Interest In Immunity Research Articles

전쟁과 면역력에 대한 인식

Within the category of power that regulates the human body, there is also an ideological form of knowledge. In the field of research that intensively explored the collective form of humans, interest in the ‘human body’ is increasing. “Sociology of the Body” is recognized as an independent field of sociology that studies society. At the same time as the Western industrialization and modernization process developed, the perception of the human body was transformed together. Humanities medicine is the area that standardizes value problems in relation to diseases and health problems of the human body. In the history of infectious diseases, it can be seen that citizens’ health and disease management have been managed through various policies since early on. The 1918 influenza outbreak was highly contagious and spread to young, healthy adults in their 20s and 30s. Joseph Pilates put forward the motto of “a sound mind in a sound body”. This study aims to study changes in perception of war and immunity. COVID-19 Pandemic Is Increasing Interest In Immunity And Physical Activity And Health And Hygiene Issues. We tried to approach social phenomena with increased interest in health and hygiene issues with a wide spectrum.

Estimating the risk reduction of isolation on COVID-19 nonhousehold transmission and severe/critical illness in nonimmune individuals: September to November 2021.

There is growing scientific interest in immunity mandates/passports (IMP) for viral diseases in light of the severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. IMP isolate those who remain nonimmune from various settings to reduce nonhousehold transmissions from the nonimmune and reduce severe/critical illness among the nonimmune. A major limitation in the scientific literature is that there are currently no methods to quantify how many nonimmune individuals need to be isolated to achieve these purported benefits. This paper develops a procedure for estimating the benefits of IMP using a novel variant of the number needed to treat which we call the number needed to isolate (NNI). We use data from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to demonstrate the properties and utility of the NNI and to inform the debate about IMP. We focus on data from the European Union, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and Israel during the fall 2021 when the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant predominated.

Structure of fish TRAF4 and its implication in TRAF4-mediated immune cell and platelet signaling

Due to an increasing interest in immunity and signal transduction in teleost fish, important key signaling molecules associated with the immune response, including TRAF molecules, have been recently cloned and characterized. To better understand the role of TRAF4 in fish immune signaling and compare it with the human system, our study cloned the TRAF4 gene from the Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod Notothenia coriiceps (ncTRAF4) and purified the protein. Here, we report the first crystal structure of teleost fish TRAF4. Based on biochemical characterization, our findings elucidated the mechanisms through which signaling molecules gain cold adaptivity. Additionally, we identified a platelet receptor GPIbβ homolog in N. coriiceps (ncGPIbβ) and found that the “RRFERLFKEARRTS” region of this homolog directly binds to ncTRAF4, indicating that ncTRAF4 also recognizes the “RLXA” motif for receptor interactions and further TARF4-mediated cellular signaling. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of TRAF4-mediated immune cell and platelet signaling in fish and the structural flexibility-mediated cold adaptiveness of signaling molecules.

Public Interest in Immunity and the Justification for Intervention in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends Data.

BackgroundThe use of social big data is an important emerging concern in public health. Internet search volumes are useful data that can sensitively detect trends of the public's attention during a pandemic outbreak situation.ObjectiveOur study aimed to analyze the public’s interest in COVID-19 proliferation, identify the correlation between the proliferation of COVID-19 and interest in immunity and products that have been reported to confer an enhancement of immunity, and suggest measures for interventions that should be implemented from a health and medical point of view.MethodsTo assess the level of public interest in infectious diseases during the initial days of the COVID-19 outbreak, we extracted Google search data from January 20, 2020, onward and compared them to data from March 15, 2020, which was approximately 2 months after the COVID-19 outbreak began. In order to determine whether the public became interested in the immune system, we selected coronavirus, immune, and vitamin as our final search terms.ResultsThe increase in the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases that occurred after January 20, 2020, had a strong positive correlation with the search volumes for the terms coronavirus (R=0.786; P<.001), immune (R=0.745; P<.001), and vitamin (R=0.778; P<.001), and the correlations between variables were all mutually statistically significant. Moreover, these correlations were confirmed on a country basis when we restricted our analyses to the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Korea. Our findings revealed that increases in search volumes for the terms coronavirus and immune preceded the actual occurrences of confirmed cases.ConclusionsOur study shows that during the initial phase of the COVID-19 crisis, the public’s desire and actions of strengthening their own immune systems were enhanced. Further, in the early stage of a pandemic, social media platforms have a high potential for informing the public about potentially helpful measures to prevent the spread of an infectious disease and provide relevant information about immunity, thereby increasing the public’s knowledge.

General false positive ELISA reactions in visceral leishmaniasis. Implications for the use of enzyme immunoassay analyses in tropical Africa

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease in tropical countries. Clinical and laboratory features may mimic autoimmune diseases and this can complicate the Leishmania diagnosis. Due to our previous investigation for false anti-CCP2 reactivity in Leishmania-infected subjects and our interest in immunity against the joint-specific collagen type II (CII) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) we investigated the same cohort for anti-CII antibodies.We found elevated anti-CII reactivity in Leishmania-infected patients as compared to controls. When anti-CII OD values were compared with BSA-blocked control plates we found higher reactivity against BSA than in CII-coated plates in many Leishmania-infected patients. The percentage of such false positive anti-CII reactions increased with inflammatory activity, and was found in almost all Leishmania patients with highly active inflammatory disease, but was as low in Sudanese healthy controls as well as among Swedish RA patients. The correlation coefficients between false positive anti-CII and anti-CCP2 measured with a commercial ELISA were highest for patients with the most inflammatory disease but non-significant for Sudanese controls and Swedish RA patients, arguing that our findings may have general implications for ELISA measurements in leishmaniasis.ELISA investigations in areas endemic for leishmaniasis might benefit from individual-specific control wells for each serum sample. This approach might also be applicable to other geographical areas or patient groups with high incidence of inflammatory and infectious diseases.

GW24-e3022 Erythropoietin prevent plaque disruption in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice

ObjectivesErythropoietin (EPO) have received considerable interest in immunity and inflammation. The increasing number of evidences have shown that inflammation is involved in the initial and development of atherogenesis. We hypothesised...

The privilege and responsibility of having choices: decision-making for new vaccines in developing countries

Decisions to introduce new vaccines into national immunization programmes have become a highly complex endeavour. When the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1974 through a World Health Assembly resolution to build on the success of the global smallpox eradication programme and to ensure that all children in all countries benefit from life-saving vaccines, the first six diseases targeted by EPI were diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles and tuberculosis (WHO 1974). Today, thanks to scientific advancements and renewed global interest in immunization, more than a dozen antigens have been made available through public health services in developing countries, with increasingly reduced time delay compared with introduction in industrialized countries. Country decision-makers can select vaccines from a portfolio of options. This is a privilege and a serious responsibility requiring due consideration, as any decision to select one vaccine will need to be taken in light of the opportunity costs of not investing in another vaccine or another (health) intervention. Moreover, country decision-makers do not form their decisions in a vacuum; the number of immunization stakeholders in both the public and the private sectors has vastly increased and those stakeholders are equipped with varying levels of knowledge and expertise and may have vested interests. The multitude of factors influencing country decisions to introduce new vaccines, and the process for making these decisions is becoming increasingly important. These factors and processes are briefly outlined and discussed below.

Provider Response to Different Formats of the Adult Immunization Schedule

Providers' failure to administer vaccines in accordance with established recommendations is a well-recognized barrier to national immunization efforts. This study evaluated the ease of use of two different formats of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) adult immunization schedule by physicians in private practice, where the majority of adult immunizations are administered. A series of focus groups was conducted with 94 physicians and other clinical staff in 11 private practices (family medicine and internal medicine) in six U.S. cities. Each session was based on a structured set of questions that explored barriers to adult immunizations, followed by three mock clinical scenarios to examine how each of two graphical depictions of the 2003-2004 adult immunization schedule (one from the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, and the other from the Immunization Action Coalition) might facilitate assessments of recommended immunizations. Group dialogue and individual participants' written responses to the scenarios and the alternate schedule formats were analyzed. Providers perceived multiple barriers to adult immunization independent of immunization schedule formats, chiefly patients' low interest in immunization and refusal of vaccines. Most participants were not familiar with either format of CDC's adult immunization schedule before the study, but quickly developed strong preferences for one versus the other (usually the second format that they encountered). About half of the providers changed their vaccine recommendations for clinical scenarios when they consulted either schedule format, although some of the changes were not clinically appropriate. Participants suggested several ways to enhance the availability of the information contained in the schedule formats, especially through electronic means. This qualitative study suggests ways in which graphic depictions of an adult immunization schedule may address adult immunization barriers. Greater provider familiarity with schedule formats will be critical to their appropriate application in clinical encounters.

Development and clinical application of new polyvalent combined paediatric vaccines

The availability of combined vaccines containing protective antigens against the majority of (ideally all) diseases for which universal immunization is recommended in infancy would simplify the implementation, increase the acceptance, reduce the global cost of immunization programmes and improve disease control, while offering the possibility of disease elimination or even pathogen eradication. The desirability of combined vaccines is further enhanced, and made more urgent, because of the increasing number of diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. The complicated logistics of administering different vaccines that each require several inoculations is a significant barrier to successful immunization of a population. Furthermore, interest in immunization is continuously gaining momentum since it is now generally recognised that vaccines are among the safest and most cost-effective medical interventions for infectious diseases that continue, in spite of the widespread use of efficacious antimicrobial drugs, to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. This burden is likely to increase due to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Basic research on new vaccines or improvement of existing ones such as the use of new technologies may be carried out in academic or other non-industrial laboratories but development work, including the necessary extensive clinical testing, that lead to products that can be approved for routine use is usually co-ordinated and financed by commercial companies. The decision to develop any particular combined vaccine will therefore be influenced not only by its medical desirability and technical feasibility but also the potential financial returns that the required investments in time and resources may bring to the company. All major vaccine manufacturers are currently working, either alone or through strategic alliances, towards developing more polyvalent vaccines by adding antigens such as inactivated polio virus, conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and hepatitis B surface antigen to the diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine either in its `classical' (whole-cell) or more purified (acellular) formulations. Experience is showing that the development of combined vaccines involves much more than the simple mixing of existing antigens. Possible incompatibilities or mutual interferences between the antigens themselves, or between excipients, preservatives, adjuvants, residual contaminants, stabilisers and suspending fluids make it mandatory that each formulation be thoroughly tested for quality, stability, efficacy and safety. Furthermore the ability to produce and control it consistently must be established before it can be licensed for commercial use. The progress being made in this field is reviewed.

A T cell-independent mechanism of macrophage activation by interferon-gamma.

A primary interest in immunity to intracellular pathogenic microorganisms and tumors is to understand the mechanisms by which macrophages are activated for various functions. Two parameters of macrophage activation are the expression of the class II histocompatibility proteins or Ia molecules (1), and cytotoxic activity. The ability of T cells to induce these responses has been extensively documented and occurs via their secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) after interaction with antigen (2-6). However, in a recent study using mice with the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mutation (7) which have no detectable T or B cell functions (7-9), we were surprised to find the induction of Ia expression on macrophages and the partial inhibition of bacterial growth after infection with Listeria monocytogenes (10). We have now utilized neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for murine IFN-gamma to investigate the mechanism of macrophage activation in scid mice. We show here that IFN-gamma can be produced by scid mice in the absence of lymphocyte-mediated immunity, and this IFN-gamma is important for macrophage activation during infection with Listeria. These results indicate the presence of an important T lymphocyte-independent mechanism of macrophage activation and IFN-gamma production in response to infection.

Lower Bounds on Portfolio Performance: An Extension of the Immunization Strategy

The concept of immunization is currently one of the most widely discussed innovations in bond portfolio management. The interest in immunization, which allows one to nearly guarantee a minimum return performance over a specified investment horizon, is due in large measure to the desire on the part of bond managers to reduce the risk which has accompanied the recent swings in interest rates.

Symposium on immunization. The AMA's continuing interest in immunization.

Symposium on immunization. The AMA's continuing interest in immunization.