Interest Earnings Research Articles

Analysis of the Effect Financial Ratios to Probability Default With the Risk as Moderation in Indonesian Building Construction Sub-Sector Companies

The construction and building sector are one of the important sectors for Indonesia development and economy, furthermore it is also being an indicator in assessing the economic development of a country. The development in the sector of construction and building, which is currently facing intense market competition, is encouraging many companies to improve their management fundamentals. A company's inability to anticipate changes can result the decreasing in business volume, which eventually has a negative impact on profits and caused bankruptcy. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of GPM, NPM, CR, DER, TIE, and TATO by moderating risk on probability default (probability of bankruptcy) in the construction and building companies in Indonesia which registered on the IDX for the 2014-2023 period. The research method used in this research is a panel data model to estimate the coefficient model. The result shows that Total Assets Turnover (TATO) has a positive and significant effect on the probability of bankruptcy. Meanwhile, Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Current Ratio (CR), Debt Equity Ratio (DER), and Times Interest Earned (TIE), does not have a significant effect on the probability default in the construction and building companies.

A Time Series Analysis of Noninterest to Interest-Earning Dynamics Between 1984 to 2023 in the US Commercial Banking Sector

Both interest and noninterest earnings form the two critical components of the income stream of commercial banks. While interest earnings are tied to the lending volume and prevailing interest rates primarily dictated by the monetary policy and central bank interventions, noninterest earnings can come from diversified sources like income from fiduciary activities, trading revenue, service charges on deposit accounts, fee income, etc. Noninterest earnings can be unrelated to lending volume and prevailing interest rates and possibly uncorrelated with the monetary policies. Noninterest earnings may be a more robust source of income, especially during the low-interest rate regimes. Managing the noninterest to interest earnings is a critical component of income smoothing used by the banks. Noninterest earnings have become a significant component of banks’ overall earnings in the last four decades, and the ratio of noninterest to interest earnings has also grown significantly, raising questions about the primary role of the banking sector in financial intermediation as defined by the collection and disbursement of loanable funds throughout the economy. The rise in noninterest earnings also raises questions about the potential conflict of interest especially if banks earn significant consulting income from the same entities that borrow heavily from the banks. In this paper, I look at the time series dynamics of the ratio of noninterest-to-interest earnings spanning nearly four decades from 1984:Q1 to 2023:Q3 for the USA’s FDIC-insured commercial banking sector. Although the ratio has fluctuated over the period and risen from the baseline, it does not exhibit any non-stationarity. The presence of unit root cannot be found during the time period studied. In other words, the ratio of noninterest-to-interest earnings in the US commercial banking sector does not show any explosive and unstainable growth. In a nutshell, the rise in the ratio seems to be an outcome of the broader income diversification strategy used by the banks and not necessarily a dramatic change in the business model of US commercial banking industry.

Pengaruh Times Interest Earned Ratio Dan Total Asset Turnover Terhadap Return On Asset Pada PT Mayora, Tbk

This research aims to measure the influence of Times Interest Earned Ratio and Total Asset Turnover on Return on Assets at PT Mayora, Tbk. The research sample consisted of 11 financial reports starting from 2011-2021. The type of data is quantitative, while the data source is secondary. Documentation data collection method, which is obtained by downloading financial reports via www.idx.co.id/id. Quantitative descriptive data analysis method with statistical analysis tools. Analysis includes classic assumption tests, multiple liner analysis, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, t test and f test. The results of the research state that the Times Interest Earned Ratio variable has an influence on Return on Assets (ROA), the Total Asset Turnover variable has no influence on Return on Assets (ROA), the Times Interest Earned Ratio and Total Asset Turnover simultaneously have a significant effect on Return on Assets in PT. Mayora Indah Tbk. The ability of the independent variable to explain changes in the dependent variable is shown by an Adjusted Square value of 53.1%.

Analysis of Financial Performance after and Before Debt Restructuring In Mining Sector on the IDX (Indonesia Stock Exchange)

Debt restructuring is an action that has often been used, especially in one of the largest industries in Indonesia, namely mining, to assist companies in resolving problems from their obligations. The exploration and expansion in mining industries require big capital. Raising capital through debt is one of the ways to raise capital other than listing a company through an Initial Public Offering. On the company's financial performance, debt restructuring is likely to have a beneficial impact. Purposive sampling was used to gather the sample for this study, which included 13 mining companies registered on the IDX that underwent debt restructuring between the years of 2015 and 2018. The research was conducted by comparing the company's financial performance 3 years before and after debt restructuring through the calculation of financial ratio analysis: Current Ratio (CR), Debt Ratio (DR), Return on Assets (ROA), Total Assets Turnover (TATO), Time Interest Earned Ratio (TIER), and Economic Value Added (EVA) through the Paired Sample T-Test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test in IBM SPSS Statistics 25 application to see the difference on every ratio that is tested. This study found a difference in financial performance in the ROA and TIER ratios, while there was no difference in the CR, DR, TATO, and EVA ratios.

Investors’ Investment Preference towards Various Investment Avenues

A combination of traditional and modern investments refers to putting money into well-known assets (such as Bank & Post office (B&PO), Insurance (I), Share Market (SM), Bonds (B), Gold & Silver (G&S), Real Estate (RE) and Mutual Funds (MF)as well as Crypto Currency (CC)) in the hope of capital appreciation, dividends, interest earnings, and an increase in the amount of the money. Alternative investment options should be compared to traditional investment options. Choosing an investing strategy in the current financial system might be challenging because there are so many options available on the financial marketSome investing options have large risks but give excellent returns, while others have low profits but very low risks. The research to identify the investors’ investment preference avenues based on balanced risk and return.

The role of fiscal discipline on the exchange-rate pass-through during inflation targeting

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of fiscal discipline on the dynamics of exchange rate pass-through during inflation targeting. The present study analyses the Turkish economy for the period 2006–2022 by the use of threshold regression models. Our results suggest that fiscal discipline, measured by the IMF-defined primary budget balance as a share of GDP (which excludes the one-off government revenues balance such as privatization, interest earnings, and real estate sales) has a significant role in inflation dynamics. The degree of exchange rate pass-through is significantly lower and thus raises the effectiveness of inflation targeting when the government ensues strict fiscal discipline.

CAN COMPANY SIZE AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS MODERATE IN SOLVE STOCK RETURNS IN RETAIL SECTOR COMPANIES

This study discusses the effect of Total Asset Turnover (TATO), Price Earning Ratio (PER) and Times Interest Earned Ratio (TIE) to Stock Return with Company Size and Financial Distrsess as a moderating variable . This research uses the object of Retail sub-sector companies in Southeast Asia for the period 2012-2020. The data collected is secondary data with the documentation method in the form of the company's annual report. The sampling method used in this study using purposive sampling technique and obtained 15 companies with a sample of 135 samples. The analysis technique used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), analysis, multiple linear regression, partial test and simultaneous test. The results of the study partially concluded that Total Asset Turnover has no effect on Stock Return, Price Earning Ratio significant effect on Stock Return, and Times Interest Earned Ratio significant effect on Stock Return . The results of the study simultaneously showed that the F-count value was 3.649 and the F-table was 2.70, meaning that the F-count > F-table or a significant value of 0.015 <0.05. So, Total Asset Turnover, Price Earning Ratio and Times Interest Earned Ratio together (simultaneously) have a significant effect on stock return. The results of the study by Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) concluded that Company Size and Financial Distrsess does not moderate Total Asset Turnover on Stock Return, Company Size and Financial Distrsess does not moderate Price Earning Ratio to Stock Return, and Company Size and Financial Distrsess does not moderate Times Interest Earned Ratio to Stock Return .
 

Does capital flight undermine growth: a case study of Pakistan

PurposeThis study aims to estimate the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan. Furthermore, it analyzes the impact of capital flight on the economic growth of Pakistan in the short and long run.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the World Bank’s residual method to estimate the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan during 1976–2018. This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to estimate the effect of capital flight on the economic growth of Pakistan.FindingsARDL results revealed a negative and statistically significant relationship between different measures of capital flight and economic growth in the long run. However, this relationship is not statistically significant in the short run. After correction for external borrowing and trade misinvoicing, this study finds that the total capital flight from Pakistan during the study period amounted to US$333bn (in 2010 dollars). With accrued interest earnings, the stock of capital amounted to US$124,768bn, significantly higher than the accumulated stock of long-term debt, which amounted to US$1,231bn during the study period indicating that Pakistan faces a severe challenge of capital flight.Originality/valueThis study calculates the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan for the first time. Furthermore, this study also calculates the magnitude of capital flight for military and democratic regimes. This study suggests many policy proposals to deal with the challenge of capital flight.

Analisis Faktor Rasio Keuangan Sebagai Indikator Unqualified Opinion Pada BUMN Peraih Indonesia Good Corporate Governance Award 2017

This study aims to analyze the factors that underlie the auditor's considerations in providing an Unqualified Opinion on BUMN Tbk companies that won the Indonesia Good Corporate Governance Award 2017. This descriptive quantitative research uses exploratory factor analysis. The results of the study show that the financial ratios used as indicators in providing Unqualified Audit Opinions to BUMN Tbk companies that won the 2017 Indonesia Good Corporate Governance Award are the Liquidity Ratio and Solvency Ratio. The Liquidity Ratio used is the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio and Cash Ratio. Meanwhile, the Solvency Ratios used are Total Debt to Total Assets Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Owner`s Equity to Total Assets Ratio, Owner`s Equity to Fixed Assets Ratio, Fixed Assets to Long Term Debt Ratio and Times Interest Earned Ratio. The indicators that are factors in giving the auditor's opinion are divided into 3 (three) main factors, namely the company's ability to fulfill its obligations both short and long term (Factor 1) is the main consideration of 65.383% in providing an Unqualified audit opinion, the balance factor of debt and equity (Factor 2) and the importance of the source of loan capital and the level of security owned by creditors (Factor 3) with a consideration value of 12.417% and 11.243%, respectively.

Pengaruh Likuiditas, Leverage, Times Interest Earne Ratio, Pertumbuhan Penjualan Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Perusahaan Property Dan Real Estate Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Periode 2015-2019

Economic conditions in Indonesia are currently in a fairly good development period, this can be seen from the number of companies that are growing and continuing to develop, one of which is manufacturing companies. This study uses a sample of 95 property and real stated companies by analyzing the performance of financial statements that have been audited by public accountants for the period 2015-2019. This study uses secondary data with a purposive sampling method. The method of analysis uses multiple linear regression methods. The results of this study indicate that simultaneously liquidity, leverage, times interest earned ratio, sales growth and company size have a significant effect on profitability. Partially, the variable leverage, times interest earned ratio, and sales growth have no effect on profitability. Meanwhile, working capital turnover has a negative and significant effect on profitability. And the liquidity ratio and size have positive and significant effect on protability. The coefficient of determination test results obtained an adjusted R square value 0f 0,247 or 24,7 percent, which means that the dependent variable, namely profitability, can be explained by variations of the three independent variables, namely cash turnover , working capital turnover and current ratio of 24,7percent, while the remaining 75,3 percent is explained by other factors not examined in this study.
 
 Keywords : Liqudity, Leverage, Times Interest Earned Ratio, Sales Growth, Company Size and Profitability.

PENGARUH TIMES INTEREST EARNED RATIO DAN NET PROFIT MARGIN TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY DI GUDANG GARAM TBK PERIODE 2015-2020

This research aims to identify and analyze how the influence of Times Interest Earned Ratio (TIER) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) to Return On Equity (ROE). Research uses quantitative with statistical procedures. The data used is secondary data in the the form of data on Gudang Garam Tbk financial statements obtained from the source of the Indonesia stock exchange (IDX) for period 2015-2020. The variable used are Times Interest Earned Ratio (X1), Net Profit Margin (X2) and Return On Equity (Y). The data analysis techniques used are normality tests. Classical assumption tests, multiple linier regression tests and hypothesis tests. The results of the analysis obtained that simultaneously Times Interest Earned Ratio (TIER) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) affect Return On Equity (ROE). Partially, the Times Interest Earned Ratio (TIER) has no effect on Return On Equity (ROE), while Net Profit Margin (NPM) affects Return On Equity (ROE).
 Keywords: Times Interest Earned Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity.

Can the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) protect the interest earnings of savers/investors? A new look at Fisher’s hypothesis

In this paper, we evaluate whether the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) has been successful at fulfilling its mandate of protecting the purchasing power of the country’s citizens. To this end, we use quarterly data covering the post-inflation targeting era of 2002:Q1 to 2019:Q4 to re-examine Fisher’s hypothesis for the South African economy by testing for stationarity in real interest rates. Our study makes three noteworthy empirical contributions. Firstly, we use survey-data measures of inflation expectations for different market participants in computing the real interest rate variable. Secondly, our inflation expectations variables are constructed in alignment with the inflation forecast horizons of 12–24 months as practiced by the SARB. Thirdly, we rely on the more powerful flexible Fourier unit root test in testing for integration properties of the real exchange rate. All-in-all, our findings highlight the Reserve Bank’s success in protecting the purchasing power of different economic agents particularly for periods subsequent to the crisis. Policy recommendations are also provided.

The Effect of Debt To Asset Ratio, Long Term Debt To Equity Ratio and Time Interest Earned Ratio on Profitability

This study’s purpose is to analyse the influence of DAR, LDER, and TIER on Profitability. Populations of data are taken food and beverage companies listed in BEI from 2009-2011. Samples taken using purposive sampling method and total of samples used during study period is 39 samples. Hypothesis used in this study is multiple linear regression. Based on F test, the results indicated DAR, LDER, and TIER have a significant effect on Profitability. DAR, LDER, and TIER partial effect on Profitability was evaluated using T test. DAR have a negative and non-significant effect on ROE at -0,252. LDER have a negative and significant effect on ROE at -0,437 and TIER have a positive but non-significant effect on ROE at 0,00020

The Effect of Taxation on Corporate Financing and Investment

Abstract Extensive empirical research concerning the impact of taxes on corporate decisions has had trouble identifying seemingly obvious effects. Perhaps the problem is that the seemingly obvious tax predictions are not quite right. We provide an equilibrium model with both corporate and personal taxes. In the steady-state equilibrium, the corporate tax rate affects the level of production despite interest deductibility at the firm level, but not household-level taxes on interest earnings or dividends. We prove several other tax irrelevance results and document a Laffer curve in the corporate tax rate. (JEL G31, G32, G35)

Weighted Quantile Regression Theory And Its Application Weibull Distribution As An Actuarial Risk Model: Computation Of Its Probability Of Ultimate Ruin And The Moments Of The Time To Ruin, Deficit At Ruin And Surplus Prior To Ruin

The Weibull distribution due to its suitability to adequately model data with high degree of positive skewness which is a typical characteristics of the claim amounts, is considered a versatile model for loss modeling in general Insurance. In this paper, the Weibull distribution is fitted to a set of insurance claim data and the probability of ultimate ruin has been computed for Weibull distributed claim data using two methods, namely the Fast Fourier Transform and the 4 moment Gamma De Vylder approximation. The consistency has been found in the values obtained from the both the methods. For the same model, the first two moments of the time to ruin, deficit at the time of ruin and the surplus just prior to ruin have been computed numerically. The moments are found to be exhibiting behavior consistent to what is expected in practical scenario. The influence of the surplus process being subjected to the force of interest earnings and tax payments on the probability of ultimate ruin, causes the later to be higher than what is obtained in the absence of these factors.

Optimal trade credit and replenishment policies for non-instantaneous deteriorating items

The present study presents a fuzzy inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items under conditions of permissible delay in payments. In the current paper, we incorporate the condition in which, the supplier accepts the partial payment at the end of the credit period and the reaming amount after that period under the term and condition. Here, the demand rate is a function of the selling price. Also, it is assumed that shortages are allowed and are fully backlogged. The present paper also considers that the interest earned (IE) on the fixed deposit amount, i.e., revenue generated by fulfilling the shortage, balance amount, after settling the account is higher than that of usual interest rate (Ie). Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the retailer’s optimal policies that maximize the total profit. Also, some theoretical results are obtained, which shows that the optimal solution not only exists, it is unique also. The impact of the new proposed credit policy is investigated on the optimality of the solution for the non-instantaneous deteriorating products. The validation of the proposed model and its solution method is demonstrated through the numerical example. The results indicate that the inventory model, along with the solution method, provides a powerful tool to the retail managers under real-world situations. Results demonstrate that it is essential for the managers to consider the inclusion of new proposed credit policy significantly increases the net annual profit.

Returns to Investing in Commodity Futures: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff

AbstractCommodity futures investment grew rapidly after its popularity exploded in the mid‐2000s. However, real‐time performance has been disappointing. Our analysis shows that the disappointing commodity returns were not driven mechanically by contango or negative “roll yields.” We show that the expected return to individual commodity futures is near zero before expenses, which implies net losses (before interest earnings) will be equal to order execution and operating costs estimated at 3%–4% per year. Finally, it is likely that rapid increases in commodity prices during 2004–2008 skewed investor return expectations upward much like it did in the early 1970s.

MODEL OF BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION SERVICES COMPANY SECTOR RETAIL IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE (Study Case Period 2015 - 2017)

This study aims to identify the dominant causes in forming a bankruptcy prediction model of retail trade service companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2015-2017 period. The 2015-2017 observation period with a sample of 20 companies met the criteria as a sample. This research variable is divided into 2 namely dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable in this study is categorical data which is divided into two categories: unhealthy companies symbolized by the number 0 and healthy companies category symbolized by the number 1. The independent variables in this study are 20 financial ratios, among others, Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Ratio , Working Capital to Total Assets, Debt to Asset Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Time Interest Earned, Working Capital Turn Over, Fixed Asset Turn Over, Receivable Turn Over, Total Asset Turn Over, Inventory Turn Over, Cash Turn Over, Cash Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Gross Profit Margin, Return On Equity, Return On Assets, Return On Investment, Earning Per Share. The analytical method used is discriminant analysis. Discriminant Test Results using the stepwise method can be obtained variables that are selected as discriminator variables, namely the variable Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Equity, and Earning Per Share to form discriminant functions as follows: R = - 3,197 + 0.292 Debt to Equity Ratio + 0.342 Return On Equity + 0.336 Earning Per Share The cut-off value in this study is 0 with a 75% prediction accuracy in unhealthy service companies and 73.3% in healthy service companies with an accuracy rate of 76.7% in retail trade service companies.

Corporate Governance and Corporate Performance: Does Former Explains Latter in Corporate India?

This paper discusses the effects of Corporate Governance (CG) on corporate performance. This study investigates the nature and intensity of influence CG exercises on the firm performance. The main goal is to prove that CG is a determinant for firm performance. Main attention was paid to ANOVA based inferential statistics, coefficient of correlation and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) based regression analysis to investigate the objective. This topic was chosen to examine whether the positive correlations between CG and firm performance in western studies are applicable in Indian context. OLS based econometric modelling identifies Equity Multiplier Ratio (EMR) and Times Interest Earned (TIE) as leading indicators of Economic Value Added (EVA) that needs CG attention. The major findings of the paper are, there are no statistically significant differences among the means of EVA on comparing across CGPI categories. However, there exist a positive correlations in all CGPI categories with EVA. The above findings suggest that by a financial value chain, CGPI activism on the leading indicators of EVA will culminate in the improvement of EVA itself.

Rasio Keuangan dan Return Saham Syariah

This study investigates the effect of financial ratios on stock returns at companies listed in Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia (ISSI) period 2012-2016. This study uses quantitative methods with secondary data collected from the company's financial statements. The population in this study were all companies listed on the Syariah Indonesia Stock Index (ISSI) during the period of 2012-2016 as many as 149 companies. Based on the sampling technique with purposive sampling method obtained a sample of 59 companies with data collected during the period 2012-2016 as many as 295 financial report data. In this study panel panel regression was used to see the effect of the independent variables consisting of ROCE, TATO, TIER, PER and CFR on the dependent variable namely Stock Return. Processing data in this study using Eviews 9. Software. Data analysis techniques in this study using statistical techniques with the help of Eviews 9 program. Based on 59 companies observed, fixed effect panel data regression models have been used to examine the relevance to the effect of financial ratios on stock returns. The result of the research, found that the Total Asset Turnover (TATO) and Time Interest Income Ratio (TIER) have a positive effect on stock returns. Total Asset Turnover (TATO) and Time Interest Earned Ratio (TIER) can be considered by investors to make decisions in choosing which companies have high stock returns. Return On Capital Employed (ROCE), Price To Earning Ratio (PER), and Cash Flow Ratio (CFR) are not related to stock returns.