Interest In Germany Research Articles

Russian-French Agreements of 1891-1893 in International Relations at Turn of 19th and 20th Centuries

The article is dedicated to Russia’s European policy from the formation of the German Empire in 1871 to the beginning of World War I. It examines the historical conditions, reasons, and nature of the Russo-French military-political alliance of 1891-1893. The role of Emperor Alexander III in the political rapprochement between Russia and France on an anti-German and anti-Austrian basis is demonstrated. The existence of mutual interest between Russia and France in forming a military-political alliance is revealed. The Bierk Treaty of 1905 between Emperors Wilhelm II and Nicholas II is analyzed, showing that this treaty fundamentally contradicted the development of military-political cooperation between Russia and France and therefore was not implemented. The conclusion is drawn regarding the significance of the Russo-French alliance of the early 1890s for the foreign policy and historical destiny of the Russian Empire. Germany's interest in strengthening its influence on the foreign policy of the Russian Empire is shown. It is proven that Germany’s attempts to attract Russia to its side did not succeed, and Russia maintained its alliance with France, which was more significant for it during the period under consideration, despite the fact that ultimately this alliance led to the involvement of the Russian Empire in a world war.

Frank Biess. German Angst: Fear and Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany.

German Angst: Fear and Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany is a revised and updated English version of Republik der Angst, which attracted a lot of interest in Germany following its publication in 2019. The book provides a sweeping history of the Federal Republic of Germany from the perspective of a history of fear. Discussing topics that run the gamut from fears about nuclear war to changing theories of the self, Frank Biess brings together a remarkable array of insights. More than colleting disparate vistas, however, he offers a reconsideration of some of the dominant narratives about West Germany’s past between 1945 and 1989. In the introduction, Biess lays out the theoretical foundations of his approach to emotions and German history. Biess argues that a focus on fear can counter overly teleological success stories of the Federal Republic of Germany. Rather than pathologizing the fear that contemporaries voiced in moments of crisis as “hysterical” or “neurotic,” he proposes to look at fear as historical force in its own right. In doing so, the author uses approaches from the history of emotions. Biess draws, for instance, on William Reddy’s concept of “emotional regimes” to explain how historians can conceptualize emotions as social and individual. The analysis of shifting “emotional regimes” shows how societies fostered or discouraged certain emotions in a specific period.

Bringing Asian German Film Studies into Focus

Bringing Asian German Film Studies into Focus Zach Ramon Fitzpatrick (bio) My dissertation project Shifting Focus: Asian German Film Representation since 1910 constitutes the first full-length critical history of Asia and Asians within German cinema. Chunjie Zhang maintains that the new sub-field of Asian German studies "diversifies the paradigm of German national literature in a meaningful way," by challenging Eurocentrism, by expanding beyond canonical writers and thinkers, and by laying bare transnational and transcultural links between Germany and Asia.1 For this project, it was my intention to use an Asian German studies lens to do the same for German film studies. One common way of polemically formulating the state of representation for Asians in Western film is to describe them as invisible or unsichtbar, but I insist on a different perspective inspired by film's formal category of camera focus.2 Instead of being wholly invisible, Asians on German screens are figuratively blurry and out of focus, in a depth of field beyond our line of sight. What happens when we bring those Asian people, characters, and elements, which are seemingly unimportant, marginal, and decorative within the German film frame, into sharp [End Page 134] focus? Recalibrating our focal plane and attuning our ears enables us to trace the visual and aural construction of these Asian German Others, over the last century of film. The main criterion of my selection process for films to analyze was the presence of South, Southeast, and/or East Asian topoi; that is, Asian settings, filming locations, characters, credited actors, coded props, and/or film titles referencing Asia. Through strategic essentialism, the rubric of Asianness helped to bring over 300 films from a variety of different time periods, styles, genres, and contexts into conversation with one another in ways not previously considered. Rather than implying that all of these films signify in the same way, the diversity inherent within my use of Asianness ensures that differences can also be discussed in a productive way. My dissertation begins with a chronological overview that writes Asian representation (back) into all of the typical periodizations of German film history. From the Wilhelmine era to the 2020s, I demonstrate how Asian presences have existed throughout all major periods of German film history, in a variety of styles and genres. Filling in these collective glaring omissions within German film and cultural studies offers new perspectives on the canon, as well as a greater understanding of how Germany has framed and continues to frame Asian racialization. Most notably, Germany's interest in Asianness adapts over time, as illustrated by the number of German films related to China, India, and Japan during the silent and early sound eras, to Hong Kong and Thailand in the 1960s, or to Vietnam during the German Democratic Republic, as well as in post-unification Germany. With this chronological overview as our foundation, the next chapter systematically explores recurring tropes in German cinema's vast archive of Asian racial images, tracing how certain filmic stereotypes employed a century ago reappear throughout history and may still even be present today. As exemplified in productions from the 1910s to the twenty-first century, German cinema has amassed a broad arsenal of enduring strategies for projecting Asian inscrutability and alterity. For example, the Madame Butterfly trope of the beautiful East Asian woman who tragically dies is something seen from the 1910s to the 2010s. I end this chapter with a small selection of brief case studies of films warranting a more thorough and holistic analysis of how a single work can egregiously represent a variety of Asian tropes, thematically and formally. Subsequently, I outline a selection of subversive and empowering moments in film history that complicate the aforementioned representational stereotypes. Films can surprise us when they exceed perceived representational constraints of the times and run counter to the prejudice we attribute to the past. For example, despite cinema's villainization and/or emasculation of Asian men for much of the twentieth century, occasional pictures from as early as the 1920s depict Asian men as heroes and desirable romantic partners. There is an affirming potential for film viewers of the present to learn about lesser-known milestones and...

Quo Vadis, Germania?

While in previous times the dichotomy of values and interests in Germany was usually resolved in favor of the latter, now ideological considerations intend to take revenge for many years of condescending disregard.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Cyclist Collisions in Germany: Variations in Frequency, Severity of Injury, and Type of Collision in 2019

Cycling has gained increasing interest in Germany in recent years due to its manifold environmental, societal, and economic benefits. However, the number of cyclist collisions resulting in injury or death remains high and little is known about regional variations in frequency, severity of injury, and type of collision. This study investigates spatial and temporal patterns and characteristics of cyclist collisions across Germany in 2019. Using a detailed cyclist collision dataset for most German federal states, we identified statistically significant regional differences in frequency, severity of injury, and type of collision. To facilitate this and future cyclist collision surveillance studies in Germany, we developed and published a custom R package to download and combine the collision data with geographical data. Our analysis reveals that densely populated regions exhibit higher collision rates and a higher share of collisions involving turns, but lower severity of injuries and a lower share of collisions whilst driving in a straight line, a higher collision frequency during the work week compared to weekends, and a higher collision frequency peak during morning rush hour. We also observed a markedly high share of fatal bicycle-truck collisions in densely populated regions. In contrast, rural regions show lower collision rates, but a higher share of severe collisions, a higher share of collisions whilst driving in a straight line, as well as higher collision frequencies during weekends and summer months. Our findings underscore the complex and multifaceted geographical variations in collisions involving cyclists. The results of this study suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach to collision prevention infrastructure and policy may be insufficient for addressing variations in risk, and that future efforts to improve cyclist safety should be tailored to the local geographical context.

Development of a patient-oriented navigation model for patients with lung cancer and stroke in Germany

BackgroundThe concept of patient navigation was first established in the USA to support vulnerable patient groups in receiving timely and comprehensive access to cancer care. It has recently gained increasing interest in Germany to support patients with chronic diseases in a fragmented healthcare system. The aim of this paper is to present the development of such a model adapted to the German context based on the results of mixed-methods studies investigating the need for and barriers to patient-oriented care.MethodsIn a process adapted from Delphi rounds, we conducted regular structured workshops with investigators of the project to discuss results of their studies and identify content and structure of the model based on the data. Workshop discussions were structured along seven core components of a navigation model including target patient groups, navigator tasks, occupational background and education of navigators, and patient-navigator interaction mode.ResultsUsing an approach based on empirical data of current care practices with special focus on patients’ perspectives, we developed a patient-oriented navigation model for patients who have experienced stroke and lung cancer in the German healthcare context. Patients without personal social support were viewed as struggling most with the healthcare system, as well as multimorbid and elderly patients. Navigators should serve as a longer-term contact person with a flexible contact mode and timing based on the individual situation and preferences of patients. Navigator tasks include the provision of administrative and organizational support as well as referral and guidance to available resources and beneficial health programs with special forms of knowledge. Implementation of the navigator should be flexibly located to ensure a reliable outreach to vulnerable patients for first contact in settings like specialized in-patient and out-patient settings, while navigation itself focuses on care coordination in the out-patient setting.ConclusionFlexibility of navigator tasks needed to be a core characteristic of a navigation model to be perceived as supportive from patients’ perspectives. In a subsequent feasibility study, an intervention based on the model will be evaluated according to its acceptance, demand, and practicality.

Several Legal Peculiarities of the Regulation of Business Environment in Germany

Business law includes contractual, labor, corporate, tax and other relations. However, the purpose of the study is to highlight and analyze only few interesting issues since it is physically impossible to cover all its aspects within the framework of one article. First of all, it is necessary to determine the legal basis for doing business in Germany and then – the features of starting and doing business. Therefore, this paper serves as a concise methodological guide to the regulation of the business environment in Germany. In this sense, the study examines the legal forms of doing business recognized in Germany, the legal possibilities for establishing various contractual or labor relations with contractors, as well as the grounds for corporate or private liability in case of violation of the rules. Model of corporate governance, external liability and internal corporate governance issues are of particular interest in Germany. The study confirms that the basis for regulation of various aspects of doing business in Germany is specific. The principle of direct corporate liability to creditors is common in Germany but the principle of piercing the corporate veil is allowed if the relevant prerequisites are present. However, business contracts in Germany are based on a narrow approach of contract terms regulation compared to the United States. Hearing of cases by specialized judges in Germany ensures a better and fairer judicial system in labor disputes.

Can crowdsourced data help to optimize atopic dermatitis treatment? Comparing web search data and environmental data in Germany.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic skin diseases worldwide, showing various manifestations and having a severe impact on quality of life. As previous studies demonstrated, internet search analysis can help identify public interest in diseases and possible influencing factors on search behavior. To identify AD-related topics of interest in Germany using internet search volume. Google Ads Keyword Planner was used to identify AD-related search terms including their search volume in Germany on a national level as well as in 16 selected cities from January 2016 to December 2019. Identified keywords were qualitatively analyzed, and temporal trends as well as the influence of seasonal and environmental factors on search volume were assessed. Overall, 1222 AD-related search terms with a search volume of 8 842 360 searches were identified. An increase from 2016 to 2019 and seasonal peaks from January to April of each year were observed. Nationwide, the search volume correlated with mean monthly temperature and sun duration. With increasing temperature and sun duration, a significant decrease in search queries was observed. The most populated cities showed the lowest number of searches per 100 000 inhabitants (Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich). In the eight categories formed (comorbidities, general, influential factors, localization, stage of life, symptoms/severity, therapy/information, and questions on AD), the highest proportion of search queries were assigned to the category "therapy/information" in most cities. In this category, a focus on the topics of "alternative medicine" and "home remedies" could be observed. The overall high and increasing search volume indicates a high interest in AD-related topics, especially regarding treatment and disease education. Information provided by internet search volume analyses can optimize AD therapy and patient-centered care by providing insight into patient needs and predicting potential climatic trigger factors.

The Establishment of European Defence Community (EDC) and the Paradox of German-french Relationship

본 논문은 1950년대 독·불 관계의 한 단면을 살펴보려는 목적을 가지고있다. 구체적으로는 유럽방위공동체 창설에 대한 독일과 프랑스의 서로 다른 이해관계를 분석하고 있다. 한국전쟁은 냉전의 대립이 첨예화되었던 유럽에서도 유사한 전쟁이 발발할 수 있다는 공포를 심어줌으로써 독일의 재무장이 서유럽 안보의 중요한 이슈로 등장했다. 유럽방위공동체 창설 구상은 독일 재무장을 유럽적 차원에서 해결하기 위한 방안으로서 프랑스에 의해서 제안되었다. 그러나 프랑스가 유럽방위공동체 조약의 비준을 거부함으로써 유럽방위공동체는 실패한 드라마로 낙인 찍히게 되었다. 그 결과 유럽방위공동체 창설의 실패는 20세기 유럽통합 과정에서 최초의 큰 위기가되었다. 유럽방위공동체 창설을 둘러싼 독일과 프랑스의 이해관계 대립과해결 과정은 서로 다른 역사적 경험과 정치적 목표를 가진 양국의 현실에대한 쌍방의 인정과 적응 없이는 양국 관계의 화해와 소통이 그리 쉽지 않다는 사실을 보여준다.This paper aims to examine one aspect of the german-french relationship in the 1950s. Specifically, it analyzes the different interests of Germany and France in the creation of the European Defense Community. German rearmament has emerged as an important issue of Western European security as the Korean War instilled fears that a similar war could break out in Europe, where the Cold War confrontation was sharpened. The creation of the European Defence Community was proposed by France as a way to resolve the German rearmament on a European level. But France s refusal to ratify the Treaty of the European Defence Community has branded it a failed drama. As a result, the failure of the creation of the European Defense Community became the first major crisis in the process of European integration in the 20th century. The process of conflict and resolution of interests between Germany and France over the creation of the European Defense Community shows that reconciliation and communication between the two countries are not so easy without bilateral recognition and adaptation to the reality of the two countries which comes from different historical experiences and political goals.

The launch of EMU and German export interests

Abstract In this paper, I examine the support of German businesses—especially exporters—for the Economic and Monetary Union before 1999. I argue that the support of the German export sector for the EMU depends crucially on its implications for export competitiveness. If exporters conclude that the EMU will improve their competitive position, they will likely support monetary integration. In contrast, other business actors should be more skeptical about the prospects of a European currency union. I therefore expect that the major export enterprises will use their dominant position in the business community to assert their interests. The empirical analysis is based on enterprise surveys and a detailed qualitative study of the role of export interests in Germany’s peak industrial association. I close by discussing how my results provide important insights for various scholarly debates, including the debate on Germany’s role in the Eurozone.

Fiscal Integration in an Experimental Union: How Path-Breaking Was the EU's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Fiscal Integration in an Experimental Union: How Path-Breaking Was the EU's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic?

The role of reading comprehension in mathematical modelling: improving the construction of a real-world model and interest in Germany and Taiwan

To solve mathematical modelling problems, students must translate real-world situations, which are typically presented in text form, into mathematical models. To complete the translation process, the problem-solver must first understand the real-world situation. Therefore, reading comprehension can be considered an essential part of solving modelling problems, and fostering reading comprehension might lead to better modelling competence. Further, ease of comprehension and involvement have been found to increase interest in the learning material, and thus, improving reading comprehension might also increase interest in modelling. The aims of this study were to (a) determine whether providing students with reading comprehension prompts would improve the modelling sub-competencies needed to construct a model of the real-world situation and their interest in modelling and (b) analyze the hypothesized effects in two different educational environments (Germany and Taiwan). We conducted an experimental study of 495 ninth graders (201 German and 294 Taiwanese students). The results unexpectedly revealed that providing reading comprehension prompts did not affect the construction of a real-world model. Further, providing reading comprehension prompts improved students’ situational interest. The effects of providing reading comprehension prompts on the construction of a real-world model were similar in Germany and Taiwan. Students’ interest in modelling improved more in Germany. An in-depth quantitative analysis of students’ responses to reading prompts, their solutions, and their interest in the experimental group confirmed the positive relation between reading comprehension and modelling and indicated that the reading comprehension prompts were not sufficient for improving reading comprehension. Implications for future research are discussed.

Arctic Vector for German Foreign Policy

Germany updated its Arctic strategy in 2019. It is determined that in the context of achieving global climate goals this region for Germany to be one of the key ones. It is emphasized that the interests of Germany are in the sustainable supply of natural resources from the Arctic. The long-term Germany`s policy is formed by the informing the world community about the risks of further economic development of the macroregion for global climatic and environmental reasons, which is carried out within the framework of national policies by the Arctic countries. Russia is one of the key Arctic countries with which Germany closely cooperates in the region in the economic and scientific spheres. Based on the assessment of Germany's position on Russia’s Arctic strategy (2020), the paper analyzes the ambivalent relationship between the two countries in the Arctic macro-region with elements of confrontation and cooperation. The author concludes that Russia and Germany can productively cooperate in the Arctic at the level of regions and economic entities, using it at the same time as an implicit field for discussing the current complex agenda of bilateral relations

Historical institutionalist perspective on the shift from feed-in tariffs towards auctioning in German renewable energy policy

An early implementer of feed-in tariffs, Germany soon became feed-in champion, continuously resisting pressures – from the European Commission in particular – to adopt a competition-oriented approach. The European Commission never approved of the German feed-in tariff, seeing it as illegal state aid. However, after the good results in deployment of renewables, other countries followed suit and feed-in tariffs became the most popular support scheme for renewables in Europe. Despite this success, the nature of the Energiewende changed. Germany broke with its feed-in tradition two and a half decades later, introducing pilot auctions for solar energy in 2014. In 2016, it moved from a scheme under which every provider of renewable energy was entitled to support to a competition-oriented approach based on auctioning. Drawing on perspectives of historical institutionalism and adopting qualitative methods, we argue that the success of the feed-in tariff in terms of deployment of renewables altered coalitions of interests in Germany. The German government introduced auctioning with a view to controlling cost developments and protecting the conventional energy industries from insolvency. This happened under considerable EU pressures, given the European Commission’s state aid guidelines, which prescribe a competition-oriented approach.

Jenseits von Ostmitteleuropa? Zur Aporie einer deutschen Nischenforschung

Ostmitteleuropaforschung - Beyond East Central Europe? The Aporiae of a Niche Research Interest in Germany The article discusses some crucial problems of area studies drawing on the example of East Central European studies in Germany today. Against the backdrop of persistent methodological imperatives stemming from the 19th and early 20th century, we argue that general definitions of space, time or structure are of little use even in relation to a constructed region. Instead, we call for a praxeological approach that takes into consideration specific situational entanglements and their actors. In the context of global, European, imperial or transnational turns in historical cultural studies, a non-hierarchical, spatial and temporal perspective becomes essential. This article seeks to encourage discussion about the chances and risks that current developments in historical area studies in Germany entail, while also providing an impulse to think about possible future ramifications.

Latin America as a region of the contradiction of the USA and Germany interests during the First World War

In the article, the author considers the issues of the collision of interests of the United States of America and Germany in the Latin American region during the First World War. The confrontation had a diplomatic character and consisted in refusing to “penetrate” German capital and the physical presence of German troops in the countries of the Latin American region. According to the official American political ideology of pan-Americanism, there was a tacit agreement that the United States did not interfere in the affairs of Europe, and Europe, in turn, did not try to penetrate the American continent, leaving it in the sphere of the USA influence. With the beginning of the First World War, the German presence in the region increased. Moreover, the American government, on the contrary, proposed to close the American continent for citizens of European states. The main issue caused to controversy between the USA and Germany was the use of Latin American ports as temporary parking, as well as the strengthening of trade relations between the countries of South America and Germany. In the course of such actions by the American administration, Germany lost the Latin American market. The above events led to tweaking German agents, government of countries from this region against the United States. This was particularly evident in the Mexican issue, where the German government supported the opposition bloc, and then tried to persuade Mexico to declare war on the United States. The conduct of the Pan-American Conference strengthened the role of the United States in the countries of the region and led to the displacement of Germany from the region. While writing the article we come to the conclusion that the contradictions arose in the region became one of the most important reasons for the declaration of war against Germany by the USA government.

К ИСТОРИИ РУССКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ: ОТРЕЧЕНИЕ ЦАРЯ ИЛИ ВОССТАНИЕ МАСС?

The article shows that in 1917 it was the internal turmoil due to which the tsarist regime collapsed so fast. The crucial role was played by the common idea of the complete incapacity of Nicholas II. The image of the weak power was reinforced by all sorts of rumours about Rasputin’s influence on the government decision-making, his intimate relations with the Empress, and finally, the actions of the authorities in “the interests of Germany.” On the eve of the revolution Russia was rife with rumors of plots against the royal family. This meant that the public opinion was ready for the violent overthrow of the existing government. The dissatisfaction with the hateful government led to a spontaneous revolt, which met no serious resistance from the authorities. The disposal of the Romanovs aroused delight in the society. At the same time, the masses demanded the immediate deliverance from all the burdens of wartime. It could not provide new power. Everywhere crowds destroyed “tsarist” emblems and other attributes of the old power. Even the Russian Orthodox Church almost unanimously turned away from its formal chief. However, very soon it became clear that the political culture of the elites was at odds with the social aspirations of the people. The masses were increasingly called for the immediate solution to all vital problems - particularly to stop the war and immediately resolve the agrarian question. The study of the psychosocial situation in February - March 1917 assures that the monarchy was not so much overthrown by the insurgent people, but collapsed due to the internal incapacity. In fact, people only made the final blow to the exhausted authorities. Hence, the rebellious potential of the masses didn’t manifest itself in full. In this regard, the subsequent attempts of the liberal and right-wing politicians to squeeze the revolutionary process into the framework of formal democracy obviously failed.

ИНТЕРЕС К РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ И СОХРАНЕНИЕЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ САМОИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ У РОССИЙСКИХ НЕМЦЕВ

The problem of language and culture of the Russian Germans as independent ethnos remains debatable within many decades; the new researches based on testimonies of ethnic Germans would allow to draw a number of objective conclusions on the reasons and motives of loss/preservation of ethnic-cultural roots. In the research the following methods are applied: historiographic, data collecting and analysis, respondents poll, interpretation. Results: Article data are based on correspondence, meetings with 120 descendants of the Russian Germans from different generations. Discussion: authors have published 10 articles in various scientific journals of Russia. In 2015 the thematic conference was held in Yelabuga. Final report: about 30% of Russian Germans know the language of their ancestors, but even for grandsons and great-grandsons of the ethnic Germans who do not know German, thirst for “germanity” is shown it different aspects: national cuisine, music, interest in Germany. It allows to speak about a tendency of ethnic-cultural codes preservation for young Russian Germans.

The Spherical Model of Vocational Interests in Germany

The aim of the present investigation is to examine key aspects regarding the validity of the spherical model of vocational interests in Germany, namely, its structural validity, its convergent validity—with an instrument assessing vocational interests according to the RIASEC (R—Realistic, I—Investigative, A—Artistic, S—Social, E—Enterprising, and C—Conventional) model—and its construct validity regarding the pattern of gender differences. To this end, the Personal Globe Inventory (PGI) was translated and completed by a sample of German university students. Results of randomization tests of hypothesized order relations provided support for the structural validity of the instrument in female and male university students. Principal components analyses with target rotations identified two particular scales as outliers. RIASEC scores derived from the PGI correlated strongly with corresponding scales of another instrument, and gender differences were in line with previous findings reported in the literature. Overall, our results provide evidence for the validity of the spherical model in German university students.

The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature

The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature