Interorbital Distance Research Articles

Assessment of the Relationship between Craniofacial Measurements and Maxillary Central Incisor Width using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

ABSTRACT Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationships between bizygomatic width, inter-orbital distance, and the central incisor width (CIW). Materials and Methods: A total of 80 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were analyzed. The measurements taken included bizygomatic width and inter-orbital distance. A bivariate correlation was performed to evaluate the relationships between CIW and craniofacial measurements. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare these measurements between genders. Results: Mean values for CIW and bizygomatic width were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05). The bivariate analysis revealed significant, positive, moderate correlations between CIW and bizygomatic width (r = 0.401, P < 0.01), but not inter-orbital distance (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study found that while bizygomatic width is moderately correlated with CIW, inter-orbital distance is not. Additionally, significant gender differences exist regarding bizygomatic width and CIW, with males exhibiting larger dimensions.

Dzihunia pseudoamudarjensis, a new nemacheilid loach from the Syr Darya drainage (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae).

Dzihunia pseudoamudarjensis, new species, is described from the middle portion of the Great Fergana Canal in the Fergana Valley. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having a complete lateral line with 84-86 pores, a slenderer caudal peduncle, a smaller dorsal and anal fin depth, and a wider interorbital distance. A key to Dzihunia species is provided.

Association between maxillary incisor width and craniofacial measurements: A cone beam computed tomography study

Accurate prediction of maxillary central incisor width (CIW) is essential in prosthodontics for selecting appropriately sized denture teeth. While traditional methods exist, the digital era may offer more reliable techniques for anterior tooth selection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between CIW and craniofacial measurements derived from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans to identify predictors for CIW and examine possible sexual dimorphism. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 three-dimensional skull models (40 men, 40 women; age range: 20 to 48 years) generated from segmented CBCT scans. Measurements included CIW, interpterygoid hamulus distance, bi-orbital width, interorbital distance, and piriform aperture width. Statistical analyses comprised independent t tests, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression (α=.05). Significant sexual dimorphism was observed in CIW, interpterygoid hamulus distance, and bi-orbital width (P<.05). CIW positively correlated with bi-orbital width (r=.75, P<.001) and piriform aperture width (r=.49, P<.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed bi-orbital width, and interorbital distance, along with sex, as significant predictors of CIW (R²=.59, P<.001). Bony bi-orbital width, interorbital distance, and sex can be used to estimate the maxillary CIW.

Sexual dimorphism in the dwarf round ray Urotrygon nana.

This paper presents information on the morphological, morphometric, and dental sex differences in the dwarf round ray Urotrygon nana. We recorded 12 morphological traits, sex, the distribution pattern of dermal denticles, the number of tooth rows, and the tooth shape of 466 individuals. The disc width of females ranged from 50 to 172 mm and that of males ranged from 53 to 135 mm. A neuronal classification model and a correspondence analysis showed that female disc width was 21.5% broader, and the distance from the rostrum to the anus was 17.7% longer than that of males, whereas males presented 19.5% greater distance between the nostrils, 9.7% greater preorbital snout length, 6.8% greater cloaca to caudal-fin length, 2.7% greater interorbital distance, and 1.1% greater total length than females. The disc of adult males, including the abdominal cavity area, was densely covered with dermal denticles, which were slightly larger than those observed in females. Females presented homodont dentition with molariform teeth and a smooth lozenge-shaped crown with rounded margins. Males exhibited homodonty but with tooth morphology variations in individuals of different sizes (from molariforms to sharper cusp teeth). There were changes in disc shape (from subcircular to oval), distribution and size of dermal denticles (more abundant and larger), and tooth shape (from molariform to monocuspid teeth) during male development, from neonates to adults. U. nana exhibited sexual dimorphism in size, disc shape, number and shape of teeth, and distribution and size of dermal denticles.

Oxynoemacheilus kottelati, a new species from the Havran and Karınca streams in Northern Aegean Basin, Türkiye (Teleostei, Nemacheilidae)

The taxonomic status of the Oxynoemacheilus from the Karınca and Havran streams in the north Aegean Basin was evaluated, and it was concluded that these populations contain a new species. The new species, Oxynoemacheilus kottelatisp. nov., is distinguished by a body with a marbled pattern, a deeper caudal peduncle, a shorter caudal peduncle, a wider interorbital distance, and a shorter middle caudal-fin lope. Oxynoemacheilus kottelatisp. nov. is differentiated from the closest species, O. marmaraensis, in possessing 51 nucleotide substitution sites, a genetic distance of 8.40%, the presence of an axillary lobe at the base of the pelvic fin (vs. absent), and a narrower median incision in the upper lip (vs. absent). Three species delimitation tests (ASAP, ABGD, and PTP) and phylogenetic analyses reinforce the validity of O. kottelatisp. nov. as a distinct species.

Sexual dimorphism and allometry in the head and body size of two viperid snakes (genus Vipera)

Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the body and head is the result of manifold selective pressures acting on organisms. In snakes, sexual size dimorphism is common and has been well-studied. However, intersexual differences in relative head size and shape have attracted far less attention. Similarly, the allometric properties of head shape and size in snakes are poorly known. Here, we analyse sexual dimorphism in two viperid species: European adder Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Steppe viper Vipera renardi (Christoph, 1861). We measured body length, tail length and several head characteristics: head length, head width, head height, pileus length, interorbital distance and internarial distance. Our findings were that males and females of both species did not differ in body length (SVL), but that males tended to have significantly longer tails; there were also significant differences in head characteristics – males tended to have higher heads, and larger internarial and interorbital distances. The head dimensions displayed negative allometry when compared against SVL but when scaled against head length, dimensions like head height and head width exhibited positive allometry. We argue that these differences may be related to sexual selection and that the wider heads may also serve as antipredatory signal.

Two new species of the congrid eel genus Ariosoma (Anguilliformes, Congridae, Bathymyrinae) from Indian waters

Two new species have been described from Indian waters, based on the materials collected from Kochi coast, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mannar and West Bengal coast along the Bay of Bengal. Ariosoma gracilesp. nov. is described, based on five specimens collected from the landings at Kalamukku Fishing Harbour, Arabian Sea. The new species is characterised by longer tail, 55.3–58.7% TL; dorsal-fin origin above pectoral-fin base; no dark or whitish bands on dorsal surface of head, ventral extremities of lower jaw and mid-portion with minute dark pigmentation patch; anus positioned well before the middle of total length; SO canal with 4 pores; 0 or 3 pores on ST canal; pre-dorsal vertebrae 9; pre-anal vertebrae 49–54; total vertebrae 140–142. Ariosoma gracilesp. nov. is closely related to Ariosoma dolichopterum and Ariosoma emmae by sharing similar morphometrics and pre-anal vertebral counts. However, it differs by having more total pores (132–135 vs. 121–129 in A. dolichopterum, 123–126 in A. emmae); fewer pre-anal pores (43–46 vs. 47–51 in A. dolichopterum, 50–53 in A. emmae); more pre-dorsal pores (9 vs. 5–9 in A. dolichopterum, 4–6 in A. emmae). Another new species, Ariosoma kannanisp. nov. is described on the basis of two specimens (157–171 mm TL) from Gulf of Mannar and one specimen (201 mm TL) collected from Shankarpur Fish Landing Centre, West Bengal. This species is similar to Ariosoma megalops, but readily differs by having smaller eyes, smaller interorbital distance and exhibits 10.8% genetic divergence from A. megalops from the Taiwan waters.

Turcinoemacheilus inexpectatus, a new nemacheilid loach from the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae).

Turcinoemacheilus inexpectatus, new species, is described from the Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, and Sirvan drainages, all tributaries of the middle Tigris. It belongs to the T. kosswigi species group. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by an indistinct or prominent midlateral stripe broader than the eye diameter often overlaid by a row of dark-brown blotches, greater pre-pelvic distance, deeper caudal peduncle, and wider interorbital distance.

Functional Characterization of the Almstn2 Gene and Its Association with Growth Traits in the Yellowfin Seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn, 1782).

Myostatin (mstn), also known as GDF8, is a growth and differentiation factor of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and plays a key inhibitory effect in the regulation of skeletal muscle development and growth in vertebrates. In the present study, to comprehend the role of the mstn2 gene of the yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Almstn2b), the genomic sequence of Almstn2b is 2359 bp, which encodes 360 amino acids and is composed of three exons and two introns, was obtained. Two typical regions, a TGF-β propeptide and TGF-β domain, constitute Almstn2b. The topology indicated that Almstn2 was grouped together with other Perciformes, such as the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Moreover, Almstn2b was mainly expressed in the brain, fins, and spleen. Furthermore, five SNPs, one in the exons and four in the introns, were identified in the Almstn2b gene. The allele and genotype frequencies of SNP-Almstn2b +1885 A/G were significantly related to the total weight, interorbital distance, stem length, tail length, caudal length, caudal height, body length, and total length (p < 0.05). The allele and genotype frequencies of SNP-Almstn2b +1888 A/G were significantly related to the weight, interorbital distance, long head behind the eyes, body height, tail length, caudal length, and body length. Additionally, the relationship between the SNP-Almstn2b +1915 A/G locus and weight and long head behind the eyes was significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the other two SNPs were not significantly associated with any traits. Thus, the SNPs identified in this study could be utilized as candidate SNPs for breeding and marker-assisted selection in A. latus.

Ocular Hypertelorism: Principles and Management.

Ocular hypertelorism (OH) was initially considered as un-differentiated congenital cranio-facial deformity, however, I.T Jackson mentioned it as teleorbitism, considering it as increase in the inter-canthal width, inter-pupillary as well as inter-orbital distance as a result of lateralization of the orbital complex in total. Furthermore, Sailer further refined it and included the distance from the lateral orbital wall, i.e. he denoted increased inter-orbital distance along with the distance between lateral orbital walls as true hypertelorism. This condition is rare and is seen in association with midline congenital defects affecting the cranio-facial region. The ideal time for the OH correction is usually between 5 and 8years of age. However, the management of OH is complex, and several techniques have been described in literature for the same. Here, we describe our classification of OH, along with the evolution of the surgical aspects, the key treatment principles we follow, together with the types of the osteotomies and their indications. Furthermore, we delineate the four main principles that we have set for OH management. Though the improvement in appearance is seen immediately post-surgery, however, this challenging surgery faces a multitude and common postoperative complications which have been represented in this article. The surgeon needs both the technical expertise and an inclination towards aesthetics for the execution of such procedures. It is preferred that the management of OH should be individualized as per the stage of the craniofacial growth and the psychosocial needs of the patient and the parents.

A new high elevation species of Oreophryne Boettger (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia.

We examined the morphology of 50 specimens of Sulawesian Oreophryne and recognize a distinct, undescribed species. Based on morphological data and supported with phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, it is herein described and named as Oreophryne riyantoi sp. nov. The new species is diagnosed by having a combination of rounded snout in dorsal and lateral view, indistinct tympanum, narrow interorbital distance, small hands, small terminal discs on fingers and toes, toes without webbing, short legs, and dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs irregularly tuberculated in life. It was found in leaf litter on the forest floor in extremely wet primary montane forest on Mount Mekongga at an altitude of 2528 m asl. The forest-dwelling habit of this terrestrial frog is unusual because other terrestrial Oreophryne occuring at high-altitude live in open grassy or fern dominated meadows. Four endemic species of Oreophryne are now known from Sulawesi. However, herpetological research activities, including high elevation surveys and additional taxonomic work, are necessary to achieve a comprehensive understanding of Oreophryne diversity and phylogeography in Sulawesi.

Determination of Age-Related Variations with Orbital Dimensions of the Orbit Based on Plain Radiographs of Nigerians: A 5-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Cephalometry has been widely used in substantial aspects of medicine. The morphometric assessment of the orbit and familiarity with its anatomy is significant clinically in the diagnosis of lesions in the orbit and reconstructive surgeries of the face. There is an important link between diagnostic radiology and ophthalmology. Most previous studies use direct techniques on living, cadaveric specimens, or dry bones to assess the orbital dimensions.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the relationship between the orbital dimensions and the increase in age.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective cross-sectional study using 255 normal skull radiographs obtained from the Department of Diagnostic Radiology of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital was done. The radiographs were visualized on an illuminator and measurements of the orbital dimensions were made with the aid of a transparent ruler and a pencil. Results: The orbital dimensions of the subjects used in this study in relation to their age groups revealed a steady rise in the dimensions with the increase in age until the age range of 51-60 years when it reaches the peak value and then gradually declines. In the measurement of the interorbital distance in relation to age, it was similarly found to increase with increasing age of the subjects however reaching its peak at the age range of 31-40 years then gradually dropping.&#x0D; Conclusions: The orbital dimensions show a positive correlation with increasing age.

Ultrasonographic monitoring of fetal eye growth parameters throughout gestation in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is considered an ideal species for developing genetically modified nonhuman primates (NHP) models of human disease, particularly eye disease. They have been proposed as a suitable bridge between rodents and other NHP models due to their similar ophthalmological features to humans. Prenatal ultrasonography is an accurate and reliable diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal development and congenital malformation. We monitored fetal eye growth and development using noninvasive ultrasonography in 40 heads of clinically normal fetuses during pregnancy to establish the criteria for studying congenital eye anomalies in marmosets. The coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes were useful to identify the facial structures for any associated abnormalities. For orbital measurements, biorbital distance (BOD), ocular diameter (OD), interorbital distance (IOD), and total axial length (TAL) were measured in the transverse plane and carefully identified for intraorbital structures. As a result, high correlations were observed between delivery-based gestational age (GA) and biparietal diameter (BPD), BOD, OD, and TAL. The correlation assessments based on BOD provide more reliable results for monitoring eye growth and development in normal marmosets than any other parameters since BOD has the highest correlation coefficient according to both delivery-based GA and BPD among ocular measurements. In conclusion, orbital measurements by prenatal ultrasonography provide reliable indicators of marmoset eye growth, and it could offer early diagnostic criteria to facilitate the development of eye disease models and novel therapies such as genome editing technologies in marmosets.

Age and Gender Differences in Orbital Measurements Within Serbian Population in Kragujevac Region of the Republic of Serbia

Abstract Orbital measures are not only important parameters in planning ophthalmologic and aesthetic surgical procedures, but also significant anthropology and forensic medicine markers. Using computer tomography and subsequent multiplanar reconstruction we analyzed orbits from 75 Serbian healthy volunteers, examined in the Clinical Hospital of Kragujevac. The subjects were subclassified in age categories, namely 24-39, 40-59, 60-69 and 70-85 years of age, as well as by genders. Taken as a whole population, regardless of age, women had smaller orbital height and width and smaller volumes than men, but similar orbital indices, thus proving once again the importance of the orbital index for comparisons. Additionally, both biorbital and interorbital distances were higher in men than in women. Comparing age groups, biorbital and interorbital distances increased with aging in males, but remained constant in females. The opposite was true for orbital indices which increased significantly with age in females, but remained constant in males. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of age- and gender-related differences in orbital measures within ethnically and geographically homogenous population. It would be interesting to examine subjects from other regions to confirm the patterns reported here.

Normative exophthalmometry values in Hispanic individuals.

Normative exophthalmometry values have been established in Caucasians, Asians, and Black individuals. While prior studies have examined periocular measurements in different racial and ethnic groups, this study is the first to establish a set of normative exophthalmometry values in a Hispanic population in New York City. This prospective, cross-sectional cohort study was IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. Adult patients self-identifying as Hispanic were included. The degree of ocular prominence (exophthalmometry value, EV) and the inter-orbital distance (Hertel's base, IOD) was obtained by Hertel exophthalmometry. Differences in EV between sexes were evaluated using two sample t-tests. Multivariable linear regression was utilized to determine the effect of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on EV. Of the 277 Hispanic individuals included, 189 (68.2%) were female and the mean age was 63.0 years (SD = 15.0). The mean Hertel's base and mean EV for all participants was 92.0 mm (SD = 4.1) and 16.7 mm (SD = 2.4), respectively. Average exophthalmometry values for men were significantly higher than women's (17.6 mm and 16.2 mm, respectively, p ≤ 0.001). Higher EVs were positively associated with male gender (ß = -1.60, p < 0.0001) and BMI (ß = 0.084, p = 0.001), but not age. The mean EV in Hispanic individuals is 16.7 mm, higher than that reported for most Caucasians and Asians, but less than that of Black individuals. Higher EV is significantly associated with male sex and increased BMI. This study is the first to create a set of normative exophthalmometry values in a Hispanic population, which may serve as a valuable tool for clinicians to reference when diagnosing and monitoring orbital disease.

Morphometric variation of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque, 1810 (Teleostei: Sparidae) inhabiting the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean Coast of Türkiye

In the present study, intraspecific morphometric distribution of Spicara flexuosum was investigated along the five locations on the Turkish coast based on eight morphological characters. A total of 116 samples were obtained along the Turkish coasts (Istanbul, Yalova [Armutlu], Izmir, Mersin and Antalya) by using trawlers and the handline fishing method within the period in 2014–2015. Principal component analysis and the dendrogram-based Euclidean distance method were used to evaluate different morphometric traits among five locations. The most important ratios of the morphometric loading characters were the head length to interorbital distance, head length to eye diameter, maximum body height two to head height, and head height to head length. The classification matrix based on the discriminant function analysis showed that 94.7% of original grouped were correctly classified. Principal component and cluster analysis showed the existence of two morphologically differentiated groups of S. flexuosum. First one composed of Istanbul and Yalova and the second one consisted of Izmir, Mersin and Antalya. This study is the first description of the intraspecific distribution of morphometric characters for S. flexuosum along the Turkish coast as well as the Mediterranean region for fisheries management purposes.

Radiologic Assessment of Orbital Dimensions among Omani Subjects: A computed tomography imaging-based study at a single tertiary centre.

This study aimed to determine the orbital dimensions of Omani subjects who had been referred for computed tomography (CT) of the brain at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman. Good knowledge of the normal orbital dimensions is clinically essential for successful surgical outcomes. Racial, ethnic and regional variations in the orbital dimensions have been reported. A total of 273 Omani patients referred for CT scans of the brain were retrospectively evaluated using an electronic medical records database. The orbital dimensions were recorded using both axial and sagittal planes of CT images. The mean orbital index (OI) was found to be 83.25 ± 4.83 mm and the prevalent orbital type was categorised as the mesoseme. The mean orbital index was 83.34 ± 5.05 mm and 83.16 ± 4.57 mm in males and females, respectively, with their difference not being statistically significant (P = 0.76). However, a statistically significant association was observed between the right and left orbits regarding horizontal distance (P <0.05) and vertical distance (P <0.01) of orbit and OI (P <0.05). No significant difference between the OI and age groups was observed in males and females. The mean interorbital distance and interzygomatic distance were found to be 19.45 ± 1.52 mm and 95.59 ± 4.08 mm, respectively. These parameters were significantly higher in males (P <0.05). Results of the present study provide reference values of orbital dimensions in Omani subjects. Mesoseme, a hallmark of Caucasian people, is discovered to be the prevalent orbital type of Omani subjects.

Valores normativos de exoftalmometría en individuos hispanos

PurposeNormative exophthalmometry values have been established in Caucasians, Asians, and Black individuals. While prior studies have examined periocular measurements in different racial and ethnic groups, this study is the first to establish a set of normative exophthalmometry values in a Hispanic population in New York City. MethodsThis prospective, cross-sectional cohort study was IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. Adult patients self-identifying as Hispanic were included. The degree of ocular prominence (exophthalmometry value, EV) and the inter-orbital distance (Hertel's base, IOD) was obtained by Hertel exophthalmometry. Differences in EV between sexes were evaluated using two sample t-tests. Multivariable linear regression was utilized to determine the effect of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on EV. ResultsOf the 277 Hispanic individuals included, 189 (68.2%) were female and the mean age was 63.0 years (SD=15.0). The mean Hertel's base and mean EV for all participants was 92.0mm (SD=4.1) and 16.7mm (SD=2.4), respectively. Average exophthalmometry values for men were significantly higher than women's (17.6mm and 16.2mm, respectively, p≤0.001). Higher EVs were positively associated with male gender (ß=−1.60, p<0.0001) and BMI (ß=0.084, p=0.001), but not age. ConclusionsThe mean EV in Hispanic individuals is 16.7mm, higher than that reported for most Caucasians and Asians, but less than that of Black individuals. Higher EV is significantly associated with male sex and increased BMI. This study is the first to create a set of normative exophthalmometry values in a Hispanic population, which may serve as a valuable tool for clinicians to reference when diagnosing and monitoring orbital disease.

Morphometry of Skulls from North Indian Population

Introduction: Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly.

Comparison of Piezosurgery and Conventional Osteotomy for Orbital Hypertelorism Surgical Correction

The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and effect of piezosurgery with conventional osteotomy in a box-shifting procedure for orbital hypertelorism (ORH) correction surgery. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical record of 10 ORH patients aged from 5 to 12 years, and they were second-degree ORH with an interorbital distance (IOD) of 35 to 37.8mm. Three of them received the osteotomy with piezosurgery (the piezosurgery group), whereas the other 7 patients received osteotomy with the conventional osteotomy method (the control group). They were compared with age and preoperative IOD. All the patients' IOD was effectively improved to normal range after the surgery. The results showed that the application of piezosurgery did not prolong the surgery time (piezosurgery group: 8.3±0.5 hours; control group: 8.7±1.4 hours, P =0.68). Furthermore, the patients in the piezosurgery group had less drainage volume (piezosurgery group: 79.1±12mL; the control group: 170±41.3mL, P =0.0065) and shorter postoperative hospital stay (piezosurgery group: 8.3±2.0d; control group: 12.43±2.29d, P =0.029). There were 2 patients who had wound infections, 1 in the piezosurgery group and 1 in the control group, respectively. However, 1 patient in the control group suffered from cerebrospinal fluid leakage. On the basis of the results, the application of piezosurgery benefited the patients on a better and smoother recovery course with less drainage and shorter hospital stays. The advantages of piezosurgery are the fine and precise osteotomy and the protection for soft tissue, which make it a comparatively safe and effective tool for craniofacial surgery, especially for young patients.