Interactive Effects Of Extraversion Research Articles

Workplace intrusions and employee strain: the interactive effects of extraversion and emotional stability

ABSTRACTBackground/objectives: Intrusions are a type of workplace interruption defined as unexpected interpersonal contact that disrupts workflow. Drawing from the Job Demands-Resources model of work stress, we examined how two personal resources – extraversion and emotional stability – influence relations among intrusions and strain outcomes.Design/methodology: Self-reported, online questionnaire data were collected from two samples; 323 faculty and staff from a university (sample 1) and 574 full-time employees recruited from an online crowdsourcing forum (sample 2).Results: In sample 1 extraversion was positively related to intrusions, whereas in sample 2, extraversion and emotional stability were negatively related to intrusions. There were no interactive effects of personality on relations among intrusions and strain outcomes in sample 1. In sample 2, low emotional stability strengthened relations among intrusions and work tension. Additionally, intrusions were negatively associated with stress for individuals high on emotional stability. Finally, introverts experienced less stress in response to intrusions.Conclusion: Taking a person-situation interactionist approach, we examined personal resources that may mitigate interruption-related strain. Our findings suggest that for employees high in emotional stability, interruptions may be both less detrimental and, in some cases, beneficial. This study has practical implications for the structuring of work environments to mitigate strain and maximize person-environment fit.

Want a tip? Service performance as a function of emotion regulation and extraversion.

Surface acting and deep acting with customers are strategies for service performance, but evidence for their effectiveness is limited and mixed. We propose that deep acting is an effective strategy for most employees, whereas surface acting's effect on performance effectiveness depends on employee extraversion. In Study 1, restaurant servers who tended to use deep acting exceeded their customers' expectations and had greater financial gains (i.e., tips) regardless of extraversion, whereas surface acting improved tips only for extraverts, not for introverts. In Study 2, a call center simulation, deep acting improved emotional performance and increased the likelihood of extrarole service behavior beyond the direct and interactive effects of extraversion and other Big Five traits. In contrast, surface acting reduced emotional performance for introverts and not extraverts, but only during the extrarole interaction. We discuss implications for incorporating traits into emotional labor research and practice.

National Differences in Subjective Well-Being: The Interactive Effects of Extraversion and Neuroticism

Extraversion and neuroticism interact to affect subjective well-being (SWB) at the individual level of analysis, so that introverted neurotics tend to be particularly miserable. The goal of this study is to determine if this interaction can also be detected at a national level. Findings based on data from 30 countries confirmed that the interaction between extraversion and neuroticism was an extremely strong predictor of satisfaction with life and affect, and a similar though not significant effect was observed with happiness. Neuroticism lowered satisfaction with life and affect among all nations, but more so among introverted nations than among extraverted ones. These findings further confirm that personality traits can be used to extend our understanding of national differences regarding SWB. They also further validate national SWB scores, as they relate to personality in a complex but theoretically meaningful manner.

The Interactive Effects of Extraversion and Conscientiousness on Performance

The abridged big five dimensional circumplex (AB5C; Hofstee, de Raad & Goldberg, 199 2; Johnson & Ostendorf, 199 3) integrates the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes and circumplex models of personality. The present study of one sample of job applicants and three samples of workers in jobs requiring interpersonal interaction considered two dimensions within the AB5C—extraversion and conscientiousness—and examined the relationships of their interaction with job interview performance and supervisor ratings of job performance. Results of moderated multiple regression analyses supported the hypothesis. Additional units of extraversion led to increments in performance among high-conscientious workers but to decrements in performance among low-conscientious workers.

The Interactive Effects of Extraversion and Conscientiousness on Performance

The abridged big five dimensional circumplex (AB5C; Hofstee, de Raad & Goldberg, 1992; Johnson & Ostendorf, 1993) integrates the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes and circumplex models of personality. The present study of one sample of job applicants and three samples of workers in jobs requiring interpersonal interaction considered two dimensions within the AB5C—extraversion and conscientiousness—and examined the relationships of their interaction with job interview performance and supervisor ratings of job performance. Results of moderated multiple regression analyses supported the hypothesis. Additional units of extraversion led to increments in performance among high-conscientious workers but to decrements in performance among low-conscientious workers.

On the Social Nature of Personality: Effects of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Feedback about Collective Resource Use on Cooperation in a Resource Dilemma

The present research investigated how individual differences in Extraversion and Agreeableness affect cooperation in an experimental resource dilemma. Manipulated feedback indicated either that the common resource was being used at a sustainable rate or that it was being rapidly depleted. As predicted, Extraversion was generally negatively related to cooperation, whereas Agreeableness was generally positively related to cooperation. Whereas individuals high in Extraversion and individuals low in Agreeableness were unresponsive to feedback regarding collective resource use, individuals low in Extraversion and individuals high in Agreeableness exercised more self-restraint when the common resource was severely threatened. Exploratory analyses revealed neither interactive effects of Extraversion and Agreeableness nor effects of individual differences in Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect. Together, these results highlight the importance of individual differences in Extraversion and Agreeableness in social dilemma settings.

Interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, and social relationships on subjective well-being.

Interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, and social relationships on subjective well-being.

Personality and performance in elementary mathematics with special reference to skill area

The scores of a stratified sample of 413 fourth-year junior school children on the JEPI were analysed in relation to performance in four major skill areas in elementary mathematics (factual recall, computation, understanding and application). Analysis by correlation revealed that extraverted boys and girls do better than introverted ones in each of the skill areas. Similarly, stable boys and girls do better than unstable ones. A four-way analysis of variance of the scores, separating the main and interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, skill area and sex was conducted. An interaction involving skill area was found to be statistically significant. For the area of factual recall it was found that girls were superior to boys in the extraverted group but inferior in the introverted while stable pupils did better than the unstable. For each of the other three skill areas, the second-order interaction, sex x extraversion x neuroticism was found to be statistically significant together with the main effect of extraversion, the extraverted pupils generally performing better than the introverted, though not uniformly so in the different cross-classification of sex and neuroticism.

Interactive effects of extraversion and arousal on attentional task performance: Multiple resources or encoding processes?

Interactive effects of extraversion and arousal on attentional task performance: Multiple resources or encoding processes?

Interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, and social relationships on subjective well-being.

Interactive effects of extraversion, neuroticism, and social relationships on subjective well-being.

The interactive effects of extraversion and arousal on performance: Are creativity tests anomalous?

Existing research on extraversion and creativity test performance raises several problems. Reported linear associations between extraversion and creativity are inconsistent with each other. Interactive effects of extraversion and stressors on creativity are inconsistent with data obtained using other tasks. Given these anomalous interactions, it is possible that arousal theory assumptions are invalid for creativity tests. The research reported here aimed to provide further data on the relationship between personality and creativity, and to test assumptions made by arousal theory in explaining interactive effects of extraversion and arousal on performance. Two experiments on the effects of 16PF extraversion and trait anxiety, noise and arousal (measured by questionnaire) on a creativity index are reported. In general, extraversion and anxiety interacted as predicted by arousal theory. However in both experiments extraversion was independent of arousal, and data from the second experiment suggested that there was no marked linear or curvilinear relationship between creativity test performance and arousal.

Dishabituation and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal orienting response: Effects of extraversion, impulsivity, sociability, and caffeine

The relationship between extraversion and psychophysiological indices of arousal is not yet fully understood. The present study attempted to further clarify this relationship by using caffeine to systematically manipulate arousal. Subjects pretested on the Eysenck Personality Inventory were given caffeine or a placebo, then underwent habituation, dishabituation, and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal OR. Separate analyses examined the main and interactive effects of extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability with caffeine. Several tonic and phasic measures showed group reversal effects, with introverts having higher tonic levels and larger phasic responses under placebo conditions and extraverts having larger phasic responses and higher tonic levels under caffeine. Although both tonic and phasic responses were differentially affected, the group reversal effects occurred at different points in time on tonic than they did on phasic measures relative to the theoretical buildup of inhibition. The findings for impulsivity were quite consistent with those for extraversion, and both sets of results were generally supportive of the Eysenck hypothesis.

Arousal and speed of recall.

Subjects were divided into four groups based upon the possible combinations of high or low Extraversion and high or low General Activation. They learned two lists of paired associates in an A-B, A-Br paradigm, with a record being kept of the number of errors and the latency of correct responses. The groups were found to differ considerably more in terms of response latency than in terms of the probability of responding correctly. A number of the analyses indicated an interactive effect of Extraversion and General Activation on retrieval performance, in which high General Activation led to reduced response latencies for extraverts, but to slower latencies for introverts. This finding was interpreted with reference to arousal theory. Additional findings suggested that the poor performance of high arousal subjects was partially due to their tendency to take in information from dominant sources, a hypothesis suggested by Broadbent (1971).