Intentions Of Persons Research Articles

CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF DISABILITY MODELS AS DETERMINANTS OF TRAVEL INTENTION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES TOWARDS NATURAL AND CULTURAL DESTINATIONS

The present empirical study aims to determine the key factors influencing the travel intention of persons with disabilities who live across the Tungurahua Province, Ecuador. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September 2019 and mid-March 2020, and collected 473 valid questionnaires containing critical components of the medical and social models of disability. Collected data were quantitatively analysed with multiple regression analysis. Results showed that some crucial elements of the social model of disability (i.e., socio-demographic features and destination quality dimensions) and an element of the medical model of disability (i.e., dependency or need of other persons) significantly affect the travel intentions of persons with disabilities (p<0.001). Findings allowed to conceptualise a new theoretical framework to potentially address and solve accessible and inclusive issues of persons with disabilities from Tungurahua Province-Ecuador and other international nations with similar natural and cultural attractions.

Consumers’ Adoption of Electric Vehicles for Sustainability: Exploring the Role of Personality Traits

This study investigates the influence of the Big Five personality traits which include extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness in molding the adoption intention of consumers regarding electric vehicles (EVs) in India. This study also looks at Behavioral Economics as an explanatory theory on the diffusion of electric vehicles in India. The study comprised two stages. In the first stage, 150 users and non-users of electric vehicles were surveyed. Results pointed to a significant effect of all Big Five personality traits on adoption intention, with the exception of the trait of neuroticism. There was no significant difference in the adoption intention based on the differences in personality traits between men and women. In the second stage, the study used an expert-opinion based survey that was conceptualized based on the Diffusion of Innovation theory combined with the idea of memetics in new product diffusion. The results from the first stage of the research were bolstered by the fact that the second stage indicated that product attributes influencing diffusion would have a negative influence on adoption intentions of persons with high neuroticism. The study provides useful insights into consumer behavior based on personality for marketers of electric vehicles and policymakers interested in bringing about sustainable consumption practices.

The impact of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility intentions

Lockdown edicts during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to concerns about consequences for childbirth plans and decisions. Robust empirical research to either refute or confirm these concerns, however, is lacking. To evaluate the causal impact of lockdowns on fertility, we exploited a large sample of Australians (aged 18–45) from a nationally representative household panel survey and leveraged variation from a unique natural experiment that occurred in Australia in 2020: a lockdown imposed in the state of Victoria, but not elsewhere in Australia. Difference-in-differences models were estimated comparing changes in fertility intentions of persons who resided in Victoria during lockdown, or within four weeks of the lockdown being lifted, and those living elsewhere in Australia. Results revealed a significantly larger decline in reported intentions of having another child among women who lived through the protracted lockdown. The average effect was small, with fertility intentions estimated to fall by between 2.8% and 4.3% of the pre-pandemic mean. This negative effect was, however, more pronounced among those aged over 35 years, the less educated, and those employed on fixed-term contracts. Impacts on men’s fertility intentions were generally negligible, but with a notable exception being Indigenous Australians.

Holy Medals with Secondary Holes as Examples of the Recycling of Historical Devotional Objects

Holy medals belong to a group of historical artefacts known as devotional objects and they appear in this category beside crosses, scapulars or prayer beads. They are regarded as miniature forms of large medals and are seldom made of noble metals, but rather corrosion resistant alloys. Medals occur the most often in an oval form, with a separated loop for hanging, but there are also circular, rectangular or octagonal forms. The work below is an attempt to study a special form of medals – perforated secondarily – as a historical form of recycling. Such a treatment led them to be regarded as retrieved objects, retaining their original function. Studying the manufacturing features of these objects allows us to distinguish between original and secondary perforations. The latter were made when the original eye was broken or lost. The intentions of persons who decided to recycle devotional objects for material, spiritual or mystic reasons are an important part of this paper. The article is based on studies of artefacts obtained during archaeological excavations at sites in Gniew in Pomerania (Poland) and Dubno in Volhynia (Ukraine).

Спроба колективізувати українців Закерзоння, переселених З Польщі на Донеччину (за матеріалами діловодної документації місцевих органів влади)

The article contains analysis of the mechanism which was implemented by local party and soviet authorities to involve resettlers into kolkhozes of Donetsk region. Some of the documents analyzed by the author are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The author came to the conclusion that local party and soviet authorities implemented a number of agitational / propaganda measures, used moral and material incentives, implemented restrictions on unauthorized departure from the districts of the region. An important component of the mechanism was, first of all, their placement on the territory of kolkhozes. The material incentive was the endowment with a larger plot of homestead land and in some cases a priority in the provision of housing. However, homestead land mostly did not compensate for the land that the settlers had before moving. Land left in Poland and mentioned in the property descriptions was not evaluated or reimbursed. The level of wages on the collective farms was insufficient to support the family. The process of socialization of livestock caused a negative reaction. Under such conditions, neither moral encouragement nor a ban on leaving places of residence could deter the resettlers. The party leadership cooperated with the regional department of state security, which monitored the moods and intentions of the displaced persons. The level of effectiveness of local government measures was reduced by elements of social interaction of resettlers and their development of survival practices. The bulk of the settlers expressed their rejection of the collective farm system as such and "voted with their feet" against it. The resettlers mostly went to the western regions of Ukraine, hoping for the opportunity to run the farm individually. Some of them tried to return to Zakerzonia.

Disaster evacuation intentions of persons with mental health problems receiving employment support in Japan

Disaster evacuation intentions of persons with mental health problems receiving employment support in Japan

English

The purpose of this study was to establish whether tax compliance intentions of tax-registered self-employed persons are still influenced by economic variables instead of non-economic variables which are now at the centre stage in tax compliance research. A quantitative research design based on a survey of 453 self-employed persons randomly selected from 15 Small Taxpayers’ Offices across the Greater Accra region was used. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 software complemented with a correlation analysis and validated using multiple regression and one-way analysis of variance. Results indicate that if the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) conducts frequent audits on business records and activities, and imposes lower tax rates on self-employed persons, a moderate but positive effect on tax compliance could be achieved. The results also indicate that higher fines could have a moderate negative effect on tax compliance decisions. Lastly, the level of income of self-employed persons was found to have weak but positive effects on their tax compliance intentions. The overarching results from this study indicate that economic variables do have positive but moderate effects on tax compliance intentions of self-employed persons in developing economies. It was recommend that the tax administration authority should not place too much emphasis on higher fines and imposition of higher income tax rates to encourage voluntary compliance, but instead, should place more emphasis on auditing of records and returns, and engage and provide holistic support to enable self-employed persons to grow and expand their businesses. Key words: Tax, compliance, self-employed persons, Ghana, underreporting.

What Is It like to Be a Person with Schizophrenia in the Social World? A First-Person Perspective Study on Schizophrenic Dissociality – Part 2: Methodological Issues and Empirical Findings

Objective: This is an empirical study exploring the personal level of experience of social dysfunction in persons with schizophrenia. Method: We adopted a qualitative method of inquiry based on a review of transcripts of individual therapy sessions conducted for 52 persons with chart diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder. Results: In our interviews, the experience of the social world in persons with schizophrenia emerged as an overall crisis of immediate, prepredicative, prereflexive attunement, typically accompanied by feelings of invasiveness and abnormalities in bodily and emotional sensations; a hyperreflexive mode for understanding the intentions of other persons, and a sceptical, aversive and sometimes utopian attitude towards sociality. Conclusion: Social dysfunction in persons with schizophrenia may reflect a disorder of the process of corporeal identification/differentiation that allows both for the intersubjective understanding through body-to-body attunement and for the demarcation between self and other.

A Social Deafferentation Hypothesis for Induction of Active Schizophrenia

The "social brain" of humans reflects widespread neural resources dedicated to understanding the conversational language, emotionality, states of mind, and intentions of other persons. A social deafferentation (SDA) hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia is proposed. Analogous to hallucinations produced by sensory deafferentation, such as phantom limb, the SDA hypothesis assumes that high levels of social withdrawal/isolation in vulnerable individuals prompt social cognition programs to produce spurious social meaning in the form of complex, emotionally compelling hallucinations and delusions representing other persons or agents. Arguments against the SDA hypothesis are discussed, and predictions deriving from the hypothesis are offered.

Physical Activity Belief Scales for Diabetes Risk: Development and Psychometric Testing

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of behavioral belief, normative belief, and control belief scales, derived from the theory of planned behavior to predict physical activity intentions of persons at risk for diabetes. In Study 1, belief statements from interviews were categorized, ranked, and evaluated for item construction. Content validity was established by 96.1% agreement among a five-member expert panel. In Study 2, items developed from the belief statements were administered to 106 adults at risk for diabetes. Psychometric analyses provided evidence of construct validity and reliability of the three scales. Internal consistency was sufficient (alpha = .76-.95), and test-retest evaluations indicated scale stability (r = .79-.91). Factor analyses and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling provided evidence that the items were appropriately grouped under each construct. Researchers and practitioners can use these measures to assess behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about physical activity among persons at risk for diabetes.

Understanding Intentions in Social Interaction: The Role of the Anterior Paracingulate Cortex

Neuroimaging studies have identified the anterior paracingulate cortex (PCC) as the key prefrontal region subserving theory of mind. We adopt an evolutionary perspective hypothesizing that, in response to the pressures of social complexity, a mechanism for manipulating information concerning social interaction has emerged in the anterior PCC. To date, neuroimaging studies have not properly distinguished between intentions of persons involved in social interactions and intentions of an isolated person. In two separate fMRI experiments, we demonstrated that the anterior PCC is not necessarily involved in the understanding of other people's intentions per se, but primarily in the understanding of the intentions of people involved in social interaction. Moreover, this brain region showed activation when a represented intention implies social interaction and therefore had not yet actually occurred. This result suggests that the anterior PCC is also involved in our ability to predict future intentional social interaction, based on an isolated agent's behavior. We conclude that distinct areas of the neural system underlying theory of mind are specialized in processing distinct classes of social stimuli.

Protecting Economic Well‐Being: The Paradox of Economic Espionage

The Security and Intelligence Services (known as MI5 and MI6) have statutory authority to act in respect of the economic well‐being of the UK. The Security Service Act 1989 defines MI5's role as being to safe‐guard economic well‐being, while the Intelligence Services Act 1994 empowers MI6 more specifically to obtain and provide information in relation to this interest. Both organisations are limited, in this context, to operating in respect of the actions or intentions of persons outside the British Isles. This concern with the protection of economic well‐being is not a recent development. As long ago as the 18th century, Parliament was sufficiently concerned by the suborning of skilled British workers by the French to pass legislation against industrial espionage. At the same time, Britain was sending intelligence agents into France to gather similar information. The state and private industry worked closely together to protect national interests from espionage, and to seek out intelligence on foreign industrial techniques. The nature of the intelligence sought covered purely commercial targets, such as wool manufacturing and clock making, as well as military technology, such as shipbuilding. This brief historical comparison high‐lights issues which are still pertinent. First, the shared interest that government and industry have in acquiring intelligence in this area. Secondly, that such espionage has a twofold objective of gathering information relating to both commercial and military‐industrial matters.

Fourteen- through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions

This study explored infants' ability to discriminate between, and their tendency to reproduce, the accidental and intentional actions of others. Twenty 14- through 18-month-olds watched an adult perform a series of two-step actions on objects that made interesting results occur. Some of the modeled actions were marked vocally as intentional (“There!”), some were marked vocally as accidental (“Woops!”). Following each demonstration, infants were given a chance to make the result occur themselves. Overall, infants imitated almost twice as many of the adult's intentional actions as her accidental ones. Infants before age 18 months thus may understand something about the intentions of other persons. This understanding represents infants' first step toward adult-like social cognition and underlies their acquisition of language and other cultural skills.

Reply to Shogenji on relativism

In A Consistent Relativism (Hales 1997) 1 offered a formal logical system (RL) for truth relativism, defining two new operators for absolutely and relatively. This system was intended to be, as the title of the paper suggested, a consistent relativist logic, not the only possible one. I modeled the system on the alethic modal logic S5 for two reasons. The first is that the traditional self-refutation problem of global relativism can be beautifully and compellingly demonstrated in an S5 framework in a way that conforms to people's gut worries about relativism. The second reason is that S5 is, for better or worse, the default modal system philosophers seem to accept. Thus I hoped that the relativist logic I presented spoke a logical lingua franca. Shogenji (1997) argues that the self-refutation proof I gave fails if one uses an S4 relativist logic instead of S5. This should come as no surprise. The choice of logical system is crucial for all proofs. Even modus ponens fails if we abandon traditional logic for certain relevance logics. Two questions immediately arise: (1) should an S4 relativist logic be employed instead of S5? and (2) can everything is relative be proven false in an S4 relativist logic? Shogenji argues that the answer to the first question is yes. His argument proceeds by questioning the symmetry of the commensurability relation, a requirement of RL. To my mind, however, the rejection of symmetry is too hasty, and implicitly relies on a dubious and undefended concept of a perspective. Some concept of a perspective is needed by all parties, but Shogenji's realist vs. idealist example trades on perspectives as somehow being established by the intentions of individual persons, which seems suspicious. No matter. The answer to question (2) is also yes, as Shogenji admits in footnote 5. Since everything is relative is false in both an S5 relativist logic (like RL) and an S4 one, it is pretty hard to see the great advantage the defender of everything is relative gains by going the S4 route. His central thesis is false in both. In fact, I agree with Shogenji that everything is relative turns out false no matter which modal system is supplemented with absolutely and relatively operators. What more is needed to persuade us that everything is relative is false and to look about for which logical system will permit the strongest relativistic claims? Strangely, Shogenji is still not convinced. Instead, he concludes that this only means that a glo-

Age-related cues in retail services advertising: Their effects on younger consumers

Although the mature market will become increasingly attractive to retailers, targeting older consumers could have adverse effects on attempts to also appeal to younger consumers. The current study explored potential problems retail service firms face in using older-age cues in their advertising. Results indicated that patronage intentions of younger persons for a less conspicuous service were not affected by either the use of older models or mention of a senior citizen discount. In contrast, patronage intentions of younger persons for a more conspicuous service were negatively influenced by advertisements containing older models when subjects would be accompanied by same-age friends.

Comprehension of Novel Communicative Signs by Apes and Human Children

Forty-eight young children (2.5 and 3.0 years old) and 9 great apes (6 chimpanzees and 3 orangutans) participated in a hiding-finding game. An adult human experimenter (the Hider) hid a reward in 1 of 3 opaque containers aligned on a wooden plank. Another adult experimenter (the Communicator) attempted to help the subject find the reward by giving 1 of 3 types of communicative sign: (1) Pointing, for which she placed her hand directly above the correct container with index finger oriented down; (2) Marker, for which she placed a small wooden block on top of the correct container; and (3) Replica, for which she held up a perceptually identical duplicate of the correct container. At both ages, children were above chance in this finding game with all 3 types of communicative sign, with Pointing being easiest (because they knew it prior to the experiment), Marker being next easiest, and Replica being most difficult. In contrast, no ape was above chance for any of the communicative signs that it did not know before the experiment (some had been trained in the use of the marker previously, and one knew pointing), nor was group performance above chance for any of the signs, despite the fact that apes experienced three times as many trials as children on each sign. Our explanation of these results is that young children understand the communicative intentions of other persons--although they may have more difficulty comprehending the exact nature of those intentions in some cases--whereas apes treat the behavioral signs of others as predictive cues only (signals). This may be because apes do not perceive and understand the communicative intentions of others, at least not in a human-like way.

Functions of preschool children's questions in coping with hospitalization.

This study was designed to determine the functions of hospitalized preschool children's questions. Subjects were 24 hospitalzied preschool children ranging in age from 3 years to 5 years, 11 months. Subjects' spontaneous questions, addressed to adults in a hospital setting, were recorded and categorized using Piaget's functional classification. The categories were: (a) causal explanation, (b) reality and history, (c) actions and intentions, (d) classification and evaluation, (e) rules, and (f) calculation. The frequency distribution of questions was determined by categories. The largest perentage of questions (53%) was about actions and intentions of persons, primarily hospital personnel. Small percentages dealt with classification and evaluation (13%) and reality and history (12%) Causal explanation questions (8%) were uncommon. A larger percentage of actions and intentions questions was found in the hospital than in nonstressful school settings. The findings suggest that hospitalized preschool children need orientation to the actions and intentions of personnel in regard to therapeutic activities, routine care, and play and social activity.

To Youth Who Choose Blindly

Investigators have frequently canvassed the vocational intentions of young persons and have found that they do not conform to the vocational pattern of the community. How to bring this discrepancy home to youth is a problem which has been effectively solved by a realistic bulletin prepared by the Counseling Services of the Cincinnati Public Schools. We reprint an excerpt with permission, in the hope that it may provide counselors with a pattern which they can use in helping youth to think realistically about occupations. The bulletin as distributed among the Cincinnati schools included statistics prepared by Counselor Ruth Kuller, comparing the number of Cincinnati workers in various fields with the number of pupils choosing these occupations.— The Editors.