Interconnect Demand Research Articles

Intricate Supply Chain Demand Forecasting Based on Graph Convolution Network

Globalization has contributed to the increasing complexity of supply chain structures. In this regard, precise demand forecasting for the intricate supply chain holds paramount importance in effective supply chain management. Traditional statistical models and deep learning methods often face challenges in efficiently discerning correlations within a myriad of interconnected demands. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes an intricate supply chain demand forecasting method based on graph convolution networks adept at handling non-Euclidean data. First, the companies within the supply chain are treated as nodes in the graph structure, and the relationships between them are treated as edges, with demand data serving as the features of these edges. Then, a graph convolutional network is constructed to aggregate node and edge information. Through a multi-layer network, the relationships among nodes, edges, and historical demand are established to facilitate the prediction of supply chain demands. In this process, the graph convolutional network incorporates supply chain connectivity information into demand time series analysis. This integration of surface-level topological features and deeper latent correlation attributes across the supply chain’s nodes refines the demand forecasting precision across the entire supply chain. The validation experiment in this paper is grounded in sales data of a singular product from multiple sales nodes of an electronics company. The results demonstrate that the proposed method surpasses four other traditional demand forecasting algorithms significantly in terms of accuracy, providing substantial evidence for the superior performance of graph networks in the analysis of intricate supply chain relationships.

The application of plasma technology for the preparation of supercapacitor electrode materials.

With the rapidly growing demand for clean energy and energy interconnection, there is an urgent need for rapid and high-capacity energy storage technologies to realize large-scale energy storage, transfer energy, and establish the energy internet. Supercapacitors, which have advantages such as high specific capacitance, fast charging and discharging rates, and long cycle lifetimes, are being widely used in electric vehicles, information technology, aerospace, and other fields. The performance of supercapacitors is crucially dependent on electrode materials. These can be categorized into electric double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors, primarily made from carbon and transition metal oxides, respectively. However, effectively monitoring the physicochemical properties of electrode materials during preparation and processing is challenging, which limits the improvement of supercapacitors' performance. Plasma materials preparation technology can effectively affect the materials preparation processing by energetic electrons, ions, free radicals, and multiple effects in plasma, which are easily manipulated by operation parameters. Therefore, plasma material preparation technology is considered a promising method to precisely monitor the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of energy storage materials and has been widely studied. This paper provides an overview of plasma materials preparation mechanisms, and details of the plasma technology application in the preparation of transition metal hybrids, carbon, and composite electrode materials, as well as a comparison with traditional methods. In conclusion, the advantages, challenges, and research directions of plasma materials preparation technology in the field of electrode materials preparation are summarized.

Aluminum Nitride Thin Film Based Reconfigurable Integrated Photonic Devices

In the past few decades, silicon photonics with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility has been well developed and successfully applied to commercial products. Due to the demand for high-fidelity and high-speed optical interconnect, high-resolution sensing, and information processing, hybrid integrating more existing materials to improve performance or introduce novel functionalities with post-CMOS technology becomes essential. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a popular piezoelectric material widely investigated in the field of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS). It has been studied and integrated into photonic integrated circuits (PICs) utilizing the mechanics at micro/nano scale in recent years. Here, we review the recent development of AlN thin film properties and processing. The AlN piezoelectric MEMS transducer technologies are then described, including flexural, surface acoustic wave (SAW), Lamb wave resonators (LWR), and bulk acoustic wave (BAW). After that, photonic devices on hybrid Si-AlN and pure AlN thin film platforms are presented. Finally, the outlooks and perspectives of AlN thin film based reconfigurable integrated photonics are provided.

Design of a Blockchain-Based Service Platform for Industrial Interconnection Supply and Demand Networks

With the continuous cross-border cooperation among industries, the concept of an industrial interconnection supply and demand network is constantly mentioned. As industry interconnectivity continues to grow, collaboration models have changed as companies work more closely with each other, and the synergy model has changed. In order to improve the efficiency of collaboration and to promote the free allocation of resources in the trading process of the industry interconnection supply and demand network, an industry interconnection supply and demand network resource matching platform based on the Alliance blockchain was built, steps for resource trading on the platform were proposed. Using blockchain technology’s smart contract technology to simplify the transaction process, the triggering mechanism and algorithm rules of smart contracts in the trading process of the platform were designed, and the smart contract code was developed, deployed, and tested using Remix IDE, and the test results showed the transaction process between the supply and demand sides. Through blockchain technology, it achieves information security and transparency in the process of resource trading in the industry interconnection supply and demand network, establishes a trust mechanism on both sides of the transaction, reduces redundant steps in the transaction and improves the operational efficiency of the industry interconnection supply and demand network by increasing the efficiency of resource allocation.

Research on the Model of Industrial Interconnection Intelligent Manufacturing Supply and Demand Network and Its Robustness

The industrial interconnection intelligent manufacturing supply and demand network is the carrier for the cooperation of related enterprises, and research on its evolution helps to optimize the cooperation between enterprises. This paper considers the factors that affect enterprise cooperation, applies consensus, disconnection, reconnection, and change of opinion into one model, and constructs two models of industrial interconnection intelligent manufacturing supply and demand networks. Because the industrial interconnection intelligent manufacturing supply and demand network is affected by certain factors, the network will be subject to fluctuations and the functions of the network will change. The smaller the function change, the higher the robustness of the model. The related topological structure statistics (such as clustering coefficient, average path length, and degree distribution) of the two models are analyzed, and the analysis results indicate that the network structure of the two models has changed. In addition, different attack algorithms are used to verify the robustness of the model. The experimental results show that under the four different attack algorithms, compared with the BA model, the two models proposed in this paper have stronger robustness. Research on the industrial interconnection of intelligent manufacturing supply and demand networks and its robustness optimization has certain guiding significance.

Techno-Economic Optimization Analysis of an Autonomous Photovoltaic Power System for a Shoreline Electrode Station of HVDC Link: Case Study of an Electrode Station on the Small Island of Stachtoroi for the Attica–Crete Interconnection

A lot of autonomous power systems have been designed and operated with different power levels and with special requirements for climatic conditions, availability, operation/maintenance cost, fuel consumption, environmental impacts, etc. In this paper a novel design of an autonomous power system with photovoltaic panels and electrochemical batteries for a shoreline electrode station is analyzed. This station will be constructed on the small island of Stachtoroi for the new high voltage direct current (HVDC) link of Attica–Crete in Greece. The general guidelines of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) and of the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) for the power system of lighting and auxiliary loads for these HVDC stations are supplied from the medium voltage or the low voltage distribution network, whereas they do not take into account the criticality of this interconnection, which will practically be the unique power facility of Crete island. The significance of Crete power system interconnection demands an increased reliability level for the power sources, similar to military installations and hospital surgeries. In this research a basic electrical installation design methodology is presented. First, the autonomous photovoltaic power system with the energy storage system (ESS) consisting of electrochemical batteries is preliminary designed according to the relative bibliography. The station power and energy consumption are analytically determined taking into consideration the daily temperature variation annually. Afterwards, a techno-economic optimization process based on a sensitivity analysis is formed modifying the size/power of photovoltaic panels (PVs), the type and the energy capacity of the batteries taking into consideration the operation cycle of PVs—batteries charge and discharge and the battery ageing based on the relationship between battery cycles—the depth of discharge, the daily solar variation per month, the installation cost of PVs and batteries, the respective maintenance cost, etc., while the reliability criteria of expected loss of load power and of load energy are satisfied. Using the proposed methodology the respective results are significantly improved in comparison with the preliminary autonomous power system design or the connection with the distribution power system.

High-speed reconfigurable free-space optical interconnects with carrierless-amplitude-phase modulation and filter-enhanced spatial modulation

Optical technologies have been widely studied to satisfy the interconnect demand in high-performance computers and data centers, and free-space optical interconnects have been investigated for flexible card-to-card applications. To increase the interconnect speed and range, in this Letter we propose a reconfigurable free-space optical interconnect with 16-carrierless-amplitude-phase (16-CAP) symbol modulation and filter-enhanced spatial modulation (FE-SM). The 16-CAP increases the interconnect speed in the symbol domain, and the FE-SM scheme increases the speed in the spatial domain, even under highly correlated optical interconnect channels. A 50 Gb/s reconfigurable optical interconnect is experimentally demonstrated. The results show that the impact of FE-SM on the bit error rate (BER) is negligible, while the speed is significantly improved. Compared with the conventional SM scheme, the BER is improved by over one order of magnitude. The proposed scheme is also capable of extending the interconnect range. The results show that over 70% range extension and 50% speed increase can be achieved simultaneously. The proposed scheme with a 16-CAP and FE-SM provides a promising solution in free-space optical interconnects.

Comparative analysis of hybridized solutions to water resources management in Burkina Faso, India and Peru

ABSTRACT Hybridization of ‘green’ and engineered infrastructure, informed by protecting or restoring catchment processes, can resolve interconnected demands on catchment ecosystems, potentially also reversing historic degradation of socio-ecological systems. Pressures are acute in water-scarce, developing regions with episodic rainfall, exacerbated by historic presumptions favouring engineered management. Comparing conditions, histories and emerging approaches in contrasting regions – the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso, Rajasthan State (India) and Ayacucho Region (Peru) – reveals similar yet distinct approaches reflecting different starting regimes. Transferrable learning about hybridizing localized, nature-based solutions and engineered technology informs the necessary transition towards a sustainable approach in these and other regions.

Link maintenance for integrity in linked open data evolution: Literature survey and open challenges

RDF data has been extensively deployed describing various types of resources in a structured way. Links between data elements described by RDF models stand for the core of Semantic Web. The rising amount of structured data published in public RDF repositories, also known as Linked Open Data, elucidates the success of the global and unified dataset proposed by the vision of the Semantic Web. Nowadays, semi-automatic algorithms build connections among these datasets by exploring a variety of methods. Interconnected open data demands automatic methods and tools to maintain their consistency over time. The update of linked data is considered as key process due to the evolutionary characteristic of such structured datasets. However, data changing operations might influence well-formed links, which turns difficult to maintain the consistencies of connections over time. In this article, we propose a thorough survey that provides a systematic review of the state of the art in link maintenance in linked open data evolution scenario. We conduct a detailed analysis of the literature for characterising and understanding methods and algorithms responsible for detecting, fixing and updating links between RDF data. Our investigation provides a categorisation of existing approaches as well as describes and discusses existing studies. The results reveal an absence of comprehensive solutions suited to fully detect, warn and automatically maintain the consistency of linked data over time.

Automatic Tuning of Silicon Photonics Microring Filter Array for Hitless Reconfigurable Add–Drop

Given the escalation of demand for high-speed data interconnection, both between users and datacenters, high-capacity optical networks need a boost in capacity, flexibility, and efficiency. To stand up for those problems, the network reconfigurability is a key feature in a saturated and power hungry network operating scenario. In this paper, a reconfigurable optical node, using a commercial integrated photonics foundry, was conceived, fabricated, and tested. A novel application of automatic control of complex optical circuits involving locking and tuning of microring resonators is presented. The technique exploits a channel labeling strategy to identify a single optical channel amid a dense wavelength division multiplexing comb. The fabricated filter array provided add–drop ports with hitless channel reconfiguration and telecom graded specifications as 20 dB of in-band isolation, 40 GHz of channel bandwidth in a microring filter with 1 THz of free spectral range.

User preferences and willingness to pay for in-vehicle assistance

As consumers’ demand for interconnectivity and infotainment grows continuously, car manufacturers face the challenge of developing more sophisticated, user appealing and economically viable in-vehicle infotainment assistants while staying within the boundaries of their limited resources. Based on the results extracted from an empirical study with 278 participants from Germany, this contribution supports car manufacturers to tackle this challenge by providing concrete guidance on optimal feature design, pricing, as well as initial market segmentation. Regarding the optimal feature design, we note that delivering continuously available and flawless systems with a speech input interface should be the top priority when developing such vehicular assistance. Further, we suggest that the in-vehicle infotainment assistants should be either reactive (i.e., react only to driver’s instruction) or independently proactive (i.e., exert full control without engaging the driver in decisions), but not semi-automatic (i.e., assistant issues recommendations and then follows the driver’s instructions).

How to be a Realist about Similarity: Towards a Theory of Features in Object-Oriented Philosophy

Abstract This essay calls for an independent theory of features in object-oriented philosophy. Theories of features are in general motivated by at least two interconnected demands: 1) to explain why objects have the characteristics they have, 2) to explain how regular divisions in those characteristics can be intuited. While a theory of universal properties may be the most internally consistent means of addressing these demands, an object-oriented metaphysics needs to address them without a concept of shared features. This means that regular divisions of invariant features and our intuitions of them cannot be explained by the repetition of self-same characteristics or natural laws. They can instead be explained by the immanent repetition of similar features. However, this requires a new, radically aesthetic understanding of what it means to be similar in the first place, one in which similarity is an emergent process rather than a state of affairs existing between resembling particulars.

Scheduling framework for distributed intrusion detection systems over heterogeneous network architectures

The evolving trends of mobility, cloud computing and collaboration have blurred the perimeter separating corporate networks from the wider world. These new tools and business models enhance productivity and present new opportunities for competitive advantage although they also introduce new risks. Currently, security is one of the most limiting issues for technological development in fields such as Internet of Things or Cyber-physical systems. This work contributes to the cyber security research field with a design that can incorporate advanced scheduling algorithms and predictive models in a parallel and distributed way, in order to improve intrusion detection in the current scenario, where increased demand for global and wireless interconnection has weakened approaches based on protection tasks running only on specific perimeter security devices. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework to properly distribute intrusion detection system (IDS) tasks, considering security requirements and variable availability of computing resources. To accomplish this, we propose a novel approach, which promotes the integration of personal and enterprise computing resources with externally supplied cloud services, in order to handle the security requirements. For example, in a business environment, there is a set information resources that need to be specially protected, including data handled and transmitted by small mobile devices. These devices can execute part of the IDS tasks necessary for self-protection, but other tasks could be derived to other more powerful systems. This integration must be achieved in a dynamic way: cloud resources are used only when necessary, minimizing utility computing costs and security problems posed by cloud, but preserving local resources when those are required for business processes or user experience. In addition to satisfying the main objective, the strengths and benefits of the proposed framework can be explored in future research. This framework provides the integration of different security approaches, including well-known and recent advances in intrusion detection as well as supporting techniques that increase the resilience of the system. The proposed framework consists of: (1) a controller component, which among other functions, decides the source and target hosts for each data flow; and (2) a switching mechanism, allowing tasks to redirect data flows as established by the controller scheduler. The proposed approach has been validated through a number of experiments. First, an experimental DIDS is designed by selecting and combining a number of existing IDS solutions. Then, a prototype implementation of the proposed framework, working as a proof of concept, is built. Finally, singular tests showing the feasibility of our approach and providing a good insight into future work are performed.

Addressing Next Generation Packaging and IoT with Glass Solutions

New requirements are emerging in electronics packaging. The ever-growing need for solutions for mobile communications and sensors that address the Internet of Things (IoT) provide interesting new challenges. RF applications strive to move to higher frequency bands, fan-out technology is being leveraged as an effective way to address interconnect demands, and there is a continuous search for more cost-effective solutions for difficult packaging challenges. Glass provides numerous opportunities to address these needs. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion helps optimize warp in glass core substrates, bonded stacks leveraging TGV and in carrier applications. Glass forming processes allow the potential to both form in panel format as well as at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current manufacturing methods and address packaging challenges in a cost effective way. We will provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical performance and reliability, describe areas where glass is being leveraged to achieve goals of next generation products and how properties of different glass types are leveraged by application.

Addressing Next Generation Packaging and IoT with Glass Solutions

Abstract New requirements are emerging in electronics packaging. The ever-growing need for solutions for mobile communications and sensors that address the Internet of Things (IoT) brings about interesting new challenges. RF applications strive to move to higher frequency bands, fan-out technology is being leveraged as an effective way to address interconnect demands, and there is a continuous search for more cost-effective solutions for difficult packaging challenges. Glass provides numerous opportunities to address these needs. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion helps optimize warp in glass core substrates, and manage bonded stacks leveraging TGV and carrier applications. Glass forming processes allow to form in a panel format as well as wafer format at thicknesses as low as 100 μm, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current polishing type manufacturing methods and address packaging challenges in a cost effective way. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. We will provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical performance and reliability as well as describe areas where glass is being leveraged to achieve goals of next generation products.

Optical Multilevel Signaling for High Bandwidth and Power-Efficient On-Chip Interconnects

The scalability of high-performance computing systems is increasingly dependent on high-bandwidth and power-efficient communication between a growing number of processing cores on- and off-chip. Recent developments in silicon photonics technology can potentially alleviate many of the challenges associated with these stringent interconnection demands. In this letter, we propose the use of an optical multilevel signaling technique for on-chip interconnects in conjunction with wavelength division multiplexing to double the aggregate communication bandwidth without increasing the number of waveguides and wavelengths used, thereby reducing scaling costs.

An Improved Diffusion Based Placement Algorithm for Reducing Interconnect Demand in Congested Regions of FPGAs

An FPGA has a finite routing capacity due to which a fair number of highly dense circuits fail to map on slightly underresourced architecture. The high-interconnect demand in the congested regions is not met by the available resources as a result of which the circuit becomes unroutable for that particular architecture. In this paper, we present a new placement approach which is based on a natural process called diffusion. Our placer attempts to minimize the routing congestion by evenly disseminating the interconnect demand across an FPGA chip. For the 20 MCNC benchmark circuits, our algorithm reduced the channel width for 15 circuits. The results showed on average ~33% reduction in standard deviation of interconnect usage at an expense of an average ~13% penalty on critical path delay. Maximum channel width gain of ~33% was also observed.

Cyber Security Challenges within the Connected Home Ecosystem Futures

Cybercrime and threats of cyber security is much closer to connected home ecosystems futures that ever been expected. Most of the research effort is focused on the defense mechanisms of cooperate and national infrastructures, not realizing that one of the weakest link in this systems comes from the devices used within connected smart homes of now and the future. The paper forms part of the research to analyze implications and challenges of cybersecurity to smart devices in smart connected homes. We present some related background and motivation seen on the development and demand for seamless interconnectivity of smart devices to provide various functionality and abilities to users. The paper highlights the fact that while these devices provide more features and functionality, they also introduce new risks. Subsequently, current cybersecurity issues related to smart devices within connected homes discussed and analyzed.

Uses of Different Cyber Security Service to Prevent Attack on Smart Home Infrastructure

Cybercrime and threats of cyber security is much closer to connected home ecosystems futures that ever been expected. Most of the research effort is focused on the defense mechanisms of cooperate and national infrastructures, not realizing that one of the weakest link in this systems comes from the devices used within connected smart homes of now and the future. The paper forms part of the research to analyze implications and challenges of cyber security to smart devices in smart connected homes. We present some related background and motivation seen on the development and demand for seamless interconnectivity of smart devices to provide various functionality and abilities to users. The paper highlights the fact that while these devices provide more features and functionality, they also introduce new risks. Subsequently, current cyber security issues related to smart devices within connected homes discussed and analyzed.

Resolving coordination challenges in distributed mobile service executions

The internet of things enables environments where objects are fully interconnected, allowing the execution of smart services and the consumption of functionalities provided by surrounding objects. This loose-coupled object interconnection demands improvements in the control and data planes for an optimum coordination between distributed services in mobile devices. There are several coordination challenges in these environments related to the interaction between services through communication channels, the support of node and link disconnections and the transmission of events at runtime. This paper defines a coordination model and proposes solutions to these challenges by developing a cooperative service execution model for mobile environments, integrating the publish/subscribe paradigm for communicating event messages and improving its performance by using a gossip-based solution. Subsequently, we evaluate this model and analyse the improvements of the designed optimisation mechanisms over the message queue telemetry transport protocol and the ns-3 network simulator.