (Li)-metal batteries using solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their high energy density. However, the interface issues arising from the Li stripping/plating cycles pose a major challenge for the applications of these batteries. This paper reports a three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent electrokinetic model, built based on the Nernst–Planck equation with electroneutrality assumption, to quantify the effects of interface conformity, external pressure, electrolyte Young's modulus, and ionic conductivity on the electrochemical behaviors of symmetric solid-state lithium cells. The evolution of interface morphology is related to the surface roughness, elastoplastic deformation, creep, and plating of the Li metal. The Laplace-Fourier domain solution is analytically derived, and the numerical solution is solved by implementing Talbot's Laplace transform method and the continuous convolution-Fourier transform (CC-FT) algorithm. A number of cases are analyzed, and the results reveal that a non-conformal interface with imperfect contact can induce uneven field distributions and that the nonuniformity increases with contact loss, and that the impact of external pressure on the reduction in ionic conductivity of SSE is similar to its effect on the potential drop. The results also suggest that the external pressure of 12.5 MPa can lead to relatively uniform deposition in a ceramic electrolyte system, while only 2 MPa is required in a polymer electrolyte system. In addition, A pressure of at least 2 MPa is needed to maintain the high ionic conductivity level for polymer composite SSEs of 14–16% volume LLZO particles.

Interface morphology evolution of azobenzene from the unsteady to steady state under directional solidification

In this work, the melt-crystal interface of azobenzene at the unsteady and the steady state was in-situ investigated via directional solidification. The experimental results show that, at the unstable stage, interface morphology transforms from planar to zigzag facets at low growth rates and then to faceted dendrites at high growth rates, and the corresponding apex angles change from multiple values to one unified. At the steady state, the interface morphology of azobenzene can maintain planar or zigzag facets or faceted dendrites, and 115° is reserved in the zigzag interface or 50° in the faceted dendrites. Besides, the disappearance of fast-growing planes and the retaining of slow-growing planes contribute to the variation of apex angles from 115° to 50°. Our in-situ observation promotes further understanding of the solidification process in faceted materials.

In-situ improved corrosion resistance of corundum-mullite refractory for the incineration of hazardous spent high-salt organic liquor by Cr2O3: Interfacial anti-erosion mechanism

Existing refractory-life-extending technologies had concentrated on the preparation of homogeneous high-performance refractory materials in advance. In this paper, an in situ anti-erosion approach of conventional corundum-mullite refractory material was proposed for the incineration of hazardous spent high-salt organic liquor, in which the powdery additives were directly added into the spent liquor. The phase transformation, interfacial morphology evolution, and pore distribution of the corundum-mullite refractory with and without Cr2O3/ZrO2 addition were compared, and the in situ anti-erosion mechanism was determined via the XRD, SEM, XPS, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermodynamic analyses. In conventional corrosion, molten Na2SO4, the primary phase of incinerating slag, directly entered the interior of the corundum-mullite refractory through pores on the interface. The Na2SO4 strongly reacted with alumina and silica at 1000–1300 °C to produce liquid albite and nepheline. Upon the addition of Cr2O3 into the spent liquor, the Cr2O3 powder was suspended in the spent liquor and deposited at the refractory interface to form a protective (Al,Cr)2O3 solid solution layer with Al2O3. The dense corrosion-resistant layer of (Al,Cr)2O3 with a depth of 0–3 mm on the surface of the firebricks seldom reacted with molten Na2SO4. This protective layer can effectively slow down the penetration and erosion of incinerating slag. The environmental risks of Cr(VI) contamination associated with the Cr2O3 addition in the incineration process were also evaluated in this work. Eventually, preliminary trial operation results showed that the service life of the corundum-mullite firebrick was prolonged after 5% Cr2O3 addition into the spent liquor.

Challenges and Strategies towards Practically Feasible Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

Remarkable improvement of the ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs) exceeding 10 mS cm-1 at room temperature has opened up the opportunities to realize the commercialization of solid-state batteries (SSBs). The transition to the intrinsically inflammable SEs also promises that SSBs would successfully utilize lithium metal anode thus achieving the high-energy-density lithium metal batteries without the risk of a safety hazard. However, the practical operation of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) still faces the challenges of the poor cycle stability and the low energy efficiency, which are coupled with the interface stability and even with the dendrite growth of lithium metal. This article overviews current understandings regarding the underlying origins of the issues in employing the lithium metal anode in SSLMBs from the five main standpoints: i) the chemical/electrochemical interfacial stability, ii) the microscopic evolution of interfacial morphology, iii) the intrinsic diffusivity of lithium atom/vacancy at the interface, iv) imperfections (defect/pores), and v) non-negligible electronic conductivity of SEs. The discussions are followed on the state-of-the-art efforts and strategies to overcome these respective challenges. Finally, the authors provide their perspectives for the future research directions toward achieving the commercial level of high-energy SSLMBs.

Single Ice Crystal Growth with Controlled Orientation during Directional Freezing.

Ice growth has attracted great attention for its capability of fabricating hierarchically porous microstructure. However, the formation of tilted lamellar microstructure during freezing needs to be reconsidered due to the limited control of ice orientation with respect to the thermal gradient during in situ observations, which can greatly enrich our insight into architectural control of porous biomaterials. This paper provides an in situ study of the solid/liquid interface morphology evolution of directionally solidified single crystal ice with its C-axis (optical axis) perpendicular to directions of both the thermal gradient and the incident light in poly(vinyl alcohol, PVA) solutions. Multifaceted morphology and V-shaped lamellar morphology were clearly observed in situ for the first time. Quantitative characterizations on lamellar spacing, tilt angle, and tip undercooling of lamellar ice platelets provide a clearer insight into the inherent ice growth habit in polymeric aqueous systems and are suggested to exert significant impact on future design and optimization in porous biomaterials.

Review on effect of two-phase interface morphology evolution on flow and heat transfer characteristics in confined channel

In this paper, the effect of two-phase interface morphology evolution on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in confined channels are reviewed in detail, which is one of the typical channel structures for the nuclear reactor core. The investigated contents mainly come from the open literature. In addition, this paper focuses on the important phenomena and methods proposed in recent decades, which simultaneously includes the closely related studies of authors published in the last several years. The primary contents of this paper mainly includes the following aspects: (1) the definition of confined channel is introduced based on the summary of various distinguishing criterions; (2) the effect of two-phase interface morphology on the flow and resistance characteristics is concluded, which are mainly related to the adiabatic flow conditions, thus the complex influence of boiling phenomenon can be neglected; (3) the effect of two-phase interface morphology on the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics is researched. Moreover, the development of flow boiling heat transfer model is reviewed, and the corresponding proposed model is introduced, which innovatively reflects the feature of confined channel and is considered worthy of further development; (4) the effect of two-phase interface morphology on the flow instability and boiling crisis characteristics are reviewed. Especially, the coupling relationship between them are introduced with the bubble dynamic behaviors dependent on the published research achievement of authors; (5) the material surface modification technology is proposed to be the enhanced heat transfer technology, which is also supposed to be the future research point for reactor thermal-hydraulics.

Mechanical\u2013chemical coupling phase-field modeling for inhomogeneous oxidation of zirconium induced by stress\u2013oxidation interaction

A phase-field model is proposed to study the inhomogeneous growth of zirconia induced by the stress–oxidation interaction, which captures the complex interplay among diffusion, oxidation kinetics, interfacial morphology evolution, and stress variation in an oxidation process. Through this numerical model, many experimentally observed but insufficiently understood phenomena can be well explained. Specifically, the numerical simulations reveal quantitatively the causes of interface roughening or smoothening during the inward oxide growth, the roughness-dependent oxide growth rate, and the nucleation sites of premature cracking. These numerical findings can be used as the theoretical references for the improving the durability of oxide scale and prolonging the service life of zirconium-based alloy cladding used in the nuclear power plant.

Wetting of monocrystalline silicon (100) surface by Sn-xAl (x = 0, 2.4 and 50 at.%) alloys and Al at 900 °C

The wetting of monocrystalline Si by molten Sn-xAl (x = 0, 2.4 and 50 at.%) and pure Al was studied by using the modified sessile drop method at 900 °C under a high vacuum. The results showed that the segregation of Al at the solid/liquid interface intensified the dissolution of Si substrate in the Sn-xAl/Si system. In the Al/Si system, the formation of crater has certain hindrance to the spreading, and it is related to the Marangoni convection, which was caused by solute concentration gradient in the inner of drop. The effect of dissolution on wetting should consider the dissolution induced the evolution of interfacial morphology, and the dissolution only in the specific range of degrees that can act as a driving force for spreading. Generally, the spreading in this study were limited by the viscous dissipation. In Sn-xAl/Si system, the spreading was first controlled by the diffusion of Al from inner drop to the triple line, and then limited by the viscous dissipation.

Numerical simulation of liquid–gas interface formation in long superhydrophobic microchannels with transverse ribs and grooves

Superhydrophobic microchannels have evolved recently as an accepted strategy to mitigate the hydrodynamic resistance tendered in micro-constrictions. In this work, hydrodynamics of a hydrophobic microchannel realized by entrapping air in the cavities located between transversely oriented ribs is numerically investigated. An interface formed between the liquid and air/vapor in the confinement facilitates a resistance free slipping surface for the flowing water. The shape of the meniscus is determined by the pressure difference between air and liquid and is classified as convex, flat, and concave depending on the protrusion angle. Several applications require a long hydrophobic channel in which the liquid pressure decreases lengthwise; consequently the interface shape changes as well. In this regard, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the protrusion angle at a specific distance from the inlet of microchannel. This is incorporated in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to define the static geometry of the interface which is varying throughout the length of the channel. Moreover, the boundary is treated as a combination of flat no-slip and curved shear-free regions to mimic the ribs and cavities. Further, the evolution of interface morphology is captured using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) scheme by considering a static contact angle at the solid surface to check the validity of the suggested model. Dynamically evolved protrusion angle is measured for various liquid–gas interface pressures and it is observed that the theoretical scaling proposed by Laplace and Young is well obeyed. Though CFD–VOF simulation scheme is an effective tool for predicting the pressure dependent liquid–gas meniscus and concurrent hydrodynamics of the ribbed microchannel, it is resource intensive. The present study demonstrates that the developed model for static boundary may be adopted alternatively to predict the hydrodynamics of a long hydrophobic microchannel by saving computational resources.

Interfacial characteristics of block copolymer micelles stabilized Pickering emulsion by confocal laser scanning microscopy

HypothesisNovel Pickering emulsions stabilized by self-assembled nano-objects of amphiphilic copolymers are attractive in many applications. However, it is not clear to what extent those nano-objects could stay at the oil/water interface. Owing to the twisted intramolecular charge transfer state (TICT) property of Nile red, the distinguishable fluorescent characteristics of Nile red dissolved in n-dodecane and solubilized in copolymer micelles benefit the investigation of the oil/water interfacial nature of Pickering emulsions in situ. ExperimentsTwo amphiphilic diblock copolymers PNMP53-b-PFMA5 and PNMP53-b-PFMA10 named poly(N-(2-methacryloylxyethyl) pyrrolidone)-block-poly(2-(perfluorooctyl) ethyl methacrylate) were synthesized, they can form spherical and wormlike micelles in water spontaneously, respectively. Oil in water (O/W) emulsions were generally produced at different conditions by employing these copolymer micelles as emulsifiers. The size and morphology of prepared emulsions were studied by light scattering and microscope techniques in detail. Moreover, the effect of emulsification conditions on the interfacial morphology evolution of prepared emulsions were characterized systematically in situ by the proposed method based on the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements. FindingsWe clarified the progressive transition from Pickering emulsions to classic emulsions through the sustained changes of emulsification conditions by the developed CLSM method, in which block copolymer monomers and their assemblies were played as emulsifiers to stabilize emulsion droplets synergistically. Generally speaking, Pickering emulsions were produced in the presence of sufficient micelles at low emulsification shear rates. Otherwise, common emulsions stabilized by block copolymer monomers would be formed.