Design Intent Research Articles

Design and Implementation of a Synchronous AHB to APB Bridge in System-on-Chip Applications

The requirement of effectively combining key units in an integrated system is proliferating. SoC system is developed to provide a chip-level integration, which become the inevitable trend of integrated circuit development and is widely used in smartphones, industrial applications, and microcontrollers. The ARM AMBA protocol works as a universally adopted way of interaction between various parts of the system. In AMBA architecture, the AHB to APB bridge significantly contributes to combining the high-performance AHB bus and low-power APB bus in the SoC system. This project is to implement an AHB to APB bridge using Verilog, enabling stable data transfer between these two buses. The proposed AHB to APB bridge is intended to fit different read or write strategies and ensure the proper working of the peripherals on the APB bus. The bridge has been implemented via Verilog Hardware description language (HDL). A test bench was created with a virtual AHB host and an optimized SRAM as the high-speed APB peripheral. Verdi simulation shows the bridge completely meets the design intention.

My ideal teacher: the Gen Z’s choice

This study explored the Gen Z’s ideal teacher. The research employed an explanatory sequential mixed method. The intent of the transformative mixed methods design, to seek reality from their preferred teaching styles, on how do they perceived an ideal teacher, and on how can teachers meet their expectations. The findings revealed that the most preferred teaching styles and most effective way in teaching these students is experiential learning. In addition, as perceived by the Gen Z students, an ideal teacher should have positive values and they must be emotionally supportive and technologically literate. Furthermore, it was unveiled that a teacher must imposes skill enhancement, be conscious of today’s trend, adapt to the digital revolution and have an awareness of individual differences and needs to meet the Gen Z expectations. This also provides information and serves as a guide on how teachers meet the Gen Z expectations based on the overall data gathered from the respondents. Through this, an instructional input was crafted containing the different teaching styles that the student prefers and the different activities that can help teachers accommodate the said teaching styles.

Research on Evaluation and Prediction Methods of Cognitive Intentions for Product Morphological Features

The morphological characteristics of a product serve as essential carriers for conveying design intentions. These characteristics directly affect users’ comprehension of the product’s functions and proper usage, which are critical to the safety of product utilization and the overall comfort of the user experience. Incorporating prior experience to predict users’ cognitive intentions regarding product form characteristics can provide valuable evaluation and decision-making references for design. This approach effectively reduces product development risks and contributes to enhancing user acceptance and experience. The study established intention discrimination indicators for form characteristics, covering six dimensions: functional orientation, behavioral intention, recognizability, cognitive load, attention distribution, and experiential feeling. Combining multidimensional scaling (MDS) and systematic clustering, samples were screened, and the morphological decomposition method was used to categorize and extract form characteristic categories and feature factors. The entropy weight method was applied to assign weights to the feature categories, and a feedforward neural network (FNN) was employed to construct a prediction model for cognitive intentions regarding product form characteristics. The model was tested using leave-one-out cross-validation, yielding a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0089 and an R correlation coefficient of 0.9998, indicating high reliability. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of this method were validated through a case study on earthquake science experience facilities.

Product Implantation Design and Consumer Purchase Intention Analysis in Movies

Product Implantation Design and Consumer Purchase Intention Analysis in Movies

Impacts of Material and Machine on the Variation of Additively Manufactured Cooling Channels

Abstract While additive manufacturing (AM) can reduce component development time and create unique internal cooling designs, the AM process also introduces several sources of variability, such as the selection of machine, material, and print parameters. Because of these sources, wide variations in a part's geometrical accuracy and surface roughness levels can occur, especially for small internal cooling features that are difficult to post-process. This study investigates how the selection of machine and material in the AM process influences variations in surface quality and deviations from the design intent. Two microscale cooling geometries were tested: wavy channels and diamond-shaped pin fins. Test coupons were fabricated with five different additive machines and four materials using process parameters recommended by the manufacturers. The as-built geometry was measured non-destructively with computed tomography scans. To evaluate surface roughness, the coupons were cut open and examined using a laser microscope. Three distinct roughness profiles on the coupon surfaces were captured including upskin, downskin, and channel walls built at 90 deg to the build plate. Results indicated that both material and machine contribute to producing different roughness levels and very different surface morphologies. The roughness levels on the downskin surfaces are significantly greater than on the upskin or sidewall surfaces. Geometric analysis revealed that while the hydraulic diameter of all coupons was well captured, the pin cross section varied considerably. Along with characterizing the coupon surfaces, cooling performance was investigated by experimentally measuring friction factor and heat transfer. The variations in surface morphology as a function of material and machine resulted in heat transfer fluctuating by up to 50% between coupons featuring wavy channels and 26% for coupons with pin fin arrays. Increased arithmetic mean surface roughness led to increased heat transfer and pressure drop; however, a secondary driver in the performance of the wavy channels was found to be the roughness morphology, which could be described using the surface skewness and kurtosis.

Scaling Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses of Novel Additively Manufactured Rib Designs

Abstract Rib turbulators are a key cooling feature that enables increased heat transfer on the interior of gas turbine components. As metal additive manufacturing becomes available for developing turbine parts, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how the surface roughness intrinsic to this manufacturing method impacts the performance of rib turbulators. To explore what impact roughness has on rib turbulator performance, several relevant scale test coupons were manufactured on two different additive machines out of IN718. Additionally, several coupons were built at large scales to effectively reduce the relative roughness size impacts and determine scale effects. A range of different wavy broken rib designs, varying both rib wavelength and orientation within a channel were evaluated. Coupon geometry and surface roughness were characterized using both computed tomography scans and optical profilometry. Variations between the print methods were found to have limited impact on the surface roughness, but significant impact on the accuracy to meet the design intent with rib heights varying by 30%. Following characterization, coupons were flow tested and it was found that the ribs that more regularly disturbed the flow as a function of their geometry most significantly enhanced heat transfer and pressure drop. The performance index of the broken wavy ribs was similar to other advanced rib designs, such as broken or V shaped ribs, but augmentations to heat transfer and pressure drop were generally lower. The rib performance was compared as a function of relative roughness, and it was found that increases in relative roughness resulted in increased friction factor and heat transfer, especially at higher Reynolds numbers.

Designing for human-nature connectedness: A case study of the Barefoot Path Spalt, Germany

There is a need to bridge the disconnection between humans and nature through conscious landscape architectural designs. Recreation infrastructure can be a tool to guide humans towards a stronger connection with nature, improving health, welfare, and care for environmental issues. Considering Haraway's (2016) work on making kin with the more-than-human other and being with the trouble through cognisant presence of the self within a natural world, it appears that progress towards human-nature connectedness is stunted by commodification of the natural environment. This is reflected in nature discourse, and a risk perception driven by fear of nature which has become the unknown. A mixed methods study of the Barefoot Path Spalt, Germany, implementing document analysis, interviews, and criticism incorporating autoethnography and expert field assessments, generated knowledge on how trail designs can improve human-nature connectedness. The study based its findings on three major trail attributes, environmentally conscious trail design, the barefoot component, and interactive equipment and art. Results show that an intrinsic connection with the environment can be targeted with intentional trail design that entices curiosity, gradually guiding participants to build human-nature connectedness, contesting false risk perception. Management implicationsResults show that well designed trails have the potential to enhance human-nature connectedness with relatively cost-effective implementations. Future trail development and upgrades should consider (1) Conscious integration of a trail into the natural environment through a low-impact approach. (2) Using a creative feature that delivers a unique, nature-centric experience, for example through sensory immersion. (3) Installing both play equipment and art to mask the border between trail and context environment makes use of, and encourages more traffic to a trail, generating positive nature-contextual experiences.

Technology Acceptance and Innovation Diffusion: Are Users More Inclined Toward AIGC-Assisted Design?

Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has shown significant potential in design, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence technology. However, understanding designers’ willingness to embrace this technology and the factors influencing their decision-making requires further research. In this study, we develop a theoretical model of user behavioral intention in AIGC-assisted design, drawing upon the Diffusion of Innovations theory and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Through empirical analysis using the PLS-SEM structural equation model, we investigate the mechanisms behind various influencing factors on behavioral intention. Our findings highlight the relative advantage as the most significant positive factor, emphasizing the importance of the innovation’s benefits in the Diffusion of Innovations theory. Designers prioritize the innovation and assistance provided by AIGC technology in the design process and ideas, recognizing the advantages of the innovation itself over mere performance improvement. This study provides valuable insights into the psychological and behavioral mechanisms guiding designers’ decision-making regarding the application of AIGC technology in design.

Machine tool cross beam design, fabrication, and testing using metal big area additive manufacturing

This paper describes the application of metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (mBAAM) to the fabrication of a machine tool cross beam. The replacement of a traditional box design weldment with a new design printed by wire arc additive manufacturing using the MedUSA system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is detailed. This requires a new design strategy based on the unique mBAAM capabilities. The intent of the new design is to reduce mass, while maintaining the dynamic stiffness. To compare the two designs, the natural frequencies and mode shapes are measured using impact testing and predicted using finite element analysis. It is confirmed that the printed structure dynamics agreed with the numerical model predictions, which demonstrates that it is feasible to model a large-scale mBAAM part and understand its behavior prior to printing. Another notable outcome of this study is that the significant residual stress and distortion in the print indicate that knowledge gaps remain for widespread implementation of mBAAM.

From Skill Development to Skill Duration: Three Strategies for Cultivating a Culture of Learning in Your Organization

This article discusses strategies for leaders to foster a culture of continuous learning within their organizations. It establishes that learning is a learned behavior that must be developed over time through reinforcement and environment. Left to chance, companies will not cultivate an effective learning culture. The article then presents three key steps leaders can take: make learning part of daily work through reflection sessions, identifying teachable moments, and recognizing achievements; support ongoing skill development with resources, peer learning, and skills gap assessments; and lead by example through participation in learning activities, promoting experimentation, and developing adaptability in hiring and coaching. It provides an example of implementing these strategies at a financial services firm and the positive outcomes it achieved. The conclusion emphasizes the integral role of leaders in socializing learning as a habit and competitive advantage through intentional culture design. A culture of continuous learning will help organizations adapt to future challenges.

Stormwater retention performance of tree integrated infiltration trenches designed for suburban streetscapes

The volume of stormwater generated by streetscapes in cities is a primary driver of urban stream degradation. Large infiltration trenches can be integrated into streetscapes to potentially retain large volumes of runoff and increase growth rates of nearby trees. To test this, a field study was conducted where three structural soil infiltration trenches receiving runoff (12 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 deep) were installed alongside a carpark in Melbourne, Australia, with sizing determined by space constraints in a typical streetscape. The three structural soil trenches had raised outflow drainage, which created internal water storage for runoff received from a carpark. To separate the effects on tree growth of i) the presence of structural soil from ii) passive irrigation into the structural soil, three structural soil trenches (6 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 deep) not receiving runoff and without outflow drainage were also installed. Runoff capture, exfiltration, outflow and tree growth was monitored over 19 months. Only one system performed close to the design intent and retained 18 % of runoff, due to slow soil exfiltration rates (<0.1 mm h−1). Compacted soil generated pervious-area runoff that filled the structural soil trenches not receiving impervious-area runoff from the carpark. Tree growth near these structural soil trenches was poor (59 % relative growth) compared with trees receiving runoff from the carpark (112 % relative growth), due to a lack of drainage, emphasising the need for drainage of stormwater systems in heavy textured soils to promote tree growth. This study highlights that options for creating storage for stormwater in streetscapes have the potential to meet local runoff infiltration targets. However, meeting local runoff volume reduction targets will require alternative ways to reduce surface runoff.

Efficacy and safety of the OverStitch endoscopic suturing device for closure of defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and AimsEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is used for closure of gastrointestinal (GI) lesions following endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection. Generally, a large defect is left that can increase the risk of postprocedural bleeding or perforation, and has been managed by techniques such as endoscopic placement of clips to reapproximate the defect edges. An over the scope suturing system (OSS), Overstitch created by Apollo endosurgery, has been designed for similar utility in ESD closure. Its design intent aimed for full thickness closure and exchange of suture without endoscopic removal. This paper aims to evaluate the technical success and efficacy of use of OSS in the closure of ESD. MethodsA comprehensive literature review across multiple databases was performed. Studies including Overstitch and ESD information were evaluated, with 7 articles meeting predetermined eligibility of quality for inclusion. Statistical analysis was completed using CMV v 3.0 software. The primary evaluated endpoint was technical success and efficacy of instrument use in patients undergoing ESD closure with OSS. The secondary evaluated endpoint was the overall rate of adverse events related to the use of OSS. ResultsOverall, the pooled rates for instrumental efficacy and technical success were 95.8% (95% CI: 80.6%, 99.2%; P=0.04) and 99.2% (95% CI: 79.8%, 100.0%; P=1.00), respectively. The pooled rate of adverse events was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0%, 24.8%; P=0.99) with pain reported as the most common adverse event. ConclusionsThe OSS system appears to be an effective and safe tool in the closure of defects after ESD. However, its design also makes it quite large and difficult to maneuver. While it allows for replacement of the suture kit without endoscopic removal, there have been multiple reported episodes of device failure. Further randomized controlled trials warranted as OSS becomes more widely used.

Aligned Ion Conduction Pathway of Polyrotaxane-Based Electrolyte with Dispersed Hydrophobic Chains for Solid-State Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

HighlightsStrategic materials design of polyrotaxane-based electrolytes was suggested by aligning the ion conduction pathways and dispersing hydrophobic chains for solid-state Li–O2 batteries.Owing to intentional design, solid-state Li–O2 battery resulted in stable potential over 300 cycles at 25 °C.

BIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR HERITAGE RENOVATION THROUGHOUT PROJECT LIFECYCLE: CURRENT USE, BENEFITS, AND BARRIERS

Introduction: Building Information Modeling (BIM) has garnered significant attention due to advancements in sophisticated technologies and methods. However, a comprehensive review of the existing literature indicates a lack of research exploring the application of BIM in managing the entire intervention design and renovation processes from a broader system perspective. The purpose of the study was to fill this gap by identifying and evaluating the current utilization, benefits, and barriers associated with implementing BIM in the lifecycle of renovation projects. The study methodology is based on conducting 31 structured interviews with experienced professionals who have employed BIM in their project deliveries. The results reveal that the primary benefits of BIM adoption, in descending order of importance, pertain to improved collective understanding of design intent, lower risk and better predictability of outcomes, better-designed and performing buildings, more accurate project documentation, and increased accuracy of the cost estimate. However, there are several prominent barriers: project budget, complexity of modeling historic structures, cost to hire BIM professionals, and the lack of BIM knowledge. The findings will advance BIM adoption for heritage renovation and enable project stakeholders to focus on realizing the benefits and potential uses of lifecycle BIM, while also addressing the critical challenges discussed in this study.

20th-Century World Built Heritage Facing Water: Conservation of Fallingwater and Boa Nova Tea House

The conservation of 20th-century architectural heritage presents unique challenges due to the modern materials and construction techniques used by pioneering architects. This paper investigates the preservation challenges of iconic architectural works exposed to water environments, focusing on Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright and the Boa Nova Tea House by Álvaro Siza Vieira. These structures, situated in natural settings with significant exposure to water, serve as case studies for examining conservation methods and their broader implications. This study explores archival documents, interviews with conservation experts, and literature reviews to highlight the main degradation phenomena related to the impact of environmental conditions on the material’s integrity. Despite limited specific data on monitoring and maintenance, this research underscores the importance of ongoing conservation efforts. Fallingwater’s case highlights the necessity of restoration techniques, while the Boa Nova Tea House illustrates minimal intervention strategies to maintain authenticity. This study concludes that the effective conservation of 20th-century built heritage necessitates a balance between preserving original design intents and adapting to environmental challenges. It emphasizes the need for innovative conservation strategies, adherence to international guidelines, and the establishment of comprehensive management and monitoring plans to safeguard the integrity and authenticity of culturally significant architecture.

Birthing a new maternal cognition literature: 10 recommendations for future research.

Whilst the field of maternal cognition is gaining interest, with a recent increase in publications, there are still only a handful of existing studies. This presents a unique opportunity for reflection and growth, advancing scientific rigor to ensure that future interpretations of maternal cognitive functioning are based on robust, generalizable data. With this in mind, we offer ten recommendations for future cognitive research in motherhood, with a focus on intentional study design. A study's design dictates the questions that can be asked, and the answers that can be gleaned from collected data, making study design a cornerstone of robust and reproducible science. These recommendations are intended as a resource for study conceptualization and design, participant recruitment, result interpretation, and peer review.

Beyond Technical Specs: Using AHP to Prioritize User Needs in Turkish Basketball Arena Designs

Basketball arenas are crucial spaces that must meet specific standards to ensure the sustainability of the sport and the quality of play. While Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) assesses these standards, it often assumes that all performance indicators are equally important, potentially leading to a gap between design intent and actual user experience. This study aims to bridge this gap by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize evaluation criteria for Turkish professional basketball arenas designed for national and international matches, regional/local competitions, and training programs. Existing studies and reports indicate that basketball arenas in Turkey often fall short in meeting necessary physical requirements and exhibit performance deficiencies. To address this gap, this study identifies factors determining arena performance, categorized as technical, functional, and behavioral based on Preiser's framework. These criteria were further categorized according to different spaces within the arena, including general use areas, administrative spaces, and athlete-specific areas. A panel of expert sports facility design professionals provided judgments about the relative importance of these criteria using pairwise comparisons. The AHP method was then employed to calculate priority weights for each criterion. The results reveal the relative importance of different criteria for each space. For example, in general use areas, "furniture suitability/sufficiency" and "provision of ergonomic conditions for the disabled" ranked highest. In administrative spaces, "fire protection" and "accessibility" were deemed most important, while in athlete-specific areas, "visual and auditory privacy" and "security" took precedence. This study demonstrates the potential of AHP for developing a systematic and reliable framework for qualitative evaluations that measure user satisfaction. AHP-based evaluation models offer a valuable tool for architects, facility managers, and decision-makers to assess architectural design quality, prioritize design criteria, and support user-centered design processes.

Sustainable food systems education in nutrition and dietetics: an appraisal of the tertiary landscape in multiple countries

Purpose Despite a growing awareness of the gap between professional expectations and competence, there has been no comprehensive appraisal of sustainable food systems (SFS) education within dietetics and nutrition programs to date. Dietitians and nutritionists play important roles in promoting sustainability yet many perceive themselves to be inadequately trained. The purpose of this study was to explore how, and to what degree, SFS education is incorporated into accredited nutrition and dietetics programs in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. Design/methodology/approach A content analysis of course descriptions from program websites was conducted between 2021 and 2022. Courses were reviewed, analyzed and evaluated using a novel sustainability metric. Findings SFS is integrated into the education environment of some, but not all, dietetics and nutrition programs to varying degrees (no, partial and full). Partial and full integration was present in a small percentage of courses, with a larger percentage in nutrition programs. SFS education was offered more often through a single unit than a dedicated course. Twelve best practice examples of courses dedicated to SFS were identified. In the UK, their focus was nutrition and diet, contrasting food and food systems in Australia and Canada. Originality/value These findings provide insight into SFS education for professional societies, instructors and program directors. Through intentional curricular design considerations supported by this study, program leads can take small conscious reorganizational steps to integrate SFS. This study offers a sound methodology to initiate and benchmark further assessment and a novel approach for other professions looking to equip their future workforce through SFS education.

Educational materials as collaborative design space?

The study presented constitutes the first step in a research project aiming at gaining more insight into the processes of creating educational materials through a collaborative design space. Additionally, it focuses on the possibilities of and challenges involved in creating valuable and meaningful educational materials drawing on teachers’ remix practices. The purpose of the study is to investigate how teachers' collaborative interaction with educational tools may influence ongoing improvement of the courses and materials included in design of contextualized learning paths. By taking our point of departure in existing theories and knowledge, we designed a triangulated methodology using a combination of questionnaires, interviews and user behaviour data focusing on the use of the CourseBuilder as a collaborative space. The article focuses on the possibilities and barriers of developing a collaborative design space that enables a (re)design of digital educational materials which looks at teachers’ interest in: 1) designing their own teaching materials, 2) working professionally with the redesign and remixing of materials from many different sources, and 3) adapting them to the many contexts in which materials of this type are included. This article should be seen as a step towards a deeper understanding of opportunities and challenges within teachers' cooperation on designing, sharing, redesigning and resharing teaching materials. It shows that there is a high degree of acceptance of digital teaching materials among teachers of upper secondary schools in Denmark. Furthermore, there seems to be a collaborative culture, where the majority of teachers indicate that they already collaborate professionally regarding course planning and they see advantages connected with these practises. In prior research, factors promoting the adaptation of virtual collaboration are mentioned. These include teachers’ digital skills, professional development through courses, allocated time and integration of tools that allow teachers to enter into re-design networks with colleagues. All the institutions participating in our study show a supportive environment regarding the use of CourseBuilder. However, several factors were identified indicating that CourseBuilder is not the ideal version of a design collaborator. Although the necessary factors for a successful collaborative environment are present, somehow there seems to be a missing link in the fulfilment of CourseBuilder as collaborative design space. Put differently, there are collaborative supportive environments at the specific institutions - but the productive remix practices are not facilitated by CourseBuilder, despite the design intentions and layout.

Design transparency of high-school chemistry teachers’ guides: a comparative study

ABSTRACT The influence of teachers' guides (TGs) as an essential curriculum resource supporting instruction, professional development, and reflection among teachers has been well studied. However, there is scarce research on the design transparency of TGs whereby the intentions of curriculum designers are made explicit and accessible. To fill this gap, we conducted a comparative study of high-school chemistry TGs across four common topics in China and Korea to analyse the categories, frequencies and depth of supports found within them, specifically in terms of their (i) design rationales, (ii) storyline and (iii) other transparency supports. The results showed that their TGs exhibited more similarities than differences and placed the highest emphasis on explaining teaching methods which accounted for around half of their content. Another emphasis was on communicating rationales with the highest proportion of support devoted to explaining course objectives and the purpose of an activity. Nonetheless, storyline design transparency supports (especially concerning interdisciplinary connections) were severely lacking. These results hold implications for the development of more effective TGs for chemistry instruction in terms of explicitly stating rationales behind pedagogy and activities (i.e. “the why”), pointing out learning difficulties and use of representations by students, interdisciplinary teaching and implementing differentiated instruction among other supports.