Minority Interests Research Articles

State Protection of the Family, Motherhood, Paternity, and Childhood: Examining Jurisdictional Challenges in Divorce Cases

The author argues that, currently, courts lack the procedural tools, specialized professional training, and sufficient time to adequately protect the rights of minor children during divorce proceedings. This situation highlights the urgent need for the development of a more effective extrajudicial mechanism to ensure state oversight of parental compliance with the rights and interests of minor children in divorce cases. The proposed procedure is based on the concept that, in addition to courts, other authorities within their respective competencies should oversee the legality of decisions related to divorce proceedings. Specifically, courts should handle legal disputes; registry offices should manage the registration of civil status acts, and guardianship authorities should monitor the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors and disabled family members in contentious situations

The Measurement of Inter-Minority Empathy

ABSTRACT This study introduced the concept of inter-minority empathy, defined as empathy for the experiences of other minorities based on one’s own experience as a minority, derived from interviews with LGBTQ+ allies. In addition, it developed the Inter-Minority Empathy Scale to measure this concept. The scale’s reliability and validity were examined, and hypothesis testing was conducted. In Study 1, the Minority Perception Scale, measuring the degree of awareness of one’s minority situation, and the Inter-Minority Empathy Scale were developed, and their reliability and validity were evaluated and confirmed with 60 graduate students. In Study 2, three hypotheses were formulated and tested using a survey of 150 Japanese undergraduate and graduate students. The affirmative minority experience and interest in other minorities were positively correlated, supporting Hypothesis 1. Furthermore, inter-minority empathy was positively correlated with the individual’s number of minority statuses and with being a visible and easily recognizable minority, supporting Hypotheses 2 and 3, respectively. The lack of positive experiences as minorities did not affect these associations. This concept can be applied not only to LGBTQ+ people but also to other minorities. Developing this concept would allow minority groups to understand the dynamics of discrimination and oppression experienced by other groups.

Self-transcendence: Design Criticism in the 1928 Shanghai Exhibition of National Products

Abstract After establishing the Shanghai port in 1843, Western machine-made products inundated the Chinese consumer market, disrupting the local Chinese economic system. To foster the advancement of national industries, the Nanking nationalist government held the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Labour’s Exhibition of National Products in 1928, providing a platform for public discourse on the design of national products. This article analyses the progression of three representative types of early design criticism that emerged from the Exhibition of National Products. These criticisms examined the design’s economic benefits, responsiveness to cultural needs, and influence on shaping social consensus. Their progressive development can be characterized as a form of self-transcendence, indicating a move by critics beyond past limited understandings of the value, sphere of influence, and design’s role in society. Their focus transitioned from the economic interests of minorities to the diverse needs of broader social groups. In the process of self-transcendence, these design criticisms expanded the horizons of designers’ work. They facilitated collaborations between design and various industries, including production, consumption, and education, influencing broader socioeconomic and ideological fronts.

Определение уголовно-процессуальной правосубъектности несовершеннолетних: постановка проблемы

The article presents research findings on a critical issue regarding the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors involved in criminal proceedings, focusing on the challenges related to their criminally-remedial legal personality, its theoretical definition, and legislative regulation. Also, the article provides an analysis and comparison of the concept of “legal personality” in Russian criminal and sectoral legislation. The author examines various scholarly perspectives on the definition of the criminally-remedial legal personality of minors in criminal proceedings. Legal provisions that guarantee the protection of minors’ rights and legitimate interests are reviewed, along with an analysis of their practical implementation. In conclusion, the article identi-fies issues within Russian legislation that require more detailed study and offers potential solutions to the out-lined problems based on the materials discussed.

Public governance in national minority rights protection

The article is devoted to the analysis of public administration in the field of national minorities rights protection. The author analyzes the system of authorities aimed at protecting the national minorities interests and nationalities in Ukraine. The Committee on Nationalities under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine was the first ukrainian central state body of the executive power, entrusted with the functions of ensuring ethno-national policy and protecting the national minorities interests. It is emphasized that the structure of public authorities protecting the rights of national minorities was not limited exclusively to the activities of the specialized central executive body. The positions of Advisor to President on ethno-national problems of Crimea and Advisor to President on the affairs of the Ukrainian diaspora were introduced. At the regional (oblast) level, the Republican Committee for Nationalities and Deported Citizens of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea operates, as well as the relevant subdivisions at the local level – nationalities and migration departments of regional state administrations. The situation changed with the switch of the state policy vector from pro-Russian to pro-European. This was not least due to the recommendations of the OSCE and the need to converge with the acquis communautaire of the European Union. National minorities rights protection has been in focus since the independence of Ukraine. Establishing and functioning of the relevant Ministry (Committee) on National Minorities is a direct confirmation of this thesis. This issue was always in focus of the Ukrainian governments besides the period of the rule of the pro-Russian government (2010-2014), when most of the state institutions for the protection of national minorities were liquidated. This fact determined the revolutionary events of the Euromaidan (2014) to some extent. As of today, Ukraine fulfills its obligations regarding the protection of the national minorities rights. The current central authority (State Service of Ukraine for Ethnic Policy and Freedom of Conscience, DESS) was formed in accordance with the recommendations of the OSCE and taking into account the experience of the EU member-states. Its status is lower in the executive power hierarchy. However, its scope of competence and its actual activity best serves the interests of the national minorities.

On the Issue of Symbolic Politics in Modern Moldova (1989–2023)

The article examines the evolution of narratives of symbolic politics in modern Moldova (1989–2023), including among the political “rights”. The analysis of documents and political discourse allowed the author to identify three key narratives: Russia as a threat, European integration as a national idea, the myth of the identity of the Romanian and Moldovan languages (language narrative). Particular attention in the article is paid to the dynamics of political narratives, their coherence. The current policy of Moldova in constructing the Romanian identity among Moldovans, reflecting the interests of ethnic minorities (“unionist Romanians”), provokes social disunity, which is confirmed by the growth in the number of opposition forces and protests, and in recent years – in a decrease in trust in the foreign policy vector of the republic (European integration). However, the nationalist ideological trend, in general, is developing, overcoming “multi-vectorality” and neutrality.

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse and the Use of Child Sexual Abuse Materials: Following up on the German Prevention Project Dunkelfeld.

Sexual interest in minors (i.e., pedophilia and hebephilia) is considered a risk factor for Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) and the use of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM). This study examined the long-term development of CSA, CSAM use, associated cognitions, and quality of life among self-referred, help-seeking individuals diagnosed with pedophilic or hebephilic disorder (PHD) outside the judicial system. Of the 110 eligible men who had undergone therapy for PHD due to psychological distress or risk of offending, 56 were available for follow-up assessment 1-11 years after treatment. Behavioral manifestations, offense-supportive cognitions, and quality of life were evaluated using interviews and psychometric measures. At follow-up, 7.7% of participants with a history of CSA had re-offended, whereas 89.1% of previous CSAM users reported recidivism, although with less severe material. No new CSA offenses occurred among those without prior CSA. Treatment led to increased cognitive victim empathy and reductions in CSA-supportive and CSAM-supportive attitudes, but only the latter improvement persisted through follow-up. Participants exhibited elevated CSA-supportive attitudes relative to community norms at all time points and diminished quality of life at follow-up. Pedophilic and hebephilic disorder carry a persistent risk of sexual offending, particularly regarding CSAM use. Therapeutic gains in offense-supportive cognitions may erode over time without ongoing care. A comprehensive public health approach encompassing early detection, prevention, and expanded treatment access that addresses both the risk of reoffending and overall well-being is crucial for reducing sexual victimization and improving mental health outcomes for individuals from this target group.

La mediación en el ámbito de familia, niñez y adolescencia, como método efectivo para optimizar el sistema procesal en la ciudad de Milagro

Mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution is recognised in Ecuadorian legislation, that is, in our Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, in the Law of Arbitration and Mediation, as well as in the Organic Code of Childhood and Adolescence, and other regulations that refer to it. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness in the area of family, children and adolescents, as a mechanism to decongest the procedural system in the city of Milagro. The research focused on a mixed, descriptive, explanatory and propositional system that allowed us to understand the procedural phenomenon and to make a proposal with the aim of optimising the principle of procedural speed and economy. In the same way, empirical level methods, methods of analysis and documentary review, theoretical level methods and techniques and instruments such as interviews and surveys were used. For this reason, the proposal was made, which implies the obligatory nature of an act of impossibility of mediation that accompanies the lawsuit, prior to the initiation of a judicial process, which promotes the achievement of amicable, fast and satisfactory agreements, as well as the decongestion of the Ecuadorian justice system, based on factors such as speed, confidentiality and a lower amount of expenses for the processing of the process, and safeguards the welfare and interest of minors. A culture of peace prevails between parties, where an agreement is reached that is centred on their needs, contributing to a fair, equitable and collaborative society.

Actual Problems of the Prosecutor’s Protection of the Rights of Minors to Education

The article analyzes the problem of ensuring the human rights function in relation to such an unprotected category of citizens as minors. Based on the conducted research of violations that are detected by the prosecutor during prosecutor’s inspections, it was revealed which violations in this area are detected most often and what measures should be taken by the prosecutor to increase the effectiveness of supervision. Practical examples of violations related to the failure to provide minors with the right to receive free and affordable education are given. The author shows that supervision in the field of protection of the rights of minors has always been, is and will remain a priority. The purpose of this activity, implemented by the Prosecutor’s office, is to ensure the real implementation of legislation on the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors, the suppression, prevention and prevention of crime of children, as well as this work of the prosecutor’s office is aimed at restoring violated rights of citizens. The author justifiably notes that without compliance with the rule of law and the enforcement of legislation by all participants in educational relations, it is impossible to guarantee the real exercise of their right to education. In this regard, supervision of the implementation of legislation on the education of minors should not be limited to checking educational institutions. Every time, prosecutors should pay attention to the work of the supervisory authorities, to the acts that they draw up. When deciding on the choice of an act of a certain, most effective response act in each specific case, one should be guided by the organizational and administrative documents of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, after a mandatory assessment of the negative consequences of fulfilling their requirements. When issuing response acts, prosecutors should be aware that such acts should not be aimed at destroying already real relationships, but only at changing them and bringing them into line with current legislation.

Analisis Perbedaan Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi pada Perusahaan di Indonesia dengan Konvergensi IFRS dan PSAK 22

The purpose of this study is to determine how IFRS 22 and IFRS 3 differ from each other with respect to business combinations as they relate to the compilation of consolidated financial statements for Indonesian companies. Because this strategy gives researchers an idea of how the topic of debate has evolved, a qualitative method that uses a review literature approach is the type of method used. Secondary data that has been examined to generate a description of the research topic is the source of the data used. The study shows that IFRS 22 and IFRS 3 differ in several areas, including the presentation of long-term liabilities that must be refinanced, minority interest rate requirements, disclosures in financial position statements, and financial statement components. Consolidated financial statements based on IFRS number 3 and PSAK number 22 must be prepared for the combination of companies. Guidelines for reporting consolidated financial statements for companies with subsidiaries are listed in PSAK number 22. Guidance on the accounting treatment of corporate purchases is provided by IFRS 3. The components of the financial statements, the disclosures in the statement of financial position, the term minority interest, extraordinary headings, and the reporting of long-term liabilities to be refinanced are where PSAK 22 and IFRS 3 differ. It is important for all businesses to have a comprehensive understanding of the relevant guidelines and regulations to guarantee the accuracy and compliance of consolidated financial statements with such accounting standards. It is important to speak with a qualified financial advisor or professional accountant if further details or a more thorough explanation are needed.

Research on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Minor Children after Their Parents' Divorce

In recent years, conflicts and disputes in marriages and families have continued to increase. In judicial practice, the issue of protecting the interests of minors has become increasingly prominent. Guardianship, visitation, support, and maximization of the interests of minors have become high-frequency words involving minors in divorce cases. Issues related to the protection of the rights and interests of minors have become the focus of attention from all walks of life. Minors are the future and hope of the motherland. Striving to maximize the protection of the interests of minors is a great progress in judicial practice and is more conducive to the healthy physical and mental development of minors. This article will select typical cases for introduction, summarize the controversial focus of the case and conduct a legal analysis. Based on this, we can get some legal inspiration and put forward feasible suggestions, hoping to play a certain positive guiding role in the protection of the rights and interests of minors.

The idea of ‘United Turkestan’ in the Turkic speaking states media: influence on the Western media

ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, amid the transformation of political systems, the idea of independence and autonomy of Turkic-speaking states gained new impetus due to the active work of Kazakh intelligentsia; in the twentieth century, a similar situation emerged – with new challenges and threats. The study aims to analyse the specifics of the formation and development of the idea of ‘united Turkestan’ in the media of Turkic-speaking countries and several European states through the consideration of the problem of protecting the interests of national minorities during the Soviet rule in the Central Asian region. The main methods were the historical method, which was used to examine the peculiarities of the activity of national liberation movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century, and the method of system analysis, which was used to study the factors influencing the creation of the information image of ‘united Turkestan’ in the press. It was found that the role and influence of mass media, mainly printed publications published in some European countries and talking about the real situation in Turkestan, were decisive for the subsequent development of the concept of the community of Turkic-speaking peoples.

Problems and Improvement of The Guardianship Supervision System for Minors in the Civil Code

In recent year, the issue of supervision of minor guardianship has gradually become a hot topic of discussion. To a large extent, it is related to the frequent occurrence of cases of children's injuries due to the negligence of the guardians of minors in fulfilling their guardianship duties. At present, China has established a guardianship system which is mainly based on family guardianship and supplemented by state guardianship. However, this is only the relevant provisions of the juvenile guardianship system, and the system of juvenile guardianship supervision is still scattered in the Law on the Protection of Minors, the Civil Code, and the Law on Combating Domestic Violence, etc., which is most obviously manifested in the generality and limitations of the provisions of the juvenile guardianship supervision system, and the limitations of the scope of the adjustments have led to the passivity of the minors in safeguarding their rights. Modern society advocates "children's rights-based", under this trend, the custody of minor children will not only the family within the matter, but also should be included in the adjustment of society and the state, with the help of their power to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of minors. In this paper, we will start from the existing system of supervision of minors' guardianship in China, discuss the lack of supervision system of minors' guardianship, and put forward some suggestions for improvement.

Выработка федеральных мер по защите прав и интересов детей в США в начале XX века

The article analyzes the historical process of formation and development of children’s rights associated with the development of federal measures to protect the rights and interests of minors in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. The author connects the acquisition and expansion of children’s rights with the strengthening of state guarantees and obligations. The most important federal measures to protect the rights of children in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century were conferences held once a decade under the auspices of the President of the United States on children and youth issues, typical for each period, as well as the creation in 1912 of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, exercising powers in various fields (health, custody, justice, etc.).

SAP FICO in Financial Consolidation: SEM-BCS and EC-CS Integration

In the dynamic landscape of financial management, organizations face increasing challenges in consolidating financial statements across various subsidiaries and entities. SAP FICO (Financial Accounting and Controlling) plays a pivotal role in enabling accurate and efficient financial consolidation. Two of the most widely used SAP solutions for this purpose are SAP SEM-BCS (Strategic Enterprise Management - Business Consolidation System) and EC-CS (Enterprise Controlling - Consolidation System). The integration of SEM-BCS and EC-CS within the SAP FICO environment offers a robust framework for achieving streamlined financial consolidation, compliance with global accounting standards, and enhanced financial reporting. SEM-BCS is designed to support comprehensive financial consolidation processes, enabling organizations to collect, process, and present financial data in a consistent manner. It is particularly adept at handling complex consolidation requirements, including intercompany eliminations, minority interest calculations, and currency translations. SEM-BCS also supports various consolidation scenarios, such as legal, management, and ownership-based consolidations, making it a versatile tool for multinational corporations. On the other hand, EC-CS serves as a flexible consolidation system within the SAP landscape, offering capabilities for consolidating financial data across multiple organizational units. EC-CS is known for its ease of use and its integration with other SAP modules, such as SAP FICO and SAP BW (Business Warehouse). It provides essential features like automated data collection, intercompany reconciliation, and consolidation adjustments, ensuring that financial statements are accurate and compliant with standards such as IFRS and US GAAP.

Postulat ochrony interesów małoletnich w świetle przepisów dotyczących spraw o przysposobienie

The adoption procedure, the framework of which is determined by the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, is based on the principle of protecting the welfare of the minor. Almost every action required during this process requires securing his interest. The above is part of the scope of research covered by this article and boils down to the identification of challenges related to the implementation of the rights and obligations of participants in adoption proceedings in accordance with the protection of the minor’s interest. The presented research problem is important primarily because of the legal position of the adopted child. The purpose of the publication is to conduct a value judgment of ways and forms of protection of the interests of minors analysed based on the provisions on civil procedure. The research methodology used in the article is largely based on the dogmatic and legal method consisting in the linguistic and logical analysis of legal texts. The result of its implementation is obtaining the proper meaning of the interpreted legal text in terms of the language in which the text is formulated. The use of this method is the basis for the conducted research, based on which objectively accepted conclusions will be drawn. Assuming the above assumptions of the research problem and the research methods used, the thesis was adopted for the purposes of this article that the legislator protects the interests of minors in the adoption procedure based on the regulations of the Code of Civil Procedure.

Research on the Status Quo and Dilemma of Minors' Personal Information Protection

With the rapid development of mobile Internet, minors' personal information is inevitably collected and processed by various information processors. Due to the characteristics of immature mental development and weak risk prediction ability of minors, it is difficult to effectively protect their personal information security. Although China's "Personal Information Protection Law" makes provisions on the protection of minors' personal information, there are still some problems such as "one-size-fits-all" age limit and imperfect guardian consent system. This paper will test the current hundreds of various types of apps, conduct a questionnaire survey on the protection of personal information of minors and their guardians, analyze the current dilemma of the protection of personal information of minors at the social level, propose countermeasures according to the symptoms, and explore more targeted ways to protect the rights and interests of minors' personal information. Escort the physical and mental healthy development of minors under the background of the information age.

Thucydides and the British reaction to the French Revolution

ABSTRACT The ancient Athenian historian Thucydides’ account of the civil and interstate wars of classical Greece proved particularly illuminating for British commentators writing at the time of the French Revolution (1789–99). However, despite a growing scholarly interest in Thucydides’ Nachleben in historical and political thought, little has been said on this period of his reception. This paper aims to address that gap. It suggests that, while Thucydides remained something of a minority interest, a curious mix of historians, journalists and political commentators turned to his History to explore the possibility that it might illuminate contemporary events. They were particularly interested in Thucydides’ account of the stasis on Corcyra (modern Corfu), and its role in spreading instability, civil strife and war throughout Greece. These commentators used Thucydides to think through the similarities and differences between ancient and modern iterations of political violence and sometimes appropriated his language to existing political vocabularies and categories of thought. This resulted in innovative interpretations of Thucydides’ text that emphasized the affinities between stasis in Antiquity with the idea of civil war, sedition, political instability and decline and fall in the contemporary world. It also led to the emergence of nuanced ideas of the lessons and warnings that could be drawn from Greek history as presented by Thucydides and how they could be applied to the turbulent politics of the 1790s.

Does bankruptcy law affect the relation between leverage and firm performance?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of bankruptcy reform in the year 2016 on the relation between leverage and firm performance for Indian firms, separately for business group and standalone firms.Design/methodology/approachFixed effects panel regression is used to understand the role of bankruptcy reform on firm-level data to examine the relationship between leverage and firm performance after controlling for size, growth, age, liquidity and promoter shareholding. The authors also apply the generalized method of moments (GMM) to control for the endogeneity concerns.FindingsThe authors show that the introduction of the insolvency and bankruptcy code (IBC) positively moderates the relation between leverage and firm performance such that the extent of negative relation between leverage and firm performance is less in the post-IBC period. The positive impact of IBC on the relation between leverage and firm performance holds only for firms not affiliated to business groups and for firms with higher debt in their capital structure.Practical implicationsThe study’s findings will help the regulators appreciate the effectiveness of bankruptcy reforms resulting from IBC implementation in terms of sound bankruptcy process and leading to safeguard the interests of minority shareholders.Originality/valueThe authors provide the only study to examine the role of bankruptcy law in moderating the relation between leverage and firm performance across a sample of business group and standalone firms.

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