Interstate Migration Research Articles

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ МИГРАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РФ В УСЛОВИЯХ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО КРИЗИСА И ДЕФИЦИТА ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ (МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ)

The article examines the transformation of the migration policy of the Russian Federation in the light of the task set by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to achieve positive population dynamics already by the end of 2024. This actualizes the need to develop a Strategy for the Demographic Development of the Russian Federation, proposed by L.L. Rybakovsky and N.I. Kozhevnikova, in accordance with the prospects for the development of the Concept of Demographic Development of the EAEU, proposed by S.V. Ryazantsev, and as an initial stage in the development of the Concept of Migration Policy of the EAEU , the purpose of which is substantiated and proposed by the author from a methodological point of view. The issues of the conceptual apparatus, in the demographic sphere, migration, as a complex socio-economic and demographic process, international economic integration, where interstate migration processes are assigned the role of a mechanism of interrelation of individual EAEU member states are discussed.

Language as an Interstate Migration Barrier – The Interesting Case of India

This article focuses on the issue of language as an interstate migration barrier in India. Nowadays, in the era of progressive globalization, when the term “global village” is accurate as never before, more and more attention is paid to the problems regarding migrations. As the result of its internal diversity and multilingualism - Indian society struggles with interstate migration barrier that is nearly non-existent in other countries. Language barrier. There are more than twenty different regional languages being used across India as official languages of particular states, but none of them could be described as the “national” language. As a consequence of that, many Indians are heavily limited in choosing their place of living and managing their education and career. The article provides detailed analysis of the roots of the problem, both historical and legal ones, as well as the evaluation of legislative measures taken in order to resolve it. The paper refers to multiple reports, statistics, and laws regarding discussed matter. Furthermore, this work also highlights the role of both legislature and society in the ongoing process of linguistic transformation.

Distant Shocks, Migration, and Housing Supply in India

It is hard to estimate housing supply elasticities. India is a particularly useful country to study housing supply because it is large and has a variety of housing typologies. We estimate the supply elasticity of non-durable, durable, and vacant residential housing units in urban India. We use two migration-inducing exogenous events --- negative rainfall shocks and a highway upgrade program --- occurring in a distant state as demand shifters for local urban housing markets. We apply the Rosen-Roback spatial equilibrium framework to show that both the negative rainfall shocks and the highway upgrade program in a distant state increase inter-state migration. This increase leads to higher population and household growth, and therefore, higher demand for housing in local urban markets. Our findings are three-fold. First, we estimate the long-term supply elasticity of durable housing in urban India to be 1.64. This estimate is substantially lower than the long-run housing supply elasticity estimates of 6-13 for metropolitan areas in the United States seen in the literature. Second, we find that the supply elasticity of non-durable housing is -0.55. Negative supply elasticity of non-durable housing is consistent with the existence of urban gentrification through the demolition and upgrading of slums. And finally, we estimate the elasticity of vacant residential housing unit supply to be 2.63. We posit that a relatively higher vacant housing unit elasticity indicates speculative building by developers.

Analysis of educational migration processes: regional aspect

Analysis and consideration of current migration trends in our country, in particular mass interstate migration movements in the context of Ukraine's participation in the European and world migration space, are considered among the important factors in shaping its national policy. Educational migration is a special threat to the socio-economic development of the country and sustainable development of society, as the formation of highly qualified personnel, accumulation of intellectual capital, and increasing scientific and technological potential of the country are among the important factors of economic and social progress. Due to the intensification of interstate migration flows and the development of the quality of the higher education system in foreign educational institutions, migration for education takes a larger share, which is mostly accompanied by constant migration and departure of Ukrainian citizens for permanent residence abroad. The analysis of publications on this issue proves the urgency of educational migration research, and today it remains important to analyze trends in educational migration, find mechanisms to counter the transformation of Ukraine into a country of origin of educational migrants, as well as their repatriation. The article analyzes the educational migration processes in Ukraine in the regional context. The main regional centers of higher education are identified. The focus is on the migration intentions of the population to study abroad and a comparative description of the educational systems of different countries. The order and stages of the admission campaign in foreign educational institutions are described. The essence and features of educational migration are studied and the main reasons that help Ukrainian students to choose foreign higher education institutions are highlighted. The main causes and consequences of educational migration, as well as potential opportunities for educational migration, are identified. Certain benefits and costs associated with educational migration processes are justified. The directions of development of educational migration and effective migration system in Ukraine and its regions, which should take a worthy place in the migration policy of the state, are offered.

Regional Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

AbstractWe exploit differences across U.S. states' exposure to trade to study the effects of changes in the exchange rate on economic activity. Across states, trade‐weighted exchange rate depreciations are associated with increased state exports, reduced state unemployment, and higher state hours worked. The effects are particularly strong during periods of economic slack. A multiregion model with interstate trade and labor flows, calibrated to match state‐level trade data and migration flows, replicates the empirical relationship between exchange rates and unemployment. The high degree of interstate trade plays an important role in transmitting shocks across states in the first year, whereas interstate migration shapes cross‐sectional patterns in later years. We use the model to study the regional effects of tariffs in the United States. The model suggests that a 25% Chinese import tariff on U.S. goods would be felt throughout the United States, even in states with small direct linkages to China, raising unemployment rates by 0.2 to 0.7 percentage points in the short run.

Cultural Integration of Inter-State Migrants in Asansol, West Bengal

Migration brings about changes in the cultural traits of both migrants and the receiving society. This becomes even more crucial, especially for India, which is characterised by rich cultural diversity and substantial inter-state migration. Cultural integration is the strategy of cultural exchange wherein one community incorporates changes without sacrificing its own culture and thus, pave the way for a more stable and harmonious society. Migration in Asansol dates back to the early 19th Century when the newly set up coal mining and the subsequent industrial development generated the demand for labour. Migrants brought with them a distinct culture which had to be reconstructed in the new cultural setup. This study is an attempt to understand the phenomena of cultural and psychological integration of the migrants in Asansol. A descriptive method has been employed to comprehend the migrants’ adaptation and the consequent socio-cultural changes. A sample of 370 individuals has been taken to explore the migrant’s outlook toward integration with the larger society. Emphasis has been laid upon the way the migrants reconstruct themselves, appraise their perception, and adopt the dominant cultural traits. The study reveals that the migrants have immensely influenced the culture of the region under investigation.

The Poor and the Migrant in India

The ninth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account of the poor and migrants in different states of India by focussing on the following aspects: Percentage of population belonging to the lowest two wealth quintiles, percentage of households (rural and urban) without any agricultural land, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by source states, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by destination states, per cent composition of employment as the reason for migration in inter-state out-migration of source states and the per cent unemployment rate (rural and urban) according to the usual status.

Hired Latinx Child Farmworkers in North Carolina: Educational Status and Experience Through a Social Justice Lens.

We examine the educational experience of Latinx hired child farmworkers in North Carolina, using a social justice framework. Qualitative (n = 30) and quantitative (n = 202) data collected among children ten to seventeen years of age revealed elevated rates of grade retention and dropout status. Children reported disruption to their schooling caused by international and interstate migration and intrastate movement. Few worked during school time; nevertheless, children reported missed participation in educational enrichment opportunities and little integration into school life. Schools often failed to accommodate language difficulties and problems caused by migration, and an atmosphere of racism prevailed. Educational programs for children in farmworker families were established during the 1960s. However, they do not meet the needs of hired child farmworkers. Policies to reduce child employment in agriculture and to meet their educational needs are necessary to ensure the education needed for future health and well-being. We discuss the applied implications of findings.

Mathematical modeling of a one-dimensional demographic process

The specifics of the current stage of society connects with significant changes in directions and internal scales and interstate migration of the population. In this regard population migration processes between the two states are exploring in a one-dimensional case. Now the scientific literature offers different mathematical models of these processes [1]. However, we will use diffusion models for modeling these processes.

Federalism at the Crossroads: Crisis of the Linguistic Minorities in India

Polyglot federations face a challenge in reconciling between the national identities and regional identities. Demand for a second States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) in India in 2015 by some groups bears testimony to this fact. On the question of political remapping in post-independence period, the constitutional ancestors sought to save India from another religious bigotry and the menace of casteism. The emergence of language as a viable alternative gained momentum in Nagpur session (1920) of the Indian National Congress (INC). But subsequent years encountered with a difficulty in adopting territorial solution for accommodating India’s multilingual identities. Pre-constitutional, extra-constitutional and constitutional arrangements have faced the challenge of linguistic accommodation. Dar Commission warned the risk of federal remapping with existing linguistic pocket corridors in the states. Inter-state migration has proliferated the problem over the years. Even the SRC could not provide adequate safeguards for large number of linguistic minorities living in all states (Kerala becomes exception with 97.03% linguistic majorities). There new minority emerged and accommodated but with limits. Census report of 2011 shows India having 19,569 languages which stood 1369 after linguistic scrutiny. Territorial machinations appear inadequate to satisfy all linguistic groups but only to incur huge expenditure. Indian federalism seems deficient in non-territorial power sharing which has succeeded in countries like Belgium in the form of Consociational representation. With its promise of inclusivity by means of a possible alternative it demands the attention of the policy makers as well as the academia.

Resettlement of China‐born immigrants in Australia: Age, duration of stay and interstate migration

AbstractInternal migration is an important settlement adjustment process for immigrants. For a high migration country, such as Australia, understanding the internal migration patterns is also needed for studying the demographic dynamics of immigration. With large numbers of immigrants now coming from Asia, little is known about how they move subsequently within Australia and whether they follow similar patterns of European‐origin groups. This paper examines resettlement patterns of the largest non‐European‐origin population in Australia: immigrants born in mainland China. Data from the 1986–2016 Australian Censuses are used to examine the complex relationship between age, duration of stay and interstate migration observed amongst China‐born immigrants in comparison with other major overseas‐born populations. Results show that migration probabilities peak for young and recently arrived immigrants, with an evident age‐on‐arrival effect. Considerable variations in migration patterns are identified across birthplaces, states and territories of residence and arrival cohorts. Interstate migration of China‐born immigrants increased over time, with recent arrivals exhibiting higher migration probabilities than that of the Australia‐born population in 2016. The findings extend our knowledge on immigrants adjustment and (re)settlement in the destination society and provide a basis for examining Australia's regional migration policies.

Moving closer? Comparing regional adjustments to shocks in EMU and the United States

This paper analyzes alternative channels of adjustment to nominal exchange rate flexibility in response to shocks faced by countries and regions that are part of a monetary union. Over our full sample period of analysis (1977–2018), the results suggest a dominant role of interstate migration as an adjustment channel to labor demand shocks for the United States. In contrast, European countries tend to adjust to negative labor demand shocks mainly through changes in labor force participation and unemployment. Labor mobility is lower in the euro area, regardless of whether one is looking at cross-country migration or within-country mobility. Price flexibility is more important as a shock absorber to labor demand shocks in the EMU compared to the United States. We also document that risk-sharing mechanisms have been, on average, more effective in smoothing income fluctuations in the United States than in the EMU. The strength of these channels, however, has changed over time both for the EMU and in the United States. In particular, the results suggest that the pattern of regional adjustments to shocks in EMU and the United States is moving closer, partly because of strengthening of adjustment channels in the EMU and partly because of weakening of these channels in the United States.

Effect of Actual and Perceived Violence on Internal Migration: Evidence from Mexico’s Drug War

Abstract According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), violence should be considered by examining both actual and perceived crime. However, the studies related to violence and internal migration under the Mexican drug war episode focus only on one aspect of violence (perception or actual), so their conclusions rely mostly on limited evidence. This article complements previous work by examining the effects of both perceived and actual violence on interstate migration through estimation of a gravity model along three 5-year periods spanning from 2000 to 2015. Using the methods of generalized maximum entropy (to account for endogeneity) and the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, the results show that actual violence (measured by homicide rates) does affect migration, but perceived violence explains a greater proportion of higher average migration after 2005. Since this proportion increased after 2010 and actual violence, the results suggest that there was some adaptation to the new levels of violence in the period 2010–2015.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MIGRATION TO KERALA USING GARRETT’S SCALE

Interstate migration is a complex phenomenon and closely related to economic and social factors as well as economic development. The exodus from rural areas is one of the vital issues in India. Because of the ongoing structural changes and consequent alterations in the economy as a whole, the nature, magnitude and pattern of migration have been evolving over time. The studies on migration argue that migration is by and large closely linked with the basic arguments, that is, people are compelled to migrate due to development - driven factors and/or distress driven factors (push factors) and migration of people is mainly motivated by better employment opportunities, higher wages, good quality education and health conditions and better living conditions at destinations (pull factors). Here the researcher focuses on migrant labourers who migrated to Kerala from various states of India for employment in construction fields, and tries to identify which factor is acting more in this type of inter-state migration with help of Garrett’s Scale Ranking. KEYWORDS: Interstate migration, Push and Pull factors, Garrett’s Scale Technique.

Maternal Healthcare Services and the Health Workers among the Migrant Slum Dwellers of Bangalore City, Karnataka, India

The health workers play a variety of roles which include provision of outreach, information, referral, advocacy and other support to promote health and help people meet their healthcare. The poor migrants usually settle in unauthorized slums or settlements. The migrant health is found in a disadvantageous position due to poor access to healthcare services. The present paper examines the maternal healthcare services provided by the peripheral health workers among the interstate migrants living in slums of Bangalore city. After conducting a pilot survey, five slums (migrant camps/non-notified slums) were identified based on the criteria of 1) inter- state migration 2) year of migration <7 years 3) having more than 100 households. Mothers with a child below 2 years (n=100) were interviewed with a pretested questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected from the mothers, key informants and healthcare workers through in- depth interviews. The maternal healthcare services by the health workers are not able to reach the migrant population due to migrants’ location of staying and many women went back to their native place for child delivery. The migrants who moved for delivery to their native place (32.4%) accessed the services of the health workers better than the respondents who stayed in the Bangalore city (13.5%). Similar situation was found for the visit of the heath workers for post-natal care. Some institutional lacuna like lack of space, toilets, water and also the shortage of staff etc. were pointed out by the health workers, which are required. The study warrants the need to understand the realities and healthcare needs of the migrant population. A better mechanism should be developed to improve the services of peripheral health workers in delivering primary healthcare services like maternal health care.

Quantifying Demographic Dividend in India and its Impact on Economic Growth : A State-Level Study

Analyzing the impact of the age-structural changes on economic growth has gained immense attention over the recent years. The present study examined the relationship between changes in the working-age population ratio and per-capita income growth. After instrumenting growth rate of working-age population ratio with birth rate at the beginning of the previous decade, working-age population (both in level and growth form) appeared to have a positive and statistically significant impact on per-capita income growth. The log of working-age population ratio was found to be robust to the inclusion of several human capital development and other policy measures such as infant mortality rate, log of per-capita development expenditure, and per-capita scheduled commercial bank credit. Moreover, growth rate of working-age population ratio was found to be robust to inclusion of infant mortality rate and per-capita scheduled commercial bank credit. At an all-India level, the addition to the per-capita income growth due to changes in the working-age population ratio from the base year (1981) onwards was found to be gradually increasing over the decades and for the period 2000s, it turned out to be almost equal to 1%. High growth rate of working-age population ratio experienced by the BIMARU states, especially over the period 2001-2011, exhibited enormous potential of contributing to the per-capita income growth. A differential lens in policy making needs to be adopted. While states with narrow window of demographic opportunity should focus on policies that are inter-state migration friendly, states with broader window of demographic opportunity should invest more in human capital development and employment generation.

The Integration of Interstate Migrants in India: A 7 State Policy Evaluation

AbstractInterstate migration in developing countries is a key income generating strategy for low‐income households. In India, despite the importance of migration between states, interstate migrants continue to face significant integration barriers in their destination states. The impact of state borders on migration within India is significant and large. This study presents one of the first attempts at creating a set of indicators to understand the role of state‐level policies for the integration of interstate migrants in a developing country. After illustrating the process behind the creation of this tool and the tool in itself, we compare seven of the major migrant destination states of India, based on their policy frameworks relevant to the integration of interstate migrants. Out of these states, we found that Kerala state is the most inclusive of interstate migrants but that overall, policymakers in the considered Indian states have a long way to go to improve the integration of interstate migrants.

О ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЛОКАЛИЗАЦИИ И ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА К ИНТЕГРАЦИИ МИГРАНТОВ В РФ

The legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide a full-fledged division of powers between different management levels, without clearly delineating the limits of competence in the field of population migration.There is practically no regulation of the migration sphere at the municipal level, especially with regard to the integration of migrants. At the municipal level all types of democracy state and local self-government intersect and interstate migrants are incorporated into the Russian social, economic, and cultural environment. At the same time, during the administrative reforms of local self-government in 2000-2010, the municipal level was actually drained of blood due to consolidation in order to optimize the budget. This narrows and calls into question the possibility of implementing an individual approach to the integration of migrants on the basis of individual contracts between the head of the municipality and a specific migrant in the modern conditions of the Russian Federation. The need for localization and an individual approach to integration at the municipal level at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation can be traced from the experience of foreign countries where there is a decentralization of power, and municipalities, through their associations, even take on those functions that their States, for one reason or another, including socio-political conditions, have ceased to pay due attention. For example in China the success of economic reform and overcoming the current global crisis was based on the gradual definition of the boundaries of the need for state intervention in the economy. Changing the nature of power relations and the vector of regulation of processes, i.e. delegating competencies, legislative initiative and budgetary powers in various areas to the local level, is the only way to implement an individual approach to the integration of migrants, including the mechanism of integration contracts.

Regional Divergence and House Prices

This paper develops a model of the U.S. housing market that explains much of the time series of rents and house prices since World War II. House prices depend on expectations of future rents. We show that rents are tied to regional income inequality, and therefore, house prices are determined by how much faster incomes are growing in richer regions. This theory also matches many cross-sectional facts, including regional variation in rents and prices, differing house price sensitivities to national trends, patterns of inter-state migration, and surveys of income expectations. An industry shift-share instrument provides causal evidence for our channel. The model implies that while interest rates have an ambiguous effect on house price levels, low rates increase house price volatility.

Трудовая иммиграция казахов во Францию

This article examines the state of labor immigration of the Kazakh Diaspora, as well as studying the possibilities of conditions for economic adaptation of Kazakhs in developed capitalist countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of labor migration of Kazakhs to France. Based on this goal, the study solves the following tasks aimed at studying the history and current situation of Kazakhs living in France, in the focus of analyzing the policy of the French government in relation to immigration workers and employees in the 1945- 1980-ies; the reasons for labor immigration of Kazakhs to France. Western Europe has become a center of attraction for foreign workers coming here, primarily from the less developed countries of the continent, as well as from Turkey. In the last ten years, inter-state migration of workers in Western Europe has grown to unprecedented proportions. Every year, more than a million workers were sent from one European country to another in search of work. The reasons lay in the political and economic crisis, the increase in the unemployment rate, which was the result of an increase in the number of migrants among Kazakhs in France. The post-war economic situation caused the demand for workers to restore the economy destroyed by the war, and led to an increase in the level of tariffs (wages). Scientists believe that the active replenishment of the French labor market with cheap foreign labor from other countries is due to the convenient location of France.