State Interests Research Articles

Workplace health promotion in the German Federal Armed Forces-Economic analysis and health benefits

Abstract Background In the German Federal Armed Forces (GFAF) workplace health promotion measures (WHPM) are implemented since 2015 to promote the health of military and civilian employees and thus improve the ability to defend state interests. Here the aim is to evaluate the social and health benefits associated with WHPM in relation to expenditures for WHPM. Methods Calculations are based on data from departmental reporting (full survey) on WHPM, the number of participants and days of incapacity for work (DIW). Mean indirect costs for the WHPM participation and DIW were calculated as 249.33 Euro per DIW. To assess the costs for the use of health care services and social and health benefits a longitudinal observational study (T0: 06-09/2022; T1: 06-09/2023) was conducted online and paper based. The survey invitation was addressed to 223.967 employees of the GFAF. Statistical analyses were performed using R software. Results In departments offering WHPM the chance of DIW is lower (-19%) compared to departments without WHPM offers and in case of DIW, the duration is shorter (-10%). In T0 23.568 (10.5%) and in T1 14.059 (6%) employees participated. 63.9% (T1: 3.070/4.805) reported positive effects of WHPM on their working ability and general health status (T1: 63.0% (3.013/4.782)). Of those participating in WHPM 81% (T0: 5.442/6.716) would recommend the GFAF as an employer. A number of 4.540 employees participated in both surveys, of which 2.249 participated in WHPM. The average costs per employee participating in WHPM compared to employees not participating are 0,4% higher (T0; T1: 3,5%) and thus almost equal. Conclusions Although WHPM need expenditures, the total costs per employee participating and not participating in WHPM are comparable. WHPM participants report better self-rated health status, higher working ability and commitment to the employer than non-participants. The chance of DIW is reduced in departments offering WHPM to its employees. *shared authorship Key messages • Although WHPM need expenditures, the total costs per employee participating and not participating in WHPM are comparable. • Employees participating in workplace health promotion measures report higher working ability and commitment to the employer.

Частные военные компании как инструмент продвижения геополитических интересов

Private military companies (PMCs) are increasingly becoming the focus of various mass media outlets today, whereas 20–30 years ago they were perceived as something exotic. The disclosure of such entities’ activities has led to the formation of an entire segment of opinions-ranging from their omnipotence to a fashionable trend that holds little interest for the public. However, the emergence of geopolitical issues, the escalation of global tensions, and the active engagement of PMCs cannot be seen as coincidental. Furthermore, these entities themselves are not homogeneous; they perform a wide range of tasks and services, allowing for classification based on the sphere and geography of their activities. Particularly noteworthy is the role of PMCs in promoting the geopolitical and economic interests of states and transnational corporations. In this context, it is crucial to examine the reasons states opt to utilize such structures in place of conventional national military formations, as well as the future prospects for businesses seeking their services. As globalization accelerates, the intertwining of business and security interests becomes more pronounced, leading to a scenario where PMCs serve as facilitators for resource extraction and protection in volatile regions. This interplay raises questions regarding accountability, legality, and the ethical implications of employing private entities for missions traditionally held by state actors. In conclusion, the augmentation of PMCs in modern geopolitical landscapes presents a complex and multifaceted issue. Their growing prominence as instruments for advancing national and corporate interests warrants further investigation, as it bears significant implications for international relations, security policies, and the ethical considerations surrounding the privatization of military force.

Regions and the European Union in times of crisis: A decline of the regional interest?

Abstract The article examines the evolving role of regions in the EU integration process, particularly in light of recent crises, such as the euro and COVID-19 crises. Historically, EU regional studies have emphasized the importance of regions in EU identity and integration, highlighting their role in regional and cohesion policies as key to a multilevel governance system. However, the euro crisis marked a significant shift, as the European Union’s response—focusing on fiscal discipline—curtailed regions’ budgetary autonomy, especially in Southern Europe. In contrast, the COVID-19 crisis prompted a different approach, with the EU relaxing fiscal controls and increasing public expenditure through initiatives like the Recovery Plan for Europe. Despite these measures, the article argues that state interests continue to dominate, sidelining regional voices in the new institutional structures. The article focuses on two critical aspects: the formal participation of regions in EU governance, particularly in the Economic and Monetary Union and the new pandemic-related frameworks, and the impact of these crises on EU regional policy. The findings suggest a decline in regional influence both in institutional participation and in regional policy resources, marking a regression from pre-crisis trends. While the article does not cover a broader multipolicy analysis or the national-level role of regions, it indicates that the post-crisis era has been challenging for regions in maintaining their relevance and influence within the EU framework. The article thus contributes to the discourse on whether the European Union’s interest in regions has diminished, signaling a potential shift in the balance of power within the EU integration process.

The Current Updates of the Progresses and the Challenges of Recognition of Customary Forests in Indonesia

Around 30 million Indonesians are forest-dependent, comprising a large portion of customary communities. For generations, customary communities managed forests using customary arrangements as the normative system. However, the state legal framework required the communities to obtain legal recognition to exercise these traditional forest rights. Over the last seven years, the state has formalized hundreds of thousands of hectares of customary forest, which was unprecedented. Some suggested that the number needed to be increased and far less than the potential customary forest areas. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the primary cause and the subsequent impacts on the low number of recognized customary forests. Relevant data were obtained for analysis from documents and direct interviews. The result showed that customary tenure on forest resources coexisted with the state arrangements. The state recognized those customary arrangements through formalization. However, the ideological and political perception and the state's interests regarding customary communities have brought obstacles to that sound policy regarding recognition. This perception and interest further raised three issues regarding the current legal framework and its implementation: complex regulation, delayed processing time, and ambiguous standards.

THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT IN RESTRICTING THE POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT RESEARCH ON INSTITUTIONAL BALANCE IN IRAQ AFTER 2005 (COMPARATIVE STUDY)

This research deals with the relationship between the ministry and parliament under the current Iraqi constitution of 2005, with a comparison to the current Egyptian constitution of 2014, which examines the role of parliament in restricting the powers of the government and achieving an institutional balance between the two authorities (legislative and executive). The importance of the research lies in analyzing the impact of the balance between the two authorities on political and administrative stability in Iraq and seeking to find solutions to improve the balance and cooperation between them to achieve the state's public interest. It also aims to study the factors that lead to balance or imbalance between the ministry and parliament in Iraq and find practical solutions to improve them to achieve more excellent political stability. The research relied on the comparative approach between the two constitutional systems (Iraqi and Egyptian) and analyzed both countries' legal and constitutional texts. It adopted the hypothesis that there is a mutual influence between the ministry and parliament in Iraq and that improving the balance between them, in turn, leads to the stability of the political system in Iraq. It showed that the executive authority is dominant at the expense of the legislative authority in Iraq, with a limited influence of the legislative authority in legislation laws. This research showed that strengthening parliamentary oversight methods can be used to achieve institutional balance and political stability.

Managing Shared Maritime Heritage: Australian Warships in Timor-Leste

AbstractThis article examines the effective management and governance of World War II shipwrecks with a particular focus on two Australian wartime wrecks in Timor-Leste, HMAS Voyager and HMAS Armidale. With reference to international frameworks such as the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, as well as Timor-Leste’s evolving domestic regulations, this article explores the challenges in managing these shipwrecks and seeks to broaden the protection and preservation paradigm that defines approaches to other forms of underwater cultural heritage. Particular attention is given to balancing the interests of states, local communities and international actors, while addressing the legal, moral and environmental complexities and sensitivities associated with WWII wrecks. The article aims to contribute to the broader discourse on maritime heritage governance by providing insights into the complex and multiple challenges of managing WWII wrecks, within the context of a nation that only achieved lasting independence relatively recently.

‘Ever growing fascism’: the Jean Field custody case and weaponizing family law in the United States during the Cold War

ABSTRACT In 1940, Jean Field’s husband Vernon left her with two children, three-cents, and no groceries. Jean raised her children with progressive values and taught them to reject racism. After a ten-year absence, Vernon contested Jean’s parental fitness based on her opposition to the Korean War and antiracism. Jean defied the highly valued gender proscriptions that positioned the nuclear family as a bulwark against communist invasion and a father’s authority as paramount. The Jean Field case demonstrates that family law was used to suppress radical organizing, punish radicals, and remake families for the best interest of the anticommunist state.

THE INFLUENCE OF RUSSIA (PERMANENT MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL) ON THE THREAT TO WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY-WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE WESTERN BALKANS

The United Nations Organization is a global organization emerging from the aftermath of the Second World War, which, according to the Organization's Charter, its main purpose is the preservation of peace and security in the world; the development of friendly relations between nations; achieving international cooperation for solving economic, social, cultural humanitarian problems, etc. and the intention that the UN itself becomes a center for harmonizing actions to achieve common goals. The Security Council is the body that within the Organization has the main and direct responsibility for maintaining global peace and security. In the framework of the Security Council, the permanent members are the countries with the most political and diplomatic influence in the world, but at the same time they have the greatest responsibility for the implementation of the provisions of the UN Charter. The behavior of these states is of essential importance for world peace. Often the member states of the Security Council, due to their interests, not only do not adhere to the main principles when it comes to preventing any member state from jeopardizing stability and peace by protecting the interests of certain aggressor states, but it also happens that with provocation and direct participation in wars and armed conflicts endanger world peace. From the founding of the UN to today, the most blatant case of starting a very dangerous war conflict is Russia. Precisely because of this fact, in this paper the object of research will be Russia, which uses the position of a permanent member of the Security Council, not only for the protection of its political interests, but also by participating in armed conflicts and by declaring war on sovereign states. Since the end of the Second World War, and especially during the Cold War, but also after 2008, Russia has either participated in many armed conflicts or caused them. Objectively, within the framework of this research, it is impossible to include all cases, therefore we will focus only on the Russian influence and endangering peace in the Western Balkans. The paper deals with the indirect and direct Russian influence in some of the countries of the Western Balkans, emphasizing the concrete circumstances and characteristics of each country in particular. For this research, the professional literature, the most relevant international juridical act, the media that inform about actual events in Russia is a direct destabilizing factor, etc. The research relies mainly on the method of analysis of juridical acts, defense doctrines highlighted above, facts of real political events, diplomatic disputes and military conflicts. Based on the analyzed information, we come to the conclusion of research results, conclusions and suggestions for the future political, military, economic, development measures that should be taken by the international community, including NATO, EU, OSCE and other international organizations in which democratic and peacekeeping states adhere, with the aim of maintaining peace, stability and preventing Russia from extending its influence to a dominant size, since as an authoritarian state that it is, as a result, there would be various long-term wars and conflicts in the Western Balkans.

Divergent Pathways in North–South Education Policy Development in Ireland in the 1920s: Exploring the Influence of the First Ministers for Education on Both Sides of the Border

ABSTRACT A long tradition of both State and religious interest and support characterised provision for education on the island of Ireland from the 1700s. Following the partition of Ireland in the 1920s, the newly created political entities of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland forged separate and distinct education policy trajectories that largely reinforced and propagated the dominant identity in each jurisdiction. This article explores and assesses the contributions of the first Ministers for Education in the Irish Free State and in Northern Ireland in the 1920s, Eoin MacNeill and Lord Londonderry, respectively. A particular emphasis is placed on their influence, impact and legacy on primary education policy development and enactment. Ultimately it could be argued that both Ministers can be characterised to a certain extent as political failures in terms of introducing and embedding education policy that aligned with their personal or political ambition and ideology.

Комплексный подход к развитию инфраструктуры сбыта продукции аграрного малого и микро-бизнеса

Small and private subsidiary farms are important members of agricultural community. However, they still lack good infrastructure to market their products because they remain beyond the scope of state interest. The agricultural infrastructure in its present condition neither gives farmers access to co-financing nor allows them to shape the list of services they need. The research featured program documents issued by the Government of the Russian Federation that determine the development of wholesale food markets and aggregators of farm produce. The author generalized the experience of retail chains and agricultural consumer marketing cooperatives, as well as studied the cases of small rural businesses merging into marketing cooperatives in agricultural regions. The bibliographic study covered best foreign practices in shaping infrastructure for small farm produce, which were compared with Russian experience. The author also developed an abstract-logical method of establishing the interaction between stakeholders in a new system of farm produce aggregators. In this research, agricultural regions demonstrated the most acute problems in small business marketing. A good system of agricultural infrastructure supports production in all sectors of small business with growth potential. Today, small businesses are alone in organizing their own sales as wholesale distribution centers are not available to them. These centers work with small suppliers through intermediaries, i.e., aggregators. In the Kemerovo Region, an example of such aggregators is the one created on corporate principles between the Magnit retail chain and the Kalina-Malina agricultural consumer marketing cooperative. The experience demonstrated some advantages and disadvantages. The article introduces conditions for successful financial relations in commodity circulation chains in different distribution systems, including farmers, aggregators, and wholesale distribution centers. This approach reduces prices on consumer markets while increasing the efficiency of small farms.

Delegitimizing protest: Psychology's omissions and commissions

AbstractPsychological research has failed to take accountability for the ways it has aligned with State interests, at the expense of solidarity with Black people protesting the criminal legal system and pursuing liberation in the U.S. Through a case study analysis of six psychological research articles, ranging from 1968 to 2022, this paper tracks evidence of psychology's alignment with the State's interests. Evidence emerges in clinical disease(s) assigned to enslaved and incarcerated Black people (drapetomania, protest psychosis) and in empirical assumptions and (il)logics binding research methods and analyses. While theoretical and methodological frameworks, language (“patients,” “rioters,” “ghetto residents,” “minority group members”) and levels of analysis (psyche, personality, social, community, identity, movement) evolve over time and across subdisciplines, racialized carceral ideologies persist across psychological research approaches. By tracing carceral footprints across this vast psychological literature, this analysis reveals how traditional empirical research weaponized pathologizing and criminalizing accounts to delegitimize Black protests of State violence from the Civil Rights Movement to the Movement for Black Lives and beyond.

Gaining local legitimacy in stabilisation operations: the Spanish peacekeepers case in Lebanon-UNIFIL II

ABSTRACT This article analyses the role of peacekeeping in enhancing a host nation's local legitimacy within its population, focusing on the mission actions from a bottom-up perspective. This research, which used a micro-approach with the Spanish contingent case study in UNIFIL II, involved two field studies carried out between 2010 and 2016 in Lebanon with interviews and focus groups with Spanish military personnel of this UN mission and local Lebanese actors. The results show how the implementation of both material actions – the provision of public goods and security – and non-material actions – respect and an in-depth knowledge about the local context –, performed by Spanish peacekeepers towards local actors, helped to improve the local legitimacy and reconciled the goals of the mission with the interests of Lebanese society and state.

Social International Politics

Constructivism emphasizes the importance of ideas in the “subjective interaction” between the materialisms and ideals of international politics. The value of the former comes from the meanings of the latter, which are variable meanings and not fixed. Therefore, what explains the transformation of material things from one meaning to another is the change of ideas, rules, standards and values in the international system, which enters into a relationship of “mutual formation” with its main units, that is, the states, and affects their local structure, leading to a change in their perceptions, thus contributing to the formation of the identities of the states in a way that directs their interests. Its behavior is determined so that this behavior comes as a result of the subjective interaction between the structure of the state and the structure of the international system. Thus, states form the system and the system forms states. Therefore, constructivism, specifically according to its main theorist, “Alexander Wendt,” revolves around the concept of identity, which is essentially “a characteristic rooted in the state’s understanding of itself in a certain image and the recognition of that image by other states.” Hence, identity expresses the existence of two types of ideas, those embraced by the self and those that The other embraces it. Because identity expresses the ideas of the self, it is a “local culture,” and because it expresses the ideas of the other, it is an “external culture.” And because it is based on the other’s recognition of it, it is formed through interaction between the self and the other. Thus, identity is a characteristic rooted in the self that is formed by the interaction of local cultures. With other external ones. Wendt goes on to explain that identities indicate who that state is, so they are convictions, while interests indicate what that state wants, so they are desires. States cannot know what they want before they know who they are, so interests arise as a result of identities. As long as identities are culturally shaped, interests will also be culturally shaped. Because identities are always forming, the possibility of them changing is possible hierarchically or collisionally, which means changing interests and policies to suit the international system without disturbing the identities and interests of states.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Economic diplomacy serves as a key tool of foreign policy aimed at promoting and protecting a state's economic interests. In the context of globalization and an open economy, states strive to utilize economic diplomacy to foster sustainable development, create jobs, and attract foreign investment. Modern geopolitica l and geo-economic challenges require a reevaluation of traditional approaches to economic diplomacy, including strengthening the role of the state and regional organizations.The article presents classic theories of international relations, regional studies, and politic a l science used to study economic diplomacy: realism, neorealism, liberalism, neoliberalis m, and constructivism, as well as political elites. It demonstrates that realism, which focuses on the role of the state as the primary actor in international relations, is actively employed in the study of economic diplomacy. Neorealism expands the understanding of state power and acknowledges the importance of international organizations. Liberalism emphasizes interstate cooperation and institutiona l mechanisms. The inclusion of business representatives in official visits supports neoliberal theory. Constructivism, in continuation of neoliberalism's tenets, analyzes internationa l and regional relations through the lens of identity and the perception of actorstowards one another.The main conclusions of the article underscore the necessity of an integrative and interdisciplinary approach to the study of economic diplomacy, as well as the importance of revisiting and diversifying approaches and concepts in light of contemporary globa l transformations.

Защита субъективных гражданских прав и законных интересов военнослужащих Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации

The article is devoted to the procedural features of the consideration and resolution by courts of general jurisdiction of civil cases on the protection of the rights and interests of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The author proves that legal relations associated with military service, regardless of the grounds for their occurrence, are characterized by the prevalence of public law, and the object of judicial protection in the cases under consideration is public (state) interest, and therefore the possibility of conclusion by those participating in them is rejected parties to settlement agreements, indicates other procedural features of their consideration.

Ideological segmentation of mass strata of the population under conditions of aggravated confrontation with the West (empirical analysis)

Using the data from surveys conducted by IS FCTAS RAS over a number of years, it is shown that despite the absence of the segmentation traditionally used for ideological structuring in the mass strata of the population, it still exists, but is based on different grounds. Moreover, the importance of ideological contradictions in the perception of Russians themselves has grown significantly over the past decade, and the majority of the country's citizens now have internally consistent ideological views. The comparative role of their various components changes over time under the influence of external events. The main line of demarcation in the ideological segmentation is the attitude to the West in modern conditions, which is based on different attitudes to the civilizational specifics of Russia and, in turn, influences their assessment of the vector of the country's development, their trust in the authorities, attitude to the special military operation, etc. It is also shown that in recent years, in the course of active crystallization and polarization of ideological views of Russians', an ideological majority and an ideological minority have been formed in the country, comprising almost two-thirds and about one-third of the population, respectively. The normative-value basis of the former is the recognition of the priority of state interests over human rights and the conviction that Western values are not suitable for Russians. The ideological majority is divided into a core and a peripheral group, which differ in the degree of consistency of their views and assessments, including those regarding to the special military operation in Ukraine. The ideological minority, which is characterized by the desire for Russia to adhere to the norms proposed by Western countries, is also heterogeneous. It includes, firstly, a group that is consistent in its negative attitude towards the current course of Russia, which makes up about a quarter of the population, and whose moods are primarily influenced by the unfavorable socio-economic situation these people are experiencing. The other group includes representatives who are loyal to the authorities and the course being implemented but would like Russia to follow the Western-oriented path in future. The normative value basis of the views of the members of the ideological minority is the recognition of the priority of human rights over the interests of the state.

Roles, Objectives, and Structural Framework of the East African Community Regional Force's Intervention in Managing the Democratic Republic of Congo's Intractable Intra-State Conflict

The protracted new generation warfare in the Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the intervention by the EAC Regional Force are indicative of the need for comprehensive security strategy and the vitality of regional efforts. Intra-state conflicts in eastern DRC have been protracted since its independence in 1960. The conflicts have varied from political, ethnic to resource use-based. They have rendered the Eastern part of the country ungovernable and contributed to a huge influx of refugees into neighbouring countries as well as millions of internally displaced persons. This paper sought to investigate the Roles, Objectives, and Structural Framework of the East African Community Regional Force’s Intervention in Managing of DRCs intractable intra-state conflict. The paper is anchored on interpretivism research philosophy and buttressed by neo functionalism theory to explain the interplay of its variables. The study adopted two research designs- descriptive survey and historical longitudinal research designs. The target population was 297 from which a sample of 177 was derived. Sampling techniques included census, simple random, snowballing and purposive sampling. Primary data were collected using an interview guide and questionnaire. Analyses of quantitative data were conducted utilizing descriptive statistics, including percentages and frequencies. Version 28 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized to conduct the analysis. The findings were visually represented through the use of tables, pie charts, photographs, and graphs. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis, which involved an examination of aspects of the information gathered through open-ended queries, interviews, and observation. Findings of this paper indicated that East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) major role is military coordination of 85(56.66%) of the respondents, rapid deployment of troops is 40(25.66%) while capacity to respond in Crisis is 25(16.66%). However, military coordination challenges occur as a result of intervening state interests in the DRC conflict, therefore, deployment of these troops in DRC is seen as a ploy to undermine conflict management efforts. The paper concludes that EACRF's efforts to restore peace and security in the DRC have been hampered by inadequate personnel deployment structures. This could potentially result in their overall responsibility being limited to peacekeeping due to the presence of structural capacity deficits. The EAC peacekeeping force is a multifaceted organization that, in a sense, works in tandem with various militia and military entities present in the region. The paper recommends expended role and structure for East African Community Regional Force. Besides the military and political wing, there is need to include local police and civilian’s role to effectively and comprehensively manage the conflict. This means the one-year period of deployment was inadequate to realize peace in DRC.

State support for veteran entrepreneurship

Problem setting. In modern conditions, state support for veteran entrepreneurship plays a key role in the socioeconomic development of Ukraine. At the current stage, the veteran policy of Ukraine is being actively modernized and updated in accordance with the actual problems and challenges that arise during the implementation of state policy mechanisms regarding veteran entrepreneurship, however, the reformation requires attention to possible risks that may hinder the successful implementation of the policy. Involvement of war veterans in business activities is considered by the state and society as one of the most important mechanisms of reintegration of veterans, which corresponds to the state interests of Ukraine and the wishes of veterans according to sociological surveys. Purpose of research is to study the current state of legal regulation in Ukraine in the field of reintegration of veterans, in particular, the possibility of their professional adaptation and employment in entrepreneurial activities. Article’s main body. It has been established that promising directions for attracting veterans to entrepreneurship are: providing financial support to veteran business projects and benefits to veteran businesses in the field of public procurement along with related services (consultations, training, etc.), simplifying complex administrative procedures for veterans when receiving such benefits, ensuring equal access to state support programs for veterans.Evaluation of current initiatives and recommendations for their improvement can become the basis for further steps in the development of veteran entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Modern Ukrainian legislation has ways to develop in the field of veterans’ rights protection, and the state policy of Ukraine is being modernized and updated in accordance with the current problems and challenges that arise during the implementation of state policy mechanisms for veteran entrepreneurship. However, on the way to reforming, those implementing it should pay attention to countermeasures that would make it impossible to reduce existing risks. In addition, laws could be passed to ensure that veterans receive preference in public contracting processes. This will not only support veterans in their transition to civilian life, but also emphasize their valuable skills and experience.

THE STRUCTURAL, HUMAN, AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF ICJ AND ICC AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FIRMNESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE

Objective: This study focuses on the efficient role of ICJ and ICC in enshrining the principles of international justice firmness towards the international crimes that have spread lately due to the ideological, political, and economic armed conflicts that result from the contradicting interests of individuals or states. Methods: In so doing, we must tackle the structural, institutional, and functional organization of these international organizations to unveil their efforts in maintaining the international peace and security, mainly that some international law subjects and international actors disagree about respecting the binding provisions of these two organizations Results: The principle of complementarity between the international and national justices plays an important role in expressing the common will of the international society in promoting the international laws.The international jurisdiction fosters the anti-crime efforts and ensures the promotion of the international laws. Conclusion: The question of the international judicial firmness is very important for the international law, mainly at the present time due to the contemporary changes in the international society that influence the international and national penal policies. This influence manifests in the value of the international legal rule, what affects the international compliance to these rules.

Temporal restriction of biomedical research on human embryos created in vitro

The article is devoted to the study of temporal limitation of biomedical research ofhuman embryos created in vitro. The author has investigated various models of settingtemporal restrictions, in particular, the most widespread in the world model of 14 daystemporal limitation. The article examines the validity of various models of temporal limitations(in particular, models that provide for temporal limitation of 7 days, 14 days, 28days) and their ability to maintain a balance between protection of a human embryo, interestsof a human, society, state, and science.Having studied the practice of establishing temporal limitations in various countries,including Switzerland, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, theauthor reached a conclusion. The research focused on issues related to the status of thehuman embryo and the scientific potential of studying embryos created in vitro more than14 days since their creation. The author concluded that the existing models, particularlythe 14-day rule, do not maintain a balance of interests. Therefore, it is necessary to establisha model that provides for multiple temporal limitations. The author has proposed atwo-level model of temporal limitation. The first level provides for the possibility of cultivatinga human embryo created in vitro up to the 14th day of its development from themoment of creation and carrying out biomedical research of such embryos up to the 14thday of their development from the moment of creation. The second level, which in exceptionalcases and in the presence of stricter conditions provides for the possibility of cultivatinga human embryo created in vitro up to the 28th day of its development from themoment of creation and carrying out biomedical research of such embryos up to the 28thday of their development from the moment of creation. Such a model is a compromise andwill ensure the balance between proper protection of a human embryo and interests of aperson, society, state, and science.