Interactive Effects Of Race Research Articles

Youth sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of race and affluence on parents’ perspectives of youth participation

COVID-19 restrictions led to a nearly 50% decline in youth sport participation across the United States (Dorsch et al., 2021). Today, communities and sport organizations have resumed sport. However, research has yet to fully elucidate how COVID-19 restrictions impacted youth participation across different sociodemographic groups during the pandemic. The present study explored the association between race and affluence and their relationship with parents' attitudes toward children's youth sport participation before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Online questionnaires were completed by a nationally representative sample of 3706 parents (Mage = 39.57 ± 9.03 years) who had a child regularly participating in youth sport before COVID-19. Multivariate Analyses of Variance using Tukey post-hoc tests were conducted to examine the main effect differences by race and affluence and the interactive effects of race and affluence. Results suggest that race and affluence -- independently and in combination -- were salient categorical variables of children's weekly hours of sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings highlight that White*high affluent groups had the highest rates of sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic and that these families desire to invest more time and money at greater rates upon returning. Theoretically, designed intersectionality research is recommended to explore further effects of race and affluence in youth sport.

Abstract P015: Associations Of Physical Activity And Lactation Duration With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Cardia Study

Background: Physical activity (PA) and lactation individually benefit cardiometabolic health. Joint associations of PA and lactation with cardiometabolic risk factors have not been described. Methods: We averaged PA across all attended exams and summed total lactation duration in 1,068 Black and White parous women who attended the Year 30 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) examination. Two categories were created for PA (-PA: below median; +PA: ≥median) and lactation duration (-L: <3 months, +L: ≥3months). Participants were assigned to one of four groups based on PA patterns and cumulative lactation duration: -PA/-L, -PA/+L, +PA/-L, +PA/+L (most favorable). Cardiometabolic risk factors measured at Y30 were combined and standardized into a composite cardiometabolic risk score. We used linear regression to evaluate associations of group assignments with individual cardiometabolic risk factors and risk score. Covariates included age, race, study center, parity, education, smoking, medication use, alcohol consumption, baseline body mass index (BMI), and baseline diet quality. Results: Median PA=256 exercise units (IQR: 168-379), and 581 (54%) of participants reported cumulative lactation duration ≥3 months. Of the 1,068 participants, 303 were in the -PA/-L category, 231 in -PA/+L, 184 in +PA/-L, and 350 in +PA/+L. Participants in the +PA/+L category were older, had more years of education, lower BMI, gained less weight during follow-up, and were less likely to be Black versus the -PA/-L category. Mean cardiometabolic risk scores improved across categories and were not significantly different between -PA/+L and +PA/-L: -PA/-L: 0.23±0.04, -PA/+L: 0.08±0.04, +PA/-L: -0.02±0.05, +PA/+L: -0.23±0.03 all p≤0.08. After adjustment, +PA/+L assignment was associated with a lower (better) cardiometabolic risk score (β= -0.15, 95%CI: -0.25, -0.04) with no interactive effect of race, p=0.22. Associations were nonsignificant after accounting for 30-year change in BMI. Conclusions: Attaining above average PA combined with ≥3 months of lactation was associated with the most favorable cardiometabolic risk score in Black and White women. Participants who achieved either one of these behaviors had lower risk scores versus those with neither behavior. Attaining these levels of PA and/or lactation may reduce cardiometabolic risk in parous women due to less weight gain over time.

The Interactive Effects of Race and Expert Testimony on Jurors' Perceptions of Recanted Confessions.

We examined the effect of defendant race and expert testimony on jurors’ perceptions of recanted confessions. Participants (591 jury-eligible community members) read a first-degree murder trial transcript in which defendant race (Black/White) and expert testimony (present/absent) were manipulated. They provided verdicts and answered questions regarding the confession and expert testimony. When examining the full sample, we observed no significant main effects or interactions of defendant race or expert testimony. When exclusively examining White participants, we observed a significant interaction between expert testimony and defendant race on verdicts. When the defendant was White, there was no significant effect of expert testimony, but when the defendant was Black, jurors were significantly more likely to acquit when given expert testimony. These findings support the watchdog hypothesis, such that White jurors are more receptive to legally relevant evidence when the defendant is Black.

Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: Race and Gender Variations.

ObjectiveTo evaluate race and gender variations in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use for knee osteoarthritis (OA) (unadjusted and adjusted for demographic and clinical factors).MethodsA secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data was conducted. The sample included Veterans Affairs patients 50 years of age or older with symptomatic knee OA. Current use of various CAM therapies was assessed at baseline. Logistic regression models were used to compare race and gender differences in the use of specific CAMs.ResultsThe sample included 517 participants (52.2% identified as African American [AA]; 27.1% identified as female). After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, AA participants, compared with white participants, were less likely to use joint supplements (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31‐0.90]); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.19‐0.77); and chiropractic care (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26‐1.00). However, they were more likely to participate in spiritual activities (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.39‐2.94). Women, compared with men, were more likely to use herbs (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.41‐4.14); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.04‐4.19); acupuncture, acupressure, or massage (OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.28‐4.67); and spiritual activities (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.09‐2.60). The interactive effects of race and gender were significant in the use of herbs (P = 0.008); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (P = 0.011); acupuncture, acupressure or massage (P = 0.038); and spiritual activities (P < 0.001).ConclusionThere are race and gender differences in the use of various CAMs for OA. As benefits and limitations of CAM therapies vary, clinicians must be aware of these differences.

Earnings Inequality in 2016 Among Anglos, Latinxs, and Blacks

In this article we estimate gross, net, and interactive effects of race, ethnicity, marriage and family status, labor and capital markets, class/occupation and education and employment experience/effort, using the 2017 Current Population Survey, March Supplement. Following the Tilly and Hogan conceptualization of durable inequality and the Hogan and Hogan and Perrucci empirical work on Black and White racial and gender inequality, we update and expand that analysis to include Latinos and Latinas, focusing on the ways in which relations with Anglo men create or sustain distinctive forms of exploitation and opportunity hoarding, concluding that Latinas are truly disadvantaged due to ethnic barriers to educational and employment opportunities and exploitation as unpaid or underpaid labor, at home and at work.

School Suspension in Florida: The Interactive Effects of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Academic Achievement

A vast body of research demonstrates that the consequences of the “criminalization” of school discipline are not racially equitable, and Black and Hispanic students are more likely than White youth to experience exclusionary school punishments. However, limited prior work has examined the factors that might strengthen or weaken racial/ethnic inequalities in school discipline. Theoretically, academic achievement could moderate the effects of race and ethnicity, especially in conjunction with gender, though the expected direction of these interactive relationships is unclear. To explore these issues, the current study makes use of data from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (N = 54,611). The analyses reveal that, while Black male youth are the most likely to be suspended, racial/ethnic disparities are greater among females than males. Additionally, racial differences in the likelihood of suspension are more prominent at higher levels of academic achievement, particularly among female students.

Associations among race, residential segregation, community income, and emergency department use by adults with end-stage renal disease.

The purpose of this study was to examine independent and interactive effects of race, community income, and racial residential segregation on the likelihood of ED revisits by persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A retrospective analysis of de-identified data abstracted from Health Care Utilization and Cost Project's (HCUP) 2014 New Jersey State Emergency Department (ED) Database and American Community Survey (ACS) was conducted. The analytic sample was comprised of 2,859 ED encounters in 2014 by non-Hispanic Black and White persons over 18years of age with ESRD who were treated and released from the ED. The HCUP database was the data source for ED revisit, race, median community income, and covariate (age, gender, marital status, number of chronic conditions) variables in the study. The 2014 ACS was the source for racial segregation Dissimilarity Index scores across NJ counties. Living in communities with lower median income and high racial segregation was associated with a higher likelihood of ED revisits. Black race interacted with community income and racial segregation in its effect on ED revisits. Efforts are needed to direct geo-targeted interventions and resources to socially disadvantaged communities to lessen disparities in ED visits among dialysis patients.

Are Black Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Prescribed Higher Doses of Insulin than White Patients?

Black youth with T1D have been noted to have higher HbA1c’s, less frequent monitoring of capillary glucose and higher reported occurrence of hypoglycemia compared to white patients. We hypothesized that this combination of factors would be associated with higher prescribed doses of insulin in black patients compared to whites. A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected from patients at the Children’s Diabetes Center, New Orleans, LA who participated in a study of racial differences in hemoglobin glycation. Patients self-identified as either black or white and were under the clinical care of several different attending diabetologists. The influence of race on total daily prescribed dose of insulin per kg body weight (TDDI), was evaluated in a general linear model adjusted for HbA1c, insulin delivery method, gender, and chronologic age as well as the interactive effect of race and HbA1c. Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI) was also calculated and substituted in the model for HbA1c. The population studied consisted of 33 (19F, 14M) black patients and 52 (22F,30 M)whites. Average age was 14.0±3.6 years and duration of diabetes 5.7±3.9 years. As previously reported from this population blacks had higher HbA1c even after adjustment for age and mean blood glucose level (MBG). Mean TDDI was 0.89±0.33 units/kg/d. TDDI was highly correlated with both HbA1c (r=0.40,p&amp;lt;0.0001)and MBG (r=0.43,p&amp;lt;0.0001) before adjustment. In the linear model TDDI was significantly associated with HbA1c (p=0.0003) but not race, age, gender or insulin delivery mode. There was no interactive effect of race and HbA1c. There was no significant effect of HGI. We found that prescribed TDDI increased with increasing HbA1c in both black and white patients. This preliminary study suggests that prescribing physicians increase insulin dosage in an attempt to bring HbA1c to goal for their patients but do not vary dose based on ethnicity. Disclosure S. Chalew: None. R. Gomez: None. J.M. Hempe: None.

Measurement invariance of the Eating Disorder Examination in black and white children and adolescents.

The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) was originally developed and validated in primarily white female samples. Since data indicate that eating pathology impacts black youth, elucidating the psychometric appropriateness of the EDE for black youth is crucial. A convenience sample was assembled from seven pediatric obesity studies. The EDE was administered to all youth. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to examine the original four-factor model fit and two alternative factor structures for black and white youth. With acceptable fit, multiple-group CFAs were conducted. For measurement invariant structures, the interactive effects of race with sex, BMIz, adiposity, and age were explored (all significance levels p < .05). For both black and white youth (N=820; 41% black; 37% male; 6-18 years; BMIz -3.11 to 3.40), the original four-factor EDE structure and alternative eight-item one-factor structure had mixed fit via CFA. However, a seven-item, three-factor structure reflecting Dietary Restraint, Shape/Weight Overvaluation, and Body Dissatisfaction had good fit and held at the level of strict invariance. Girls reported higher factor scores than boys. BMIz and adiposity were positively associated with each subscale. Age was associated with Dietary Restraint and Body Dissatisfaction. The interactional effects between sex, BMIz, and age with race were not significant; however, the interaction between adiposity and race was significant. At higher adiposity, white youth reported greater pathology than black youth. An abbreviated seven-item, three-factor version of the EDE captures eating pathology equivalently across black and white youth. Full psychometric testing of the modified EDE factor structure in black youth is warranted.

Abstract B25: Understanding Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life in a Diverse, Population-Based Cohort of Breast Cancer Survivors in North Carolina

Abstract Objective: There are over 3 million women in the United States living with breast cancer or who have a history of breast cancer. As the number of women undergoing treatments and surviving breast cancer grows, characterizing changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is critical to ensuring patient-centered breast cancer care. Breast cancer risk and burden varies systemically between Black and White women. Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages and with more aggressive breast cancer tumors. Although racial disparities in HRQOL are well documented, less is known about differences in HRQOL at distinct phases of breast cancer care. Our objective was to assess racial disparities in HRQOL between active treatment and survivorship phases of the breast cancer care continuum. Methods: The study used data from the third phase of the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS-III). CBCS-III enrolled 3,000 women in North Carolina aged 20-74 years diagnosed with invasive, pathologically confirmed breast cancer between 2008 and 2013. HRQOL assessments occurred 5- and 25-months after diagnosis, respectively, representing distinct phases of care. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy for Breast Cancer and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy for Spiritual Well-Being measured HRQOL. We implemented three approaches (Institute of Medicine, Residual Direct Effect and interactive effects of race and socioeconomic factors) to assessing racial disparities to better understand if racial disparities in HRQOL changes existed and to identify potential mediators of disparities in HRQOL. Analysis of covariance models assessed racial differences in changes in HRQOL between active treatment and survivorship. Adjusted models included demographic, socioeconomic, tumor and treatment characteristics. Results: The cohort included 2,142 Non-Hispanic White (52%) and Black (48%) women with breast cancer who completed both HRQOL assessments. During active treatment, White women reported significantly better physical and functional HRQOL than Black women, but spiritual HRQOL was 2 points higher for Black women. At 25-months post-diagnosis, White women reported HRQOL scores well above U.S norms across physical, social, emotional and functional well-being domains. Black women, however, continued to report physical well-being scores 1.2 points below the U.S norm and 2.3 points below their White breast cancer counterparts. Once demographic, socioeconomic, tumor and treatment characteristics were adjusted for, racial differences narrowed and were not considered clinically meaningful. Conclusions: Racial differences in physical and functional HRQOL may be mediated by socioeconomic factors. Psychosocial and spiritual HRQOL seem well supported, mitigating negative effects of breast cancer care, especially among Black women. These results inform opportunities for improving the quality and equity of supportive services for women with breast cancer. Citation Format: Laura C. Pinheiro, Cleo A. Samuel, Katherine E. Reeder-Hayes, Stephanie B. Wheeler, Andrew F. Olshan, Bryce B. Reeve. Understanding Racial Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life in a Diverse, Population-Based Cohort of Breast Cancer Survivors in North Carolina. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B25.

Closing achievement gaps with a utility-value intervention: Disentangling race and social class.

Many college students abandon their goal of completing a degree in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) when confronted with challenging introductory-level science courses. In the U.S., this trend is more pronounced for underrepresented minority (URM) and first-generation (FG) students, and contributes to persisting racial and social-class achievement gaps in higher education. Previous intervention studies have focused exclusively on race or social class, but have not examined how the 2 may be confounded and interact. This research therefore investigates the independent and interactive effects of race and social class as moderators of an intervention designed to promote performance, measured by grade in the course. In a double-blind randomized experiment conducted over 4 semesters of an introductory biology course (N = 1,040), we tested the effectiveness of a utility-value intervention in which students wrote about the personal relevance of course material. The utility-value intervention was successful in reducing the achievement gap for FG-URM students by 61%: the performance gap for FG-URM students, relative to continuing generation (CG)-Majority students, was large in the control condition, .84 grade points (d = .98), and the treatment effect for FG-URM students was .51 grade points (d = 0.55). The UV intervention helped students from all groups find utility value in the course content, and mediation analyses showed that the process of writing about utility value was particularly powerful for FG-URM students. Results highlight the importance of intersectionality in examining the independent and interactive effects of race and social class when evaluating interventions to close achievement gaps and the mechanisms through which they may operate. (PsycINFO Database Record

Brief report: Suicidal ideation in adolescent girls: Impact of race

In the present study, we examine the unique and interactive effects of race (African American or European American) and depression on suicidal ideation, controlling for poverty, within a representative sample of adolescent girls. A community sample of 2450 girls (43.9% African American) participating in the longitudinal Pittsburgh Girls Study (PGS) was interviewed annually about depression symptoms and suicidal ideation, from ages 10–15 years. Caregivers reported on the girls' racial/ethnic background and the family's receipt of public assistance. Race and depression scores explained unique variance in suicidal ideation; receipt of public assistance did not. Endorsement and recurrence of suicidal ideation was more likely for African American than European American girls: there was a nearly two-fold increase in the likelihood of reporting frequent thoughts of death or suicide as a function of race. Of the 255 girls reporting recurrent suicidal ideation, 65.9% were African American. An interaction effect between race and depression symptoms was observed, such that African American girls were more likely to report suicidal ideation at lower levels of depression severity. The findings indicate that race is a critical factor for understanding, preventing, and treating suicidal ideation in girls.

Gender, race, BMI, and social support in relation to the health-related quality of life of cancer survivors: a report from the American Cancer Society’s Study of Cancer Survivors II (SCS-II)

We examined the main and interactive effects of race, BMI, and social support on physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among male and female cancer survivors using the stress and coping theory to inform findings. HRQoL issues among 1768 cancer survivors were examined using the American Cancer Society's cross-sectional Study of Cancer Survivors II. Two-step multiple linear regressions were conducted to assess the physical and mental HRQoL of male and female cancer survivors, respectively. The average age of participants was 67.36 (SD=11.51); the majority were female (53.3%; n=941) and non-Hispanic White (85.9%; n=1517). The average BMI measurement for participants was 28.33 (SD=5.90), with 41.3% (n=729) overweight and 30.3% (n=535) obese. Higher BMI was significantly associated with lower physical HRQoL across gender, while social support had significant main effects on physical and mental HRQoL across gender. Race moderated the relationship between social support and physical HRQoL among female cancer survivors and between BMI and mental HRQoL for both genders. The results of this study contribute a unique gender- and racial-specific perspective to cancer survivorship research. While the buffering hypothesis of the stress and coping theory was not supported, the main effects of BMI and social support on HRQoL were different across gender and race.

Race, Bias, and Attitudes Toward Drug Control Policy

This research explores the associative and interactive effects of race and perceived racial bias on attitudes toward drug policies among a sample of university students. Extant research that has examined general crime control attitudes has suggested the relative influence of both variables. However, our exploratory analysis finds perceived racial bias to be the most salient factor, whereas race, measured discretely, exhibits no interactive effect. The discussion considers structural explanations for racial disparity and advocates a more robust measurement of race variation that includes racial categorization, self-identification, and bias.

Attrition in a panel study of people with environmental exposures: new insights about the impact of race, sex, and number of children in the household

This study examines attrition in a panel survey. Each member of the panel was selected because of their documented exposure to long-term, low levels of hazardous substances in their residential water. In addition, each was informed of their exposure at the time of baseline contact. The analytic approach involves examining the interactive effect of race and sex, as well as the additive effect of household characteristics on the propensity to stay. The data are derived from the National Exposure Registry, which is a large-scale, longitudinal health survey. This study finds that compared with white males, non-white males are more likely to attrite and white females are more likely to stay in the study. In addition, the propensity to stay is affected by the number of children in the household. These findings have implications for field procedures that may involve the selective targeting at baseline of those subgroups with a greater propensity to attrite.

Mini-Symposium: Intersectionality Research

Since legal theorist Kimberle Crenshaw first spoke of intersectionality in the late 1980s, scholars in the social sciences and humanities have debated its relative strengths and weaknesses in theoretical, methodological, and policy terms. research is defined principally by its focus on the simultaneous and interactive effects of race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and national origin as categories of difference in the United States and beyond. This symposium is a conscious attempt to draw on our expertise in intersectionality and our identities as political scientists to spotlight different approaches to intersectionality. Part of our goal is thus to facilitate the development of innovative theoretical arguments and new empirical research designs in this area of scholarship by featuring examples of intersectionality research from distinct subfields. The essays that follow this introduction speak to a broad audience, as they represent four distinct subfields: political theory, American politics, comparative politics, and public policy. Each essay addresses the growing body of research focusing on what Dara Strolovitch (2007) calls intersectionally stigmatized populations at different levels of analysis. Each article also brings the tools of political science to bear on topics ripe for intersectional analysis, again reinforcing the notion that intersectionality theory and political science have much to offer each other. Much of the early scholarship on intersectionality has focused almost entirely on the United States and is often critiqued as having utility solely in the American context. Later scholarship, in attempting to address this critique, opened another avenue of questions, such as, what happens to a concept when it goes global and is applied to contexts outside of the United States? Comparative politics scholar Erica Townsend-Bell provides one answer to this question. Her essay, What is Relevance? Defining Intersectional Praxis in Uruguay, is less focused on intersectionality as a theoretical construct and more concerned with its development as political praxis. Using the 2005 International Women's Day March and the 2003 domestic violence coalition as illustrative examples, she identifies the conditions under which a normative philosophical commitment to intersectionality does not square with its adaption and translation on the ground. Through analysis of field interviews with activists Townsend-Bell attends to the ideological disputes over which identity categories are most relevant to single-issue and multiissue women's organizations in Uruguay. Linking her interests in intersectionality with traditional questions of social movements and group formation, Townsend-Bell exposes real-life circumstances that arise when social movement actors attempt to find the most productive and usable ways of provoking social change collaboratively. Through her critical analysis of intersectionality's applicability in the Uruguayan context, she provides further evidence of the need for intersectional consciousness (Greenwood 2008) prior to movement building, and her essay reminds us that intersectionality as a term travels across time and geographic regions. Like Townsend-Bell, Nancy Wadsworth's essay, Intersectionality in California's Same-Sex Marriage Battles: A Complex Proposition, also focuses on a longstanding area of interest shared by intersectionality scholars and political scientists: the tensions and limitations of majoritarian efforts to protect the rights of minorities. From a very different political context Wadsworth examines the coalitional and rhetorical strategies used to mobilize support in favor of a ballot initiative in the United States, Proposition 8, which eliminated the right to samesex marriage in California. Wadsworth makes the case for a broader, more inclusive conceptualization of intersectionality, insisting that religion qualifies as yet another identity category of difference. …

Interactive Effects of Race and Depressive Symptoms on Calcification in African American and White Women

To examine the cross-sectional associations among race, depressive symptoms, and aortic and coronary calcification in a sample of middle-aged women. Depressive symptoms have been associated with atherosclerotic indicators of coronary heart disease (CHD) in white women. Few studies have examined these associations in samples including African American women, or explored whether any observed associations differ by race. Participants were 508 (38% African American, 62% white) women. Aortic and coronary calcification were measured by electron beam tomography and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were conducted to test associations. In linear regression models adjusted for race, depressive symptoms were associated with a greater amount of aortic calcification (beta = 0.03, p = .01), and there was a significant race x depressive symptoms interaction (beta = 0.07, p = .006). Findings for depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.0-1.06, p = .07), and the race x depressive symptoms interaction (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.01-1.18, p = .01) were similar in race-adjusted multinomial logistic regression models predicting high levels of aortic calcification. Race-specific models revealed a significant association between depressive symptoms and aortic calcification in African American, but not white women. Additional adjustments for education, study site, and CHD risk factors did not alter these results. Depressive symptoms were not associated with coronary calcification for women of either racial group. African American women may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of depressive symptoms on early atherosclerotic disease.

The Interactive Effects of Race and Gender on Inservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Caucasian American Principals’ Culturally Proficient School Leadership

The Interactive Effects of Race and Gender on Inservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Caucasian American Principals’ Culturally Proficient School Leadership

The Interactive Effects of Race, Gender and School Composition on College Track Placement

This article investigates how organizational features of high schools interact with students' ascriptive characteristics to shape opportunities to learn. It advances previous research by examining the intersection of students' gender-by-race cohort with their high schools' racial composition on their Grade 12 English track placement in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. Using HLM with a sample of seniors, we find that school racial composition has significant effects on the track placement of different race-gender cohorts, and that schools' racial compositions interact with students' ascriptive characteristics in these processes. Net of prior achievement, track placements are influenced by individual and family characteristics, as well as school racial composition. Attending a racially imbalanced school affects students' chances of enrolling in college-prep tracks. Racially balanced high schools offer all students the greatest equality of access to college prep tracks.

Disentangling the effects of race and SES on arthritis-related symptoms, coping, and well-being in African American and White women

This study examined both unique and interactive effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on arthritis-related symptoms, coping, and well-being in African American and White women. Participants included 77 African American and 98 White women, aged 45 to 90, who completed structured, face-to-face interviews. A series of 2 × 2 MANCOVAs examined race (African American, White) and SES (high/low education or high/low occupational status) differences in arthritis-related symptoms, coping, and well-being. African Americans used more religious coping, wishful-thinking, seeking social support, and emotional expression than Whites. Individuals with low SES reported worse arthritis-related symptoms, poorer well-being, and greater use of coping strategies that tend to be maladaptive. Race × SES interactions revealed higher depressive symptoms in African Americans with low versus high education and coping differences in African Americans with low versus high occupational status; however differences in depressive symptoms and coping based on SES were not evident for Whites. Results demonstrate unique and interactive race and SES differences for arthritis-related symptoms, coping, and well-being showing the complexity of race and SES in the realm of physical and mental health.