Interchange Model Research Articles

Assessing the predictive benefits of Waqftech smart contracts on corporate waqf crowdfunding among Malaysian enterprises

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the adoption of waqf technology (Waqftech) using blockchain smart contracts for corporate waqf crowdfunding. Despite the growing interest in Waqftech, Malaysian enterprises have not fully embraced this emerging technology because of uncertainty regarding the benefits it offers to contributors. The research incorporates two theoretical frameworks: the electronic data interchange (EDI) model for firms’ technology adoption, and the triple bottom line theory (TBL) for corporate social responsibility.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative method using a cross-sectional survey design with a five-point Likert scale questionnaire was used. Data was collected from 210 decision-makers representing small and medium-sized enterprises and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings from this research suggest that Malaysian enterprises are influenced by both corporate and social predictive benefits when using blockchain crowdfunding, but not by environmental benefits. The adoption of blockchain smart contracts does not correlate with predictive environmental benefits because of misconceptions about the disruptive technology’s impact on biological and digital environmental preservation.Research limitations/implicationsThis research focuses on organizational behavior rather than individual users of waqf crowdfunding, and it is limited, primarily focusing within Malaysia and regions with similar waqf structures.Practical implicationsThe Waqftech framework allows innovative mechanisms for executing corporate waqf investment returns to the intended beneficiaries through the smart contracts’ platform. In addition, this study supports relevant corporate social responsibility and creating shared value technology adoption theories, including EDI and TBL. Aside from this, the study provides empirical implications for waqf management using fintech platforms.Originality/valueThis groundbreaking study focuses on creating a Waqftech model for corporate waqf crowdfunding. The results of this study are important for the development of government policies that support the use of Waqftech in charitable fundraising. More research on biological and digital environmental perspectives is proposed to foster investors’ confidence in the visibility of digital tracking and lead to swift investments in future metaverse fundraising platforms.

Inequality-Constrained 3D Morphable Face Model Fitting.

3D morphable model (3DMM) fitting on 2D data is traditionally done via unconstrained optimization with regularization terms to ensure that the result is a plausible face shape and is consistent with a set of 2D landmarks. This paper presents inequality-constrained 3DMM fitting as the first alternative to regularization in optimization-based 3DMM fitting. Inequality constraints on the 3DMM's shape coefficients ensure face-like shapes without modifying the objective function for smoothness, thus allowing for more flexibility to capture person-specific shape details. Moreover, inequality constraints on landmarks increase robustness in a way that does not require per-image tuning. We show that the proposed method stands out with its ability to estimate person-specific face shapes by jointly fitting a 3DMM to multiple frames of a person. Further, when used with a robust objective function, namely gradient correlation, the method can work "in-the-wild" even with a 3DMM constructed from controlled data. Lastly, we show how to use the log-barrier method to efficiently implement the method. To our knowledge, we present the first 3DMM fitting framework that requires no learning yet is accurate, robust, and efficient. The absence of learning enables a generic solution that allows flexibility in the input image size, interchangeable morphable models, and incorporation of camera matrix.

Modelos de redes neurais artificiais para apoiar a gestão de resíduos urbanos: um recurso tecnológico que impulsiona a concretização dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável

ABSTRACT Waste management is crucial to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations. However, traditional on-site waste characterization techniques require specialized professionals, who are exposed to biological, chemical, and physical risks. In this sense, the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) in models for characterizing municipal solid waste has been discussed, especially after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Predictions made by ANN can be carried out with little or no handling of waste, making the process faster, cleaner, and safer. However, ANN models rely on datasets often provided by third parties, so they require diligent monitoring to ensure that an updated dataset is available at the appropriate regularity. This study presented two standard ANN models that were not available due to a lack of up-to-date datasets and demonstrated that dataset interchangeability may be critical for the long-term use of ANN developed to achieve SDG. Furthermore, interchangeability led to the formulation of a hypothesis about the relevance of the variable associated with basic sanitation in the greater assertiveness of one of the models during the pandemic period, resulting in the identification of abnormal patterns relating to the disposal of textiles and sanitary papers in the years 2020 and 2021. Additionally, this study can be the starting point for the development of more sophisticated interchangeable models developed with alternative datasets, meticulously chosen to reduce the effective error of the desired predictions by reducing the amplitude of the intersection set formed by different models.

Predicting Patients' Satisfaction With Mental Health Drug Treatment Using Their Reviews: Unified Interchangeable Model Fusion Approach.

After the COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict between limited mental health care resources and the rapidly growing number of patients has become more pronounced. It is necessary for psychologists to borrow artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods to analyze patients' satisfaction with drug treatment for those undergoing mental illness treatment. Our goal was to construct highly accurate and transferable models for predicting the satisfaction of patients with mental illness with medication by analyzing their own experiences and comments related to medication intake. We extracted 41,851 reviews in 20 categories of disorders related to mental illnesses from a large public data set of 161,297 reviews in 16,950 illness categories. To discover a more optimal structure of the natural language processing models, we proposed the Unified Interchangeable Model Fusion to decompose the state-of-the-art Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), support vector machine, and random forest (RF) models into 2 modules, the encoder and the classifier, and then reconstruct fused "encoder+classifer" models to accurately evaluate patients' satisfaction. The fused models were divided into 2 categories in terms of model structures, traditional machine learning-based models and neural network-based models. A new loss function was proposed for those neural network-based models to overcome overfitting and data imbalance. Finally, we fine-tuned the fused models and evaluated their performance comprehensively in terms of F1-score, accuracy, κ coefficient, and training time using 10-fold cross-validation. Through extensive experiments, the transformer bidirectional encoder+RF model outperformed the state-of-the-art BERT, MentalBERT, and other fused models. It became the optimal model for predicting the patients' satisfaction with drug treatment. It achieved an average graded F1-score of 0.872, an accuracy of 0.873, and a κ coefficient of 0.806. This model is suitable for high-standard users with sufficient computing resources. Alternatively, it turned out that the word-embedding encoder+RF model showed relatively good performance with an average graded F1-score of 0.801, an accuracy of 0.812, and a κ coefficient of 0.695 but with much less training time. It can be deployed in environments with limited computing resources. We analyzed the performance of support vector machine, RF, BERT, MentalBERT, and all fused models and identified the optimal models for different clinical scenarios. The findings can serve as evidence to support that the natural language processing methods can effectively assist psychologists in evaluating the satisfaction of patients with drug treatment programs and provide precise and standardized solutions. The Unified Interchangeable Model Fusion provides a different perspective on building AI models in mental health and has the potential to fuse the strengths of different components of the models into a single model, which may contribute to the development of AI in mental health.

Cancellation of the Sigma Mode in the Thermal Pion Gas by Quark Pauli Blocking

In this study, we calculate the pressure of the interacting pion gas using the Beth–Uhlenbeck approach to the relativistic virial expansion with Breit–Wigner phase shifts for the σ- and ϱ-meson resonances. The repulsive phase shift δ02 is taken from the quark interchange model of Barnes and Swanson, which is in very good agreement with the experimental data. In this work we show that the cancellation of the attractive (I = 0) and repulsive (I = 2) isospin channel contributions to the scalar ππ interaction in the low-energy region that is known for the vacuum phase shifts also takes place at a finite temperature. This happens despite the strong medium dependence of these phase shifts that enters our model by the temperature dependence of the σ-meson and constituent quark masses, because for these masses the relation Mσ(T)≈2mq(T) holds and the scattering length approximation is valid as long as the strong decay channel σ→ππ is open. Exploiting the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model for describing the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry in the vacuum and its restoration at a finite temperature, we justify with our approach that the σ-meson should be absent from the hadron resonance gas description at low temperatures because the above cancellation holds. However, since this cancellation breaks down in the vicinity of the hadronization transition, where due to chiral symmetry restoration the decay channel σ→ππ closes and the σ-meson becomes a good resonance, the latter should be included into the statistical model description of chemical freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions.

A Novel Multi-Modal Teleoperation of a Humanoid Assistive Robot with Real-Time Motion Mimic

This research shows the development of a teleoperation system with an assistive robot (NAO) through a Kinect V2 sensor, a set of Meta Quest virtual reality glasses, and Nintendo Switch controllers (Joycons), with the use of the Robot Operating System (ROS) framework to implement the communication between devices. In this paper, two interchangeable operating models are proposed. An exclusive controller is used to control the robot's movement to perform assignments that require long-distance travel. Another teleoperation protocol uses the skeleton joints information readings by the Kinect sensor, the orientation of the Meta Quest, and the button press and thumbstick movements of the Joycons to control the arm joints and head of the assistive robot, and its movement in a limited area. They give image feedback to the operator in the VR glasses in a first-person perspective and retrieve the user's voice to be spoken by the assistive robot. Results are promising and can be used for educational and therapeutic purposes.

Nature, Society, Law: Historical Types of Reality Construction

This article touches upon different types of law application practices conceptualization and sense of justice reification depending on historical interchangeable models of reality construction. These types stipulated by distinctive features of demarcation of natural and social phenomenon related to effects of anthropomorphism and sociomorphism of nature in archaic point of view and naturalization of social phenomenon in the Modern era. The authors’ interest was peaked by situations when the result of different conceptualizations of law application practices, their theoretical description and strategies of implementation into the system of values caused by diverse understanding of correlation between nature and society. Philosophical perception and scientific analysis are performed on circumstances and determinators of digitalization processes of different aspects of modern human life, society, and the value of this processes for reality construction. Signs which will help to prognose new conceptualizations of law application practices during the construction of digital reality are investigated.

Intubation success in prehospital emergency anaesthesia: a retrospective observational analysis of the Inter-Changeable Operator Model (ICOM)

BackgroundPre hospital emergency anaesthesia (PHEA) is a complex procedure with significant risks. First-pass intubation success (FPS) is recommended as a quality indicator in pre hospital advanced airway management. Previous data demonstrating significantly lower FPS by non-physicians does not distinguish between non-physicians operating in isolation or within physician teams. In several UK HEMS, the role of the intubating provider is interchangeable between the physician and critical care paramedic—termed the Inter-Changeable Operator Model (ICOM). The objectives of this study were to compare first-pass intubation success rate between physicians and critical care paramedics (CCP) in a large regional, multi-organisational dataset of trauma PHEA patients, and to report the application of the ICOM.MethodsA retrospective observational study of consecutive trauma patients ≥ 16 years old who underwent PHEA at two different ICOM Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in the East of England, 2015–2020. Data are presented as number (percentage) and median [inter-quartile range]. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare proportions, reported as odds ratio (OR (95% confidence interval, 95% CI)), p value. The study design complied with the STROBE (Strengthening The Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) reporting guidelines.ResultsIn the study period, 13,654 patients were attended. 674 (4.9%) trauma patients ≥ 16 years old who underwent PHEA were included in the final analysis: the median age was 44 [28–63] years old, and 502 (74.5%) were male. There was no significant difference in the FPS rate between physicians and CCPs—90.2% and 87.4% respectively, OR 1.3 (95% CI 0.7–2.5), p = 0.38. The cumulative first, second, third, and fourth-pass intubation success rates were 89.6%, 98.7%, 99.7%, and 100%. Patients who had a physician-operated initial intubation attempt weighed more and had a higher heart rate, compared to those who had a CCP-operated initial attempt.ConclusionIn an ICOM setting, we demonstrated 100% intubation success in adult trauma patients undergoing PHEA. There was no significant difference in first-pass intubation success between physicians and CCPs.

Energy-Time optimal control of wheeled mobile robots

This paper focuses on the energy-time optimal control of wheeled mobile robots undergoing point-to-point transitions in an obstacles free space. Two interchangeable models are used to arrive at the necessary conditions for optimality. The first formulation exploits the Hamiltonian, while the second formulation considers the first variation of the augmented cost to derive the necessary conditions for optimality. Jacobi elliptic functions are shown to parameterize the closed form solutions for the states, control and costates. Analysis of the optimal control reveal that they are constrained to lie on a cylinder whose circular cross-section is a function of the weight penalizing the relative costs of time and energy. The evolving optimal costates for the second formulation are shown to lie on the intersection of two cylinders. The optimal control for the wheeled mobile robot undergoing point-to-point motion is also developed where the linear velocity is constrained to be time-invariant. It is shown that the costates are constrained to lie on the intersection of a cylinder and an extruded parabola. Numerical results for various point-to-point maneuvers are presented to illustrate the change in the structure of the optimal trajectories as a function of the relative location of the terminal and initial states.

Technical light-field setup for 3D imaging of the human nerve head validated with an eye model

Abstract With the new technology of 3D light field (LF) imaging, fundus photography can be expanded to provide depth information. This increases the diagnostic possibilities and additionally improves image quality by digitally refocusing. To provide depth information in the human optic nerve head such as in glaucoma diagnostics, a mydriatic fundus camera was upgraded with an LF imager. The aim of the study presented here was the validation of the technical setup and resulting depth estimations with an appropriate eye model. The technical setup consisted of a mydriatic fundus camera (FF450, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and an LF imager (R12, Raytrix GmbH, Kiel, Germany). The field of view was set to 30°. The eye model (24.65 mm total length) consisted of a two-lens optical system and interchangeable fundus models with papilla excavations from 0.2 to 1 mm in steps of 0.2 mm. They were coated with red acrylic lacquer and vessels were drawn with a thin brush. 15 images were taken for each papilla depth illuminated with green light (wavelength 520 nm ± 20 nm). Papilla depth was measured from the papilla ground to the surrounding flat region. All 15 measurements for each papilla depth were averaged and compared to the printed depth. It was possible to perform 3D fundus imaging in an eye model by means of a novel LF-based optical setup. All LF images could be digitally refocused subsequently. Depth estimation in the eye model was successfully performed over a 30° field of view. The measured virtual depth and the printed model papilla depth is linear correlated. The presented LF setup allowed high-quality 3D one-shot imaging and depth estimation of the optic nerve head in an eye model.

Phase transition for the interchange and quantum Heisenberg models on the Hamming graph

We study a family of random permutation models on the Hamming graph $H(2,n)$ (i.e., the $2$-fold Cartesian product of complete graphs), containing the interchange process and the cycle-weighted interchange process with parameter $\theta > 0$. This family contains the random walk representation of the quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet. We show that in these models the cycle structure of permutations undergoes a \textit{phase transition} -- when the number of transpositions defining the permutation is $\leq c n^2$, for small enough $c > 0$, all cycles are microscopic, while for more than $\geq C n^2$ transpositions, for large enough $C > 0$, macroscopic cycles emerge with high probability. We provide bounds on values $C,c$ depending on the parameter $\theta$ of the model, in particular for the interchange process we pinpoint exactly the critical time of the phase transition. Our results imply also the existence of a phase transition in the quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet on $H(2,n)$, namely for low enough temperatures spontaneous magnetization occurs, while it is not the case for high temperatures. At the core of our approach is a novel application of the cyclic random walk, which might be of independent interest. By analyzing explorations of the cyclic random walk, we show that sufficiently long cycles of a random permutation are uniformly spread on the graph, which makes it possible to compare our models to the mean-field case, i.e., the interchange process on the complete graph, extending the approach used earlier by Schramm.

Dynamics of filaments during the edge-localized mode crash on NSTX

Edge localized modes (ELMs) are routinely observed in H-mode plasma regimes of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Due to the explosive nature of the instability, only diagnostics with high temporal and spatial resolution could provide a detailed insight into the dynamics associated with the ELMs. Gas-puff imaging at NSTX provides 2D measurements of the magnetic field aligned fluctuations (e.g., ELM filaments) in the scrape-off layer and at the plasma edge with 2.5 μs temporal and 10 mm optical resolution. A novel analysis technique was developed to estimate the frame-by-frame velocities and the spatial parameters of the dominant structures associated with the ELMs. The analysis was applied to single ELM events to characterize the ELM crash dynamics and then extended to a database of 159 ELM events. Statistical analysis was performed in order to find the characterizing dynamics of the ELM crash. The results show that on average, an ELM crash consists of a filament with a circular cross section, which is propelled outward with a characterizing peak radial velocity of ∼3.3 km/s. The radial velocity was found to be linearly dependent on the distance of the filament from the separatrix, which has never been seen before. The ELM filament is characterized by propagation in the ion-diamagnetic direction poloidally with a peak velocity of 11.4 km/s. The ELM crash lasts for approximately 100 μs until the radial propulsion settles back to the pre-ELM level. The experimental findings were compared with analytical theory. Two possible mechanisms were identified for explaining the observations: the curvature interchange model and the current–filament interaction model.

Method of optimization of geometric transformations of design surfaces of a man’s jacket

The article considers the mechanism of combining 3D and 2D-design methods based on the combination of modules of 3D-digital modification of the morphological structure of the body and 2D-generation of sweep details of the jacket. The mechanism of formation of the integrated design system for transformation of a surface of a body into silhouette designs on the basis of geometrical modeling has been offered. The selection of optimal divisions of the mannequin surface on the basis of identification of zones of stable deformations of the grid with regular topology is theoretically substantiated. Has been shown that the maximum compression deformation in the range of overall dimensions characterizes the parametric levels of darts in the product design. The affine transformations by the operation “shift” of the mannequin surface scan into three basic silhouettes of the jacket design were experimentally investigated. Parametrical transformation of silhouette designs have been realized by schemes of designs and the reference book of standard movements. Homogeneity of details’ construction of the sketch project of interchangeable models system has been estimated by coefficients of constructive homogeneity of silhouette designs and technological homogeneity of model functional knots. The algorithm of formation of the integrated design system of 3D and 2D-design is developed and its practical application on an example of the development of a series of interchangeable models of a jacket is shown.

Improving Data Security using Compression Integrated Pixel Interchange Model with Efficient Encryption Technique

We exist in a digital era in which communication is largely based on the transfer of digital knowledge over data networks. Disclosures are sometimes regarded as a transmitter that transmits a digital file. A system of encoding, efficient and easy yet secure model must be developed for quick and prompt transmission. The file is sent from source to destination where it is difficult to maintain the privacy of knowledge. The encryption of images is vital for securing sensitive information or images from unauthorized readers. By using a technique of selective encryption, the original image pixel values are completely obscured in this way and an intruder cannot retrieve statistical data from its original image. This paper introduces a new methodology for the use of a protective facility for the transmission of digital data over the public network. A highly established field with image compression is allowed for speedy transmission and efficient information storage. During the initial process, the original image is divided into blocks of the same size and sub segmentation is performed for accurate extraction of images within the boundaries. A random matrix is used to swap the pixels of the neighboring sub blocks. Afterwards, each pixel is randomly exchanged for the neighboring blocks with a random matrix, then each block is encrypted with the proposed function and then the encrypted data can be stored in cloud. The proposed method uses Image Segmentation based Compression Model with Pixel Interchange Encryption (ISbCPIE) Model for providing high security to the Image transmitted in the network. Compressor is needed to achieve rapid transmission and efficient storage. The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the results show that the proposed model security levels are better than the existing models.

Probing hidden-charm decay properties of Pc states in a molecular scenario

The ${P}_{c}(4312)$, ${P}_{c}(4440)$, and ${P}_{c}(4457)$ observed by the LHCb collaboration are very likely to be $S$-wave ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}{\overline{D}}^{(*)}$ molecular candidates due to their near threshold character. In this work, we study the hidden-charm decay modes of these ${P}_{c}$ states, ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p({\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}p)$, using a quark interchange model. The decay mechanism for the ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p({\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}p)$ processes arises from the quark-quark interactions, where all parameters are determined by the mass spectra of mesons. We present our results in two scenarios. In scenario I, we perform the dynamical calculations and treat the ${P}_{c}$ states as pure ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}{\overline{D}}^{(*)}$ molecules. In scenario II, after considering the coupled channel effect between different flavor configurations ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}^{(*)}{\overline{D}}^{(*)}$, we calculate these partial decay widths again. The decay patterns in these two scenarios can help us to explore the molecular assignment and the inner flavor configurations for the ${P}_{c}$ states. In particular, the decay widths of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}({P}_{c}(4312)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}p)$ are comparable to the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}p$ decay widths in both of these two scenarios. Future experiments like LHCb may confirm the existence of the ${P}_{c}(4312)$ in the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}p$ channel.

Possible molecular states in B(*)B(*) scatterings

We present that, if unitarizing the $B^{(*)}B^{(*)}$ scattering amplitudes in the constituent interchange model, one can find two bound state poles for $(I_{tot},S_{tot})=(0,1)$ $BB^*$ and $B^*B^*$ system, which corresponds to two $I(J^P)=0(1^+)$ doubly bottomed molecular states. Furthermore, it is noticed that the virtual states in $(1,0)$ $BB$, $(1,1)$ $BB^*$, $(1,0)$ $B^*B^*$, and $(1,2)$ $B^*B^*$ systems could produce enhancements of the module squares of the scattering $T$-matrix just above the related thresholds, which might correspond to $I(J^P)=1(0^+)$, $1(1^+)$, and $1(2^+)$ doubly bottomed molecular states, respectively. The calculation may be helpful for searching for the doubly bottomed molecular state in future experiments.

The GTU: A New Realistic Generic Pickup Truck and SUV Model

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Traditionally, ground vehicle aerodynamics has been researched with highly simplified models such as the Ahmed body and the SAE model. These models established and advanced the fundamental understanding of bluff body aerodynamics and have generated a large body of published data, however, their application to the development of passenger vehicles is limited by the highly idealized nature of their geometries. To date, limited data has been openly published on aerodynamic investigations of production vehicles, most likely due to the proprietary nature of production vehicle geometry. In 2012, Heft et al. introduced the realistic generic car model ‘DrivAer’ that better represents the flow physics associated with a typical production vehicle. The introduction of the DrivAer model has led to a broad set of published data for both experimental and computational investigations and has proven itself invaluable as a correlation and calibration tool of wind tunnels, the validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes and increasing the understanding of the fundamental flow physics around passenger vehicles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automotive sales trends in the United States, published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in 2018, indicate that sales of Pickup Trucks (PUs) and Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have increased over the past 10 years and are outselling sedans at a rate just over two to one. Compared to sedans, PU and SUV body styles pose additional aerodynamic challenges due to their complex wake structures. The introduction of a realistic generic PU and SUV model as an open access tool is expected to yield benefits to the wider community, equivalent to those of the DrivAer passenger vehicle. This paper introduces the Generic Truck Utility (GTU) as a realistic, generic PU truck and interchangeable SUV model. The paper will focus on the design and development of the GTU and will present a summary of preliminary experimental results of the GTU complemented by numerical simulations using iconCFD®, an open source based CFD solver.</div></div>

Hidden-charm strong decays of the Zc states

Inspired by BESIII's measurement of the decay $Z_c(3900)^{\pm}\rightarrow \rho^{\pm}\eta_c$, we calculate the branching fraction ratio between the $\rho\eta_c$ and $\pi J/\psi$ decay modes for the charged states $Z_c(3900)$, $Z_c(4020)$ and $Z_c(4430)$ using a quark interchange model. Our results show that (i) the ratio $R_{Z_c(3900)}=\frac{\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)^{\pm}\rightarrow \rho^{\pm}\eta_c)}{\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)^{\pm}\rightarrow \pi^{\pm}J/\psi)}$ is 1.3 and 1.6 in the molecular and tetraquark scenarios respectively, which is roughly consistent with the experimental data $R^{\mathrm{exp}}=2.2\pm0.9$. (ii) The ratios $\frac{\Gamma[Z_c(3900)\rightarrow \rho\eta_c]}{\Gamma[Z_c(4020)\rightarrow \rho\eta_c]}$ and $\frac{\Gamma[Z_c(3900)\rightarrow \pi J/\psi]}{\Gamma[Z_c(4020)\rightarrow \pi J/\psi]}$ are about 12.5 and 24.2, respectively in the molecular scenario. In contrast, these ratios are about 1.2 in the tetraquark scenario. The non-observation of the $Z_c(4020)$ signal in the $\pi J/\psi$ decay mode strongly indicates that $Z_c(3900)$ and $Z_c(4020)$ are molecule-like signals which arise from the $D^{(*)}{\bar D}^{(*)}$ hadronic interactions.

Quantum Spins and Random Loops on the Complete Graph

We present a systematic analysis of quantum Heisenberg-, xy- and interchange models on the complete graph. These models exhibit phase transitions accompanied by spontaneous symmetry breaking, which we study by calculating the generating function of expectations of powers of the averaged spin density. Various critical exponents are determined. Certain objects of the associated loop models are shown to have properties of Poisson–Dirichlet distributions.

On the modelling of heat exchangers and heat exchanger network dynamics using bond graphs

ABSTRACTHeat exchanger networks are important systems in most thermal engineering systems and are found in applications ranging from power plants and the process industry to domestic heating. Achieving cost-effective design of heat exchanger networks relies heavily on mathematical modelling and simulation-based design. Today, stationary design calculations are carried out for all new designs, but for some special applications, the transient response of complete networks has been researched. However, simulating large heat exchanger networks poses challenges due to computational speed and stiff initial value problems when flow equations are cast in differential algebraic form. In this article, a systems approach to heat exchanger and heat exchanger network modelling is suggested. The modelling approach aims at reducing the cost of system model development by producing modular and interchangeable models. The approach also aims at improving the capability for large and complex network simulation by suggesting an explicit formulation of the network flow problem.