Inter-vehicle Communication System Research Articles

Lateral Pre-crash Sensing and Avoidance in Emotion Enabled Cognitive Agent based Vehicle-2-Vehicle Communication System

A novel inter-vehicle communication system based on emotion enabled cognitive (EEC) agent has been anticipated as an intelligent solution to evade the road catastrophe due to hasty decisions by drivers. An input stimulus is processed in human brain using a short route and a long route during any emergency situation. The proposed EEC agent, mounted inside a vehicle, acts like a human brain and is stirred by short route information processing mechanism of human brain in fear condition. The results are acquired for the decisions made by the proposed approach through the EEC agent using short route and human drivers using long route during urgent situations. A pre crash sensing and avoidance algorithm has been proposed as well to mitigate the lateral or side by side collision using EEC agent. Experimental findings reveal that by commencing emotions with cognition, and using formulated L-PCSA algorithm, lateral collisions chances can be sensed and avoided to secure the valued lives of passengers. It has been pragmatic that the new approach is very effectual and useful in shunning the lateral road collisions.

Performance metrics for vehicular visible light communication systems

Vehicular Visible Light communication (VVLC) presents a new paradigm for providing vehicle connectivity, increasing road safety, and achieving autonomous driving. It can be chosen as an alternative solution to radio frequency-based inter-vehicle communication systems and/or as a complementary solution to ensure redundancy. Nevertheless, there are still significant challenges in incorporating visible light communication systems into vehicular networks. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an outline of the performance metrics of a VVLC system. Furthermore, the study is performed based on a vehicle-to-vehicle dynamic model close to reality, considering the effect of geometrical changes in the LOS path and the variation of the inter-vehicular distance. The analysis of the proposed system is discussed in terms of Signal to noise (SNR), Field of view (FOV), mobility, and average capacity.

Link Failure Tolerant GPSR Protocol

Link failure cause packet loss, increased delays, disconnection from the network or even the shutdown of the inter-vehicle communication system vehicle-to-vehicle. Routing protocols suffer from this situation due to the lack of fault tolerance mechanisms that are intended to make the vehicular ad hoc network capable of remaining functional over time with low response time and/or high throughput; despite failures. Through this paper, we propose a version of the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol that is tolerant to link failures based on the prediction of the future position of each vehicle (position prediction-GPSR) and a minimum threshold of the vehicle coverage area (position predictive with threshold-GPSR) to elect the next hops. Simulation results show that the proposed approach offers good performance.

ADVICE-LOC: An adaptive vehicle-centric location management scheme for intelligent connected cars

With the recent advances and wide availability of heterogeneous wireless access technologies, inter-vehicle communication systems are expected to culminate in the integration of different wireless networks based on such standards as 5G/6G, coupling with multimedia and sensor networks for the next generation of connected and autonomous vehicles. However, the high mobility nature of vehicles poses intrinsic research challenges on the mobility management and the integration of different wireless technologies. Towards this end, in this paper, we propose an ADaptive VehIcle-CEntric LOCation management protocol (ADVICE-LOC) that utilizes the individual mobility projection of each vehicle and estimates the vehicles’ residual time within each access point. Its ultimate objective is to eliminate the network communication’s overhead, while guaranteeing a high packet delivery ratio and low latency rates. The proposed protocol preemptively adjusts the vehicles’ access registration and location updates based on its movement projections. We present our protocol, and we report on its performance evaluation using an extensive set of experiments using SUMO generated vehicles’ mobility. Our results indicate that the proposed DEVICE-LOC protocol succeed significantly in reducing the communication overhead while sustaining high packet delivery ratio when compared to previous studies.

A Dynamic MAP Discovery and Selection Scheme for Predictive Hierarchical MIPv6 in Vehicular Networks

Recent developments and the ubiquitous availability of wireless technologies and inter-vehicle communication systems are anticipated to lead to the evolution of heterogeneous wireless networks. Based on standards such as the IEEE 802.11, 5G and WiMax, coupled with mobile IP for the content delivery of road safety and infotainment services to drivers over the new generation of vehicular networks. However, the performance of traditional mobility management protocols over vehicular networks is affected by network topology changes and vehicles' high mobility. Therefore, efficient mobility management solution that mitigates the challenges of vehicles' mobility is needed. In this paper, we present an adaptive mobility management protocol for predictive hierarchical mobile IPv6 in vehicular networks. We develop a dynamic Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) discovery and selection scheme that adjusts the network topology structure to fit the vehicles' mobility environment better. Moreover, the predictive handover scheme is based on a multi-observation hidden Markov model, which utilizes the vehicles' movement projections to estimate the subsequent point of access. The performance of our proposed protocol has been tested using NS-2 and several real and synthetic mobility traces. The results indicate that our protocol exhibits better performance results when compared to well-known handover protocols in reducing the handover latency and packet loss.

Field tests of a dynamic green driving strategy based on inter-vehicle communication

This paper presents the design and results for field tests regarding the environmental benefits in stop-and-go traffic of an algorithmic green driving strategy based on inter-vehicle communication (IVC), which was proposed in Yang and Jin (2014). The green driving strategy dynamically calculates advisory speed limits for vehicles equipped with IVC devices so as to smooth their speed profiles and reduce their emissions and fuel consumption. For the field tests, we develop a smartphone-based IVC system, in which vehicles’ speeds and locations are collected by GPS and accelerometer sensors embedded in smartphones, and communications among vehicles are enabled by specially designed smartphone applications, a central server, and 4G cellular networks. Six field tests are carried out on an uninterrupted ring road under slow or fast stop-and-go traffic conditions. We compare the performances of three alternatives: no green driving, heuristic green driving, and the IVC-based algorithmic green driving. Results show that heuristic green driving has better smoothing and environmental effects than no green driving, but the IVC-based algorithmic green driving outperforms both. In the future, we are interested in field tests under more realistic traffic conditions.

Connected Cooperative Control of Autonomous Vehicles During Unexpected Road Situations

This article discusses how connected cooperative control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) can help in providing safe and comfortable mobility during unexpected road situations. Driving AVs in urban areas poses a big challenge due to the complexity of the traffic rules as well as unexpected scenarios involved. In these situations, an inter-vehicle communication system can be of great help. Cooperation between multiple AVs is possible with the development of vehicular communication. In particular, state estimation can be improved with multiple sources of information gathered from different vehicles. Cooperative state estimation can also improve robustness against communication failure. With future trajectories shared among nearby vehicles, the motion can be coordinated to make navigation safer and smoother for AVs. For vehicular communication, the IEEE 802.11p standard has been designed to allow information exchange between high-speed cars, and between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Other wireless communication technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and WiFi, are also suggested.

Object Matching for Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems—An IMM-Based Track Association Approach With Sequential Multiple Hypothesis Test

Autonomous driving poses unique challenges for vehicle environment perception due to the complex driving environment where the autonomous vehicle interacts with surrounding traffic participants. Due to the limited capability of any sensor perception system, it is highly desirable that an autonomous driving vehicle could use not only information from onboard sensors (say, radar/camera/lidar) but also from remote (network) information via inter-vehicle communication systems. The collaborative information from cooperative/non-cooperative remote vehicles (along with the onboard sensor data) could substantially improve the vehicle decision making process and push autonomous driving to be safer and more reliable. Inter-vehicle communication technologies are at the stage of development for market introduction, after years of research and standardization. In this paper, we setup a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) system to provide a low-latency inter-vehicle wireless communication channel. The task is to build a record linkage between the onboard sensor data and the corresponding DSRC-transmitted remote vehicle information when both sets belong to the same object, for the purpose of enhancing host vehicle environment perceiving capability and reliability. This is a typical data association problem. The challenges mainly lie in the inherent uncertain nature of the observation data and the practical issues that information often suffers from delays and drops. We propose a track-based association approach using an interacting multiple model estimator with a sequential multiple hypothesis test (denoted as IMM-SMHT) as an ubiquitous solution to handle different situations in complicated driving scenarios. To fully exploit the potential of such a system, only position information (from the DSRC channel and onboard radar system) is used for the object matching purpose—we try to use the least amount of information to achieve a high association accuracy; additional information can be used but not currently considered. We aim to provide a real world solution, and therefore, a prototype vehicle system is built with practical consideration on market availability, cost, and sensor limitations. We design meaningful use cases for creating functionality modules from a systematic point of view. The inter-vehicle information fusion system based on the track fusion approach using the IMM-SMHT is tested in real traffic on the U.S. roads and shows promising object matching performance of significant practical feasibility.

Vehicle Public Safety System Design and Implementation

To enhance traffic safety with efficient transportation, a vehicle public safety system is designed and implemented for collision avoidance and emergency warning. The proposed architecture for the system combines On Board Unit development with publicly available inter-vehicle wireless communication systems and also positioning devices. A communication routing scheme is proposed based on multi-hop broadcasting scheme with a dissemination model and a suppression technique. Field test of the On Board Unit prototype and simulation model of the proposed communication routing scheme demonstrates the capability of the system to improve traffic safety with low latency, wider coverage and collision avoidance.

Secrecy outage analysis with Kth best relay selection in dual-hop inter-vehicle communication systems

In this paper, we investigate the secrecy outage performance of a dual-hop inter-vehicle communication system, in which all nodes are in motion and all fading channels are assumed to undergo cascaded Rayleigh distributions. In particular, a mobile node (source) with a single antenna transmits confidential information to another mobile node (destination) equipped with M(M⩾1) antennas through N(N>1) single-antenna road-side relays in the presence of an eavesdropper with L(L⩾1) antennas. Assuming decode-and-forward relaying, the Kth best relay is selected to assist source–destination transmission based on two classical relay selection schemes: (i) the optimal source-relay link scheme; and (ii) the optimal source-relay-destination link scheme. Closed-form analytical expressions for secrecy outage probability of those two schemes are derived, and verified with Monte Carlo simulation results.

Fixed-gain AF PLNC over cascaded Nakagami-m fading channels for vehicular communications

We propose an inter-vehicle communication system and investigate its performance. Due to employing physical layer network coding (PLNC) with fixed gain amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme on relay, our system is more practical in terms of implementation complexity than the ones using variable gain. Analytic results are derived under the cascaded Nakagami-m fading channel model assumption covering cascaded Rayleigh, double Nakagami-m, Generalized-K and conventional cellular channel models as well. As we investigate performance of the system, first we derive exact cumulative density functions (CDF) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise-ratio. Using this CDF, we obtain the exact closed-form outage probability. Then we derive the exact closed-form symbol error rate (SER) expression for various modulation types. Finally, we verify the analytic results by comparing with computer simulations. Our results show that the outage probability and SER performance decrease when the cascading degrees of the channels increase.

Shockwave Suppression by Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

The rapid development of wireless communication and information technologies has increased research interests in inter-vehicle communication systems and their effect on traffic flow. One of the most complex traffic phenomena on freeways are shockwaves. Shockwaves are recognized as the sudden, substantial change in the state of the traffic flow, which acts as an active or moving bottleneck. They have significant impact on freeway capacity and safety. For this study, a microscopic traffic simulation was used to determine the extent to which inter-vehicle communication and change in the driving strategy after the recognition of a shockwave can influence the propagation and dissolving of shockwaves on freeways. We also briefly introduce the shockwave theory and our communication algorithm. Then we present the simulation result with different penetration rates of communicative vehicles, which are randomly dispersed in traffic flow, through performance measures for traffic flow with shockwaves.

Numerical Study on Path Loss Characteristics Considering Antenna Positions on Car Body at Blind Intersection in Urban Area for Inter-Vehicle Communications Using 700MHz Band

In the development of inter-vehicle communication systems for the prevention of car crashes, it is important to know radio propagation characteristics at blind intersections. In field experiments and numerical simulations to investigate radio propagation characteristics, a half wavelength dipole antenna is assumed to be the wave source in many cases. However, a directivity of car antenna is changed by the effect of both car body and antenna position on car. In this paper, path loss characteristics considering antenna positions on car body at a blind intersection in urban area for inter-vehicle communications using 700MHz band are investigated. Additionally, simplified car models are proposed for the efficient analysis of radio propagation. Here, the hybrid method using both FDTD and ray-tracing methods is used for the radio propagation analysis.

Effect of Transparent Waves from Building Walls on Path Loss Characteristics at Blind Intersection in Urban Area for 700MHz Band Inter-Vehicle Communications

In the development of inter-vehicle communication systems for a prevention of car crashes, it is important to know path loss characteristics at blind intersections in urban area. Thus field experiments and numerical simulations have been performed. By the way, transparent waves from building walls are not considered in many cases. The reason why is that it is the worst case in terms of the path loss at blind intersection surrounded by buildings in urban area. However, it would be important to know the effect of transparent wave on the path loss in actual environments. On the other hand, path loss models have been proposed to estimate easily the path loss in urban environment. In these models, the effect of transparent wave is not clear. In this paper, the effect of transparent wave from building walls on path loss characteristics at blind intersection in urban area is investigated by using the FDTD method. Additionally, the relationship between transparent wave and path loss models is also investigated.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DSDV, AODV ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANET

Wireless networks between vehicles formed by VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks). VANET incorporates the wireless communication and data sharing capabilities to turn into vehicles as a network topology. VANET is showing great potential in research area. Inter-vehicle communication system in VANET improves traffic safety. VANET consists of high dynamic topology, Intermittent connectivity Patterned mobility and on board sensors etc. A challenging task in vehicular ad hoc network is routing of data due to its high dynamic behavior. An efficient routing protocol by understanding the dynamic behavior of VANET topology will plays an essential role in communication of vehicles. Mobility of nodes, road topologies are some of the internal factors are presented on the performance of routing protocols. Routing protocols are of mainly categorized into: Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing protocols. This paper occurs with performance evaluation of AODV (Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector) routing protocols using mobility model IDM-IM (Intelligent Driver Model with Intersection Management, this mobility model is from VanetMobisim) based on metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and average end to end delay. AODV is reactive routing protocol and DSDV is proactive routing protocol. IDM_IM is the VanetMobisim tool mobility model with a simulation area. In this paper we also present how the VanetMobisim interacts with Network Simulator. VanetMobisim presents results as a text file. The simulation results are presented with graphs. VanetMobisim and Network Simulator tools are open access tools. VanetMobisim a vehicular ad hoc network tool and network simulator-2(NS2) a simulation tool are used for implementation purpose.

Traffic Pattern Scheduling in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network

Vehicular ad hoc network is the emerging technology for current research trend. And In Vehicular ad hoc network The Broadcast is a frequently used method in Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) Systems. Possible applications relying on broadcast include sharing emergency, traffic, weather, and road data among vehicles, and delivering advertisements and announcements. It provides important control and route establishment functionality for unicast, broadcast and multicast protocols. In vehicular ad hoc network at urban area there is basically three types of traffics are there Dense, Sparse and Regular. In existing system the Road side unit is continue broadcast the messages whether there are vehicles in its range or not so cause of that collision problem are occur so we can set the broadcasting time of RSU such a way so collision problem will be solved and the message delivery ratio will be increase.

협력주행 서비스를 위한 차량통신시스템 성능 분석

협력주행 서비스를 위한 차량통신시스템 성능 분석

Hybrid Radio and Visible Light Communications in Inter-Vehicle Communication

We firstly propose a hybrid-Radio-and-Visible-Light-Communication (HR-VLC) system in Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) employing Spread-Spectrum (SS) for better ranging and larger capacity. IVC, a key in Intelligent Transport System (ITS), is intended to improve the better safety and more convenient user experience. In the IVC, Radio communications system may not guarantee the precise ranging and large capacity. Thanks to the VLC with a good directionality and ubiquitous LEDs, a HR-VLC will support a reliable and better ranging system for IVC. Furthermore, the utilization of SS helps reduce the interference of ambient light proportionally to the processing gain. In the HR-VLC in IVC system, PPM is used as a modulation scheme due to high average power efficiency. It is verified that the proposed system achieves better BER performance and more precise ranging.

A High Secure And Efficient Data Acquistion Mechanism In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(Vanets)

Recent advances in wireless inter-vehicle communication systems enable the establishment of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) and create significant opportunities for the deployment of a wide variety of applications and services to vehicles. VANETs enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with road side units (RSU). The deployment of vehicular communication systems is strongly dependent on their security and privacy features. Security and privacy are major research concerns in VANETs due to the frequent vehicles movement, time critical response and hybrid architecture of VANETs that make them different than other Ad hoc networks. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that vehicular ad hoc networks must rely heavily on node-to-node communication, thus allowing for malicious data traffic. At the same time, the easy access to information afforded by VANETs potentially enables the difficult security goal of data validation. Here a suite of novel security and privacy mechanism is proposed using the HARDY function, i.e. hierarchical-based encryption function, and thus evaluating and improving the performance.

Synchronizing Public Transport Transfers by Using Intervehicle Communication Scheme

Synchronized transfers in public transport (PT) networks play an important role in reducing transfer walking time, increasing PT network connectivity, and improving PT reliability and the attractiveness of the PT service. However, because of the dynamic, stochastic, and uncertain nature of traffic, planned synchronized PT transfers do not always materialize. Missed connections frustrate the PT passengers and reduce potential new users. This research proposed an intervehicle communication (IVC)-based scheme to optimize the synchronization of planned transfers in PT networks. A semidecentralized control strategy was developed for the IVC systems to make the optimization a parallel process. Two operational tactics, changing vehicle speed and holding vehicles at transfer points, were used in the optimization with real-time vehicle speed and location information. A distance-based dynamic speed-adjustment model was developed for updating vehicle running speed under the fixed single-point encounter scenario and flexible road-segment encounter scenario. The impact of the proposed IVC scheme on the total number of direct transfers and the total passenger travel time (TPTT) was investigated with a case study of a PT network from Beijing. Results showed that by applying the proposed methodology, the number of direct transfers was considerably increased by 1,100%, and the TPTT was significantly reduced by 13.2%.