Interfacial Dilatational Elasticity Research Articles

Asphaltene inhibitor performance as a function of the asphaltene molecular/aggregate characteristics: Evaluation by interfacial rheology measurement and bulk methods

Asphaltene precipitation/deposition in well tubing and porous media is categorized as asphaltene damage. Addressing this issue, this study offers an asphaltene inhibitor (namely BZSS-012) and highlights the mutual dependence of the inhibitor-asphaltene molecular structure/functional groups for a successful inhibition performance. Asphaltenes were extracted from two dead oil samples, designated as A- and F- oil, characterized well and dissolved in n-hexane/toluene mixture to prepare A- and F-model oil. Interfacial rheology measurements, in addition to conventional asphaltene dispersant test (ADT), was introduced as a new test approach to evaluate the inhibitor performance. The dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) and dilational elasticity of the model oils-water interface were measured. In addition, the standard deviation from the Young-Laplace drop shape (YL-STD) during a high-amplitude compression-expansion of the interface was calculated. Compared to the F-asphaltene, the A-asphaltene molecules have a larger aromatic sheet size, shorter peripheral chains, higher heteroatom content, and higher density of hydroxyl groups, leading to a higher self-association tendency. However, the aggregates size of the F-asphaltene is larger than that of the A-asphaltene in the model oil. Despite its larger aggregates, the F-asphaltene has an enough extent and strength of interactions with the inhibitor, leading to the efficiency of 99.2% in the ADT test, much higher than 66.7% efficiency for the A-model oil. In addition, compared to the A-model oil, the F-model oil exhibits lower IFT values with a slower dynamic in-line with the F-asphaltene larger aggregates and revealing their outward functional groups. The addition of the inhibitor accelerates the dynamic of the IFT and results in lower IFT values. No sharp peak in the YL-STD of the F-model oil dosed with 50 ppmv of the inhibitor is observed. This reflects the inhibitor efficiency for controlling the association and networking of the asphaltene aggregates to inhibit interfacial asphaltenic film evolution. Monitoring the YL-STD seems to be an appropriate method to screen asphaltene inhibitors.

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids.

Emulsions are currently being used to encapsulate and deliver nutrients and drugs to tackle different gastrointestinal conditions such as obesity, nutrient fortification, food allergies, and digestive diseases. The ability of an emulsion to provide the desired functionality, namely, reaching a specific site within the gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting/retarding lipolysis, or facilitating digestibility, ultimately depends on its susceptibility to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. In oil-in-water emulsions, lipid droplets are surrounded by interfacial layers, where the emulsifiers stabilize the emulsion and protect the encapsulated compound. Achieving a tailored digestibility of emulsions depends on their initial composition but also requires monitoring the evolution of those interfacial layers as they are subjected to different phases of gastrointestinal digestion. A pendant drop surface film balance implemented with a multi-subphase exchange allows for simulating the in vitro digestion of emulsions in a single aqueous droplet immersed in oil by applying a customized static digestion model. The transit through the gastrointestinal tract is mimicked by the subphase exchange of the original droplet bulk solution with artificial media, mimicking the physiological conditions of each compartment/step of the gastrointestinal tract. The dynamic evolution of the interfacial tension is recorded in situ throughout the whole simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The mechanical properties of digested interfaces, such as interfacial dilatational elasticity and viscosity, are measured after each digestion phase (oral, gastric, small intestine). The composition of each digestive media can be tuned to account for the particularities of the digestive conditions, including gastrointestinal pathologies and infant digestive media. The specific interfacial mechanisms affecting proteolysis and lipolysis are identified, providing tools to modulate digestion by the interfacial engineering of emulsions. The obtained results can be manipulated for designing novel food matrices with tailored functionalities such as low allergenicity, controlled energy intake, and decreased digestibility.

Dilational rheological properties of 2, 5-dialkyl benzene sulfonates at air-water and decane-water interfaces

The dilational properties of two anionic surfactants 5–6–4 and 5–6-t4 (2, 5-dialkyl benzene sulfonates) at the air-water and decane-water interfaces were investigated using the drop shape analysis method. The effects of aging time, oscillating frequency, bulk concentration, and surface/interfacial pressure on the dilational elasticity and dilational viscosity were explored. The results show that the slow process and diffusion exchange process control the nature of surface/interfacial films at low and high concentrations, respectively. At low concentrations, the strong interaction between the branched long alkyl chains dominates at the surface. At high concentrations, the surface elasticity of 5–6–4 is higher because of the slower diffusion-exchange process. The insertion of oil molecules disrupts the interactions between branched long alkyl chains and simultaneously enhances the diffusion-exchange process, resulting in lower maximum interfacial dilational elasticity and viscosity for both 5–6–4 and 5–6-t4 molecules. The rigid isobutyl group endows the 5–6-t4 molecule with higher dilational elasticity and viscosity at the interface.

Use of a Geometric Parameter for Characterizing Rigid Films at Oil-Water Interfaces.

Interfacial tension and dilatational rheology are often used to characterize the mechanical response of a liquid interface using axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA). It is important to note that for systems dominated by adsorption/desorption of surfactants, the contributions of extra mechanical stresses are negligible; thus, the Young-Laplace equation remains valid. However, for interfaces dominated by extra stresses, as in the case of particle monolayers or asphaltenes that clearly exhibit a skin (a rigid film), the nature of the elastic response is fundamentally different and the validity of the equation is questionable. Calculation of the interfacial tension and dilatational elasticity using drop shape analysis depends critically on the drop shape following the Young-Laplace equation. If the interface becomes more like a solid, the drop shape will deviate from being purely Laplacian. Indeed, the drop will exhibit a wrinkled surface as collapse continues. The geometric parameter RV/A, defined as the ratio (dV/V)/(dA/A) with V is the volume of the drop and A is the area of the interface), allows one to measure the deviation of the drop shape from purely Laplacian. For a simple interface (pure liquids or surfactant solutions), RV/A is quite close to the theoretical value of 1.5 of a perfect sphere. Nevertheless, if the molecules adsorbed at the interface begin to interact strongly, the ratio can vary. In the limit of long-time-scale experiments, RV/A of some drops approaches 2. We studied the evolution of the parameter RV/A for different systems, from simple to complex, as a function of oscillation frequencies and amplitudes of drop volume. The results obtained were compared to the values of the interfacial moduli and drop shape behavior to better characterize the regime change.

Studies on interfacial interactions between petroleum sulfonate and sulfobetaine molecules by rheological measurements

The dilational rheological properties of aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant petroleum sulfonate (KPS), zwitterionic surfactant alkyl sulfobetaine (ASB) and their mixtures have been investigated at the kerosene-water interface by the oscillating drop method. The influences of time, dilational frequency, bulk concentration and interfacial pressure on the dilational properties have been expounded. The experimental results show that the nature of film containing anionic surfactant KPS molecules is determined by the diffusion-exchange process between the bulk and the interface. On the other hand, the in-film process, such as the orientation change of hydrophilic groups, controls the properties of adsorption layers formed by betaine ASB molecules. The dilational rheological behaviors of KPS-ASB mixtures are close to those of ASB. In addition, the complex system gets the largest dilational modulus at higher bulk concentration, due to a synergistic effect between KPS and ASB caused by electrostatic attraction. The mixed adsorption of KPS and ASB may lead to more compact films and result in higher interfacial dilational modulus at optimum ratio of adsorbed KPS to ASB molecules. The mixed adsorption of KPS and ASB molecules may lead to more compact film and result in larger interfacial dilational elasticity at higher concentration.

Role of interfacial elasticity for the rheological properties of saponin-stabilized emulsions

HypothesisSaponins are natural surfactants which can provide highly viscoelastic interfaces. This property can be used to quantify precisely the effect of interfacial dilatational elasticity on the various rheological properties of bulk emulsions. ExperimentsWe measured the interfacial dilatational elasticity of adsorption layers from four saponins (Quillaja, Escin, Berry, Tea) adsorbed on hexadecane-water and sunflower oil-water interfaces. In parallel, the rheological properties under steady and oscillatory shear deformations were measured for bulk emulsions, stabilized by the same saponins (oil volume fraction between 75 and 85%). FindingsQuillaja saponin and Berry saponin formed solid adsorption layers (shells) on the SFO-water interface. As a consequence, the respective emulsions contained non-spherical drops. For the other systems, the interfacial elasticities varied between 2 mN/m and 500 mN/m. We found that this interfacial elasticity has very significant impact on the emulsion shear elasticity, moderate effect on the dynamic yield stress, and no effect on the viscous stress of the respective steadily sheared emulsions. The last conclusion is not trivial, because the dilatational surface viscoelasticity is known to have strong impact on the viscous stress of steadily sheared foams. Mechanistic explanations of all observed effects are described.

Complexation between flaxseed protein isolate and phenolic compounds: Effects on interfacial, emulsifying and antioxidant properties of emulsions

Interfacial and emulsifying properties of flaxseed protein isolate (FPI) and its phenolic complexes were studied, aiming to develop plant-based natural emulsifiers with improved interfacial and oxidative activity and adding value to the by-product of flaxseed oil production. Flaxseed polyphenols (FPP) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) were used as model phenolic compounds. The stability of emulsions produced using FPI, FPI-FPP and FPI-HT as emulsifiers was measured and correlated with their solubility and surface charge. The dynamic interfacial tension (DIT) and dilatational elasticity (E′) and viscosity (E”) were measured at flaxseed oil/water interface. The diffusion and penetration rate constants were calculated using DIT data. The complexation of FPI with FPP and HT significantly increased the diffusion rate constant at low FPI concentration (0.1 mg mL−1). At higher FPI concentration (from 1 to 10 mg mL−1), the DIT and penetration rate constant of FPI, FPI-FPP and FPI-HT were not different. The E’ of interfacial layer of FPI was lower than that of FPI-HT interfacial layer but was higher than that of FPI-FPP interfacial layer. The E” of FPI-FPP and FPI-HT complexes was lower than that of FPI. FPI-stabilised emulsion with higher charge density had higher physical stability compared to the emulsions stabilised by FPI-phenolic complexes which had lower charge density. The emulsions stabilised by FPI-FPP and FPI-HT complexes had higher antioxidative stability compared to that of FPI stabilised emulsion. The emulsions stabilised by FPI-FPP and FPI-HT complexes had higher red and yellow hue than the emulsion stabilised by FPI.

Synergy of surface-treated nanoparticle and anionic-nonionic surfactant on stabilization of natural gas foams

Positively charged surface-treated nanoparticle (S-AK) and anionic-nonionic surfactant sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) mixture has been used to obtain natural gas foams. It was found that synergy occurs between S-AK and AES in generating stable natural gas foams due to the foam stability of the S-AK/AES mixture being better than that of either single component. It is important to control the contents of two species since there are optimum concentrations for S-AK and AES on stabilizing Natural gas foams. High salinity (≥50,000 mg L−1) is conducive to the stability of S-AK/AES natural gas foams at high temperature (50 °C). In addition to the electrostatic interaction, EO groups significantly promote the attraction between S-AK and AES. The stability of S-AK/AES natural gas foams may relate to two aspects: one is that AES-adsorbed nanoparticles migrate to the gas/liquid interface and enhance the interfacial dilatational elasticity, and the other is that a rigid skeleton structure forms in the natural gas foam films by the flocs consisting of S-AK and AES. Natural gas foams are most stable when the monolayer adsorption of AES molecules on the S-AK surface occurs in the dispersion.

Impact of multiple quaternary ammonium salts on dynamic properties of BSA adsorption layer at different pH values.

The interaction mechanism of multiple quaternary ammonium salts (MQAS) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined by the fluorescence quenching method and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Moreover, the effects of MQAS on the dynamic properties of BSA adsorption layers at different pH values were investigated using dilational interfacial rheology. Results show that the quenching constants increase with an increase in pH values and decrease with an increase in the experiment temperature at pH 5.3. The quenching mechanism is static quenching, and the electrostatic force dominates the interaction between MQAS and BSA at pH 5.3. Due to three positive head groups, MQAS can significantly affect the dynamic interfacial activity of BSA molecules at a relatively low concentration. At pH 4.3, the electrostatic repulsion is unfavorable for the formation of MQAS/BSA complexes. Consequently, MQAS molecules will replace BSA molecules from the interface by competitive adsorption. At the pH value above the isoelectric point of BSA, the electrostatic attraction is better for the formation of MQAS/BSA complexes, which exhibit a rapid adsorption rate and an enhanced interfacial activity. Moreover, the kinetic dependencies of interfacial dilational elasticity for the MQAS/BSA mixtures become nonmonotonous. The appearance of the maximum interfacial elasticity values can be attributed to the formation of tails and loops, which suggests that the addition of MQAS destroys the secondary and tertiary structure of protein in the bulk phase. In addition, the effects of MQAS on the secondary structure of protein were demonstrated by CD spectra.

Natural Inhibitors of Lipase: Examining Lipolysis in a Single Droplet.

Inhibition of lipase activity is one of the approaches to reduced fat intake with nutritional prevention promoting healthier diet. The food industry is very interested in the use of natural extracts, hence reducing the side effects of commercial drugs inhibiting lipolysis. In this work we propose a novel methodology to rapidly assess lipolysis/inhibition in a single droplet by interfacial tension and dilatational elasticity. The evolution of the interfacial tension of lipase in simplified duodenal fluid in the absence and that in the presence of the pharmaceutical drug Xenical are the negative (5 ± 1 mN/m) and positive (9 ± 1 mN/m) controls of the inhibition of lipolysis, respectively. Then, we correlate the inhibition with the reduction of the interfacial activity of lipase and further identify the mode of action of the inhibition based on dilatational response (conformational changes induced in the molecule/blocking of adsorption sites). This work provides new insight into the lipase inhibition mechanism and a rapid methodology to identify the potential of new natural inhibitors.

Effects of ambient hydrostatic pressure on the material properties of the encapsulation of an ultrasound contrast microbubble.

Ultrasound contrast microbubbles experience widely varying ambient blood pressure in different organs, which can also change due to diseases. Pressure change can alter the material properties of the encapsulation of these microbubbles. Here the characteristic rheological parameters of contrast agent Definity are determined by varying the ambient pressure (in a physiologically relevant range 0-200 mm Hg). Four different interfacial rheological models are used to characterize the microbubbles. Effects of gas diffusion under excess ambient pressure are investigated in detail accounting for size decrease of contrast microbubbles. Definity contrast agent show a change in their interfacial dilatational viscosity (3.6 × 10(-8) Ns/m at 0 mm Hg to 4.45 × 10(-8) Ns/m at 200 mm Hg) and interfacial dilatational elasticity (0.86 N/m at 0 mm Hg to 1.06 N/m at 200 mm Hg) with ambient pressure increase. The increase results from material consolidation, similar to such enhancement in bulk properties under pressure. The model that accounts for enhancement in material properties with increasing ambient pressure matches with experimentally measured subharmonic response as a function of ambient pressure, while assuming constant material parameters does not.

A Study of Relationship Between Oil-Water Interfacial Dilational Rheology and Oil Recovery of Alkaline Flooding

AbstractIn order to find out the influence of dilational rheology on chemical flooding systems, the dilational rheology of Zhuangxi crude oil/NaOH solutions interface was investigated by DSA100 interfacial dilatational rheometer (KRÜSS, Germany). The results show that the alkaline system, which can enhance oil recovery, mainly depends on its interfacial dilational rheology, rather than interfacial tension. The greater the interfacial dilational elasticity, the higher the oil recovery is. The greater the interfacial dilational viscosity, the lower the oil recovery is. The conclusion is consistent with the change of displacement pressure in the macro displacement experiment and the change of sweep efficiency in the microscopic displacement experiment.

On the interfacial roughness scale in turbulent stratified two-phase flow: 3D lattice Boltzmann numerical simulations with forced turbulence and surfactant

Numerical 3D simulations of turbulent, stratified two-phase shear flow with a surfactant laden interface were used to test and develop a phenomenological interfacial roughness scale model where the energy required to deform the interface (buoyancy, interfacial tension, and viscous work) is proportional to the turbulent kinetic energy adjacent to the interface.The turbulence was forced in the upper and lower liquids in the simulations, to emulate the interfacial dynamics without requiring (prohibitively) large simulation domains and Reynolds numbers. The addition of surfactant lead to an increased roughness scale (for the same turbulent kinetic energy) due to the introduction of interfacial dilatational elasticity that suppressed horizontal motion parallel to the interface, and enhanced the vertical motion.The phenomenological roughness scale model was not fully developed for dilatational elasticity in this work, but we proposed a source term that represents surfactant induced pressure fluctuations near the interface. This source term should be developed further to account for the relation between surfactant density fluctuations and turbulence adjacent to the interface. We foresee that the roughness scale model can be used as a basis for more general interfacial closure relations in Reynolds averaged turbulence models, where also mobile surfactant is accounted for.

Impact of ionic liquid-type imidazolium surfactant addition on dynamic properties of BSA adsorption layers at different pH.

The dynamic interfacial properties of mixed solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the ionic liquid-type imidazolium surfactant ([C16mim]Br) were measured as a function of the interface age, surfactant concentration and solution pH. Three BSA conformers were investigated: the normal N form as well as the fast F and aged A forms, corresponding to the different solution pH, respectively. The interfacial tension and the interfacial dilational elasticity isotherms for the mixed adsorption layers indicate that the addition of [C16mim]Br to the different structures of BSA isomers influences the properties of the adsorption layer at the decane/water interface. The addition of [C16mim]Br does not influence the structure of the protein at pH below the isoelectric point of BSA, but at higher solution pH, the addition of surfactants significantly influences the dynamic interfacial properties of BSA solutions due to the electrostatic interaction between the components.

PH Effects on the Molecular Structure of β-Lactoglobulin Modified Air–Water Interfaces and Its Impact on Foam Rheology

Macroscopic properties of aqueous β-lactoglobulin (BLG) foams and the molecular properties of BLG modified air-water interfaces as their major structural element were investigated with a unique combination of foam rheology measurements and interfacial sensitive methods such as sum-frequency generation and interfacial dilatational rheology. The molecular structure and protein-protein interactions at the air-water interface can be changed substantially with the solution pH and result in major changes in interfacial dilational and foam rheology. At a pH near the interfacial isoelectric point BLG molecules carry zero net charge and disordered multilayers with the highest interfacial dilatational elasticity are formed at the air-water interface. Increasing or decreasing the pH with respect to the isoelectric point leads to the formation of a BLG monolayer with repulsive electrostatic interactions among the adsorbed molecules which decrease the interfacial dilational elasticity. The latter molecular information does explain the behavior of BLG foams in our rheological studies, where in fact the highest apparent yield stresses and storage moduli are established with foams from electrolyte solutions with a pH close to the isoelectric point of BLG. At this pH the gas bubbles of the foam are stabilized by BLG multilayers with attractive intermolecular interactions at the ubiquitous air-water interfaces, while BLG layers with repulsive interactions decrease the apparent yield stress and storage moduli as stabilization of gas bubbles with a monolayer of BLG is less effective.

Effect of interfacial dilational rheology on the breakage of dispersed droplets in a dilute oil–water emulsion

Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension of oil–water and hence favor emulsification; however, attention has rarely been focused on the effect of interfacial dilational rheology on drop breakage. The aim of this work is to rheologically characterize the interfacial properties of oil–water droplets and the effect on drop breakage during emulsification. The dispersed holdups are fixed in dilute dispersion where breakage dominates during mixing. The total number of droplets, the square weighted (sqr-wt) mean diameter and the chord length distribution (CLD) are measured online using the focus beam reflectance method (FBRM). Variations in the dispersed droplets are further analyzed with the interfacial dilational modulus. For emulsions with surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the interfacial tension decreases as the surfactant concentration increases, whereas the mean drop diameter initially shows an increasing trend and then decreases. However, for concentrations above the CMC, the interfacial tension rarely decreases, whereas the mean diameter of the dispersed phase continues to decrease, and the total number of droplets increases as the concentration of Span 80 continues to increase. This indicates that the interfacial dilational elasticity is a key factor that influences the pure breakage emulsification process and the related dispersed modality.

Adsorption of β-Casein–Surfactant Mixed Layers at the Air–Water Interface Evaluated by Interfacial Rheology

This work presents a detailed study of the dilational viscoelastic moduli of the adsorption layers of the milk protein β-casein (BCS) and a surfactant at the liquid/air interface, over a broad frequency range. Two complementary techniques have been used: a drop profile tensiometry technique and an excited capillary wave method, ECW. Two different surfactants were studied: the nonionic dodecyldimethylphosphine oxide (C12DMPO) and the cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTAB). The interfacial dilational elasticity and viscosity are very sensitive to the composition of protein-surfactant mixed adsorption layers at the air/water interface. Two different dynamic processes have been observed for the two systems studied, whose characteristic frequencies are close to 0.01 and 100 Hz. In both systems, the surface elasticity was found to show a maximum when plotted versus the surfactant concentration. However, at frequencies above 50 Hz the surface elasticity of BCS + C12DMPO is higher than the one of the aqueous BCS solution over most of the surfactant concentration range, whereas for the BCS + DoTAB it is smaller for high surfactant concentrations and higher at low concentrations. The BCS-surfactant interaction modifies the BCS random coil structure via electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions, leading to a competitive adsorption of the BCS-surfactant complexes with the free, unbound surfactant molecules. Increasing the surfactant concentration decreases the adsorbed proteins. However, the BCS molecules are rather strongly bound to the interface due to their large adsorption energy. The results have been fitted to the model proposed by C. Kotsmar et al. ( J. Phys. Chem. B 2009 , 113 , 103 ). Even though the model describes well the concentration dependence of the limiting elasticity, it does not properly describe its frequency dependence.

Interactions at the interface between hydrophobic and hydrophilic emulsifiers: Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and milk proteins, studied by drop shape tensiometry

The equilibrium interfacial tension and dilational elasticity at the soy oil–water interface were studied in the presence of a lipophilic emulsifier, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), in the continuous oil phase, and dairy proteins, β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) or sodium caseinate, in the aqueous phase using drop shape tensiometry. The interfacial tension decreased with increasing PGPR concentration, and was <2 mN m−1 at PGPR concentrations beyond 1%. The presence of proteins in the water phase, β-lg and sodium caseinate, further reduced the interfacial tension. Even at the low concentrations (0.008%) tested, PGPR dominated the interfacial elasticity, which was only slightly affected by the addition of elevated levels of protein. While in the presence of β-lg (0.1%) in isolation, the system showed a high interfacial elasticity, the addition of PGPR lowered the elasticity, suggesting that PGPR interfered with protein–protein interactions at the interface, or caused displacement of β-lg. Interfacial elasticity at the oil–water interface showed little dependence on dilation or frequency of the sinusoidal oscillation, when the interface was dominated by PGPR.

Interfacial measurements for laboratory evaluation of kinetic hydrate inhibitors

The work presented here set out to seek a possible correlation between the interfacial properties of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) and their performance (evaluated in batch reactors). To achieve that purpose, the surface activity of different KHIs and their effects on the rheological properties of the water/gas interface were studied in- and outside the hydrate stability zone (HSZ) using a high-pressure pendant drop tensiometer. Though all the tested KHIs showed substantial interfacial properties, neither their surface activity nor the interfacial dilatational elasticity of the KHI layer adsorbed at the water/gas interface measured outside the HSZ correlates with their performance as hydrate inhibitors. For the experiments conducted inside the HSZ, the variation rate of the dilatational elastic modulus of the water/gas interface measured in the initial moments of hydrate film growth appeared to be directly related to the KHIs' performance. This experimental observation offers a new way of evaluating KHIs in the laboratory.

A multi-probe non-intrusive electrical technique for monitoring emulsification of hexane-in-water with the emulsifier C 10E 5 soluble in both phases

This work measures the variation of local water fraction during emulsification of hexane-in-water by an electrical conductance technique employing multiple non-intrusive ring electrodes. The emulsifier, C 10E 5, was initially dissolved only in water although it is highly soluble in both phases. This gives birth to interesting emulsification kinetics. Experiments were conducted at four emulsifier concentrations (from 1 × 10 −4 to 1 × 10 −3 M) and three hexane-to-water ratios (from 40/60 to 5/95, v/v). Emulsification was conducted by intense mixing with a Rushton turbine. CFD calculations were employed to estimate the distribution of turbulent dissipation rate in the mixing vessel. Furthermore, measurements of interfacial tension (static and dynamic) and interfacial dilatational elasticity and viscosity were conducted. An effort was made to explain the observed phase's distribution during emulsification by invoking arguments with respect to interfacial properties and turbulent dispersivity.