Intentional Aspects Research Articles

The Impact of Non-profit Regulatory Instruments on Civic Engagement Intention in China

Abstract In China, both governments and civil institutions play important roles in non-profit regulation. However, with various regulatory instruments available, it remains unclear which has the strongest public support and most effectively promotes civic engagement. This study compared the impact of different non-profit regulatory instruments addressing information disclosure on two aspects of civic engagement intention: willingness to donate and willingness to volunteer. A survey experiment was conducted to analyse the perspectives of 939 Chinese participants on four types of regulation: no regulation, civil regulation, accommodative government regulation and deterrent government regulation. Results showed that regulation was preferred to no regulation and deterrent government regulation was preferred to accommodative government regulation, which was preferred to civil regulation. Additionally, public trust in non-profits significantly mediated the relationship between regulation and civic engagement intention. These findings suggest that government regulation, particularly the deterrent approach, garners strong public support and may be prioritized within the Chinese context.

Impacts of effort recognition on nurses’ organizational commitment and turnover intention

PurposeOrganizational commitment could influence nurses’ turnover intention, but we know little about how effort recognition may enhance all three aspects of nurses’ organizational commitment and consequently reduce their turnover intention. This study adopts the self-affirmation theory to examine how the number of effort recognitions received by a nurse may impact the normative, continuance and affective aspects of their organizational commitment and their turnover intention.Design/methodology/approachWe collected two-wave data from the survey responses of 481 nurses in a large medical center in Taiwan between June and August, 2017 and between January and February, 2018 as well as counting the number of times their efforts were recognized as excellent by using patient/family performance appraisal forms in 2016. Bivariate correlation was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsWe found that effort recognition is positively associated with nurses’ normative organizational commitment but not with their continuance or affective commitment. The three aspects of organizational commitment are negatively associated with turnover intention.Practical implicationsNurse managers who hope to reduce nurses’ turnover intention could consider adequately recognizing nurses’ outstanding performance.Originality/valueThe present study is the first to employ the self-affirmation theory to examine the impact of effort recognition on the three aspects of organizational commitment and turnover intention.

An Empirical Study on the Assessment of the Impact of Service Quality on Customer Repurchase Intention in Retail Chain Stores of Khulna District of Bangladesh

Purpose: The study aims to identify how various aspects of service quality impact customer repurchase intention in retail chain stores in Bangladesh. Methodology: The study has been conducted following the quantitative research method. Data were gathered from 100 shoppers via direct surveys done at multiple retail chain stores in Khulna city of Bangladesh. A questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was used in the study to collect consumer feedback on several elements related to service quality and repurchase intention. SPSS 25 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was used to analyze the data for Reliability tests, correlations analysis, and regression analysis. Findings: The data show that responsiveness, assurance, and empathy have a substantial effect on customers' likelihood of repurchasing from retail chain stores. Surprisingly, tangible elements such as store appearance and reliability had little influence on customers' propensity to return. Practical Implications: According to the findings, retailers should focus on developing a customer-centric strategy that emphasizes prompt service, trust-building efforts, and encouraging sympathetic relationships. Originality/Value: The study has transformative potential for the retail chain sector, guiding strategic adjustments for enhanced customer experiences, competitive advantages, and long-term growth. Limitations: While the study provides useful insights, its limitations include a limited geographic scope, small sample size and inherent biases caused by the convenience sampling method. To clarify subtle customer behaviors across multiple retail landscapes, future research should include broad retail segments and locales.

CHARLZ DIKKENSNING “OLIVER TVISTNING SARGUZASHTLARI” ASARINING KOMPOZITSION TAHLILI

This article reveals some plot analysis of the novel “Oliver Twist” by English writer Charles Dickens, significance of masterpiece in terms of characteristic features, intentional aspects and cohesive sequence of events. The novel itself tells about the harsh life of orphan child, Oliver Twist.

Aspects of mobile phone use and behavioural intentions for learning in rural South African schools

This paper focuses on a study conducted in two historically disadvantaged schools (deep-rural and semi-urban) in South Africa where the rising access to mobile technology implies that the long-standing promise of mobile learning is becoming accessible despite the lack of recent research. This research aims to investigate the relationship between the type of school and various aspects of mobile phone use as well as differences in behavioural intention constructs to use mobile phones for learning. After a literature review, several hypotheses were developed. Using non-probability sampling techniques and the survey method, data was obtained from 128 participants, 79 from the deep-rural school and 49 from the semi-urban school. The semi-urban school exhibited slightly higher percentages in all aspects of cell phone use. Outside of mobile phone ownership and Internet access, all associations were significant. Significant differences were reported in favour of the semi-urban school for all constructs regarding the behavioural intention to use mobile phones for learning. However, the future of m-learning appears to be more promising than reported in earlier research by reporting positive behaviour from students in both schools. Critical stakeholders in education should take note and move from the goals of improving broad access to explicit objectives to implement m-learning in rural schools.

A rational exploration of personalist bioethics: understanding its foundations

The aim of this article is to elucidate the rational foundations upon which personalist bioethics is built, thereby enhancing understanding regarding its place within the broader discourse of secular bioethics. Personalist bioethics, as a dynamic pursuit, actively engages with scientific discoveries, periodically revisiting them and considering contemporary individuals' diverse perceptions of identity and values. It integrates two foundational trunks: personalism and Aristotelian-Thomistic theology with metaphysical reference. The method employed by personalist bioethics is illustrated through triangulation: the exposition of biomedical reality, an in-depth study of anthropological significance, and the identification of values at stake. Rooted in a substantialist concept of the human person, it follows a systematic interaction of various knowledge spheres, aiming not only to describe problematic relations but also to propose prescriptive solutions. Personalism maintains that the human person is valuable for who he is and not only for the choices he makes; he is a source from which the choices proceed. According to personalist ethics, the ethical value of an act will have to be considered under the subjective aspect of intentionality, but it will also have to be considered in terms of its objective content and its consequences. The natural moral law that urges every conscience to do good and avoid evil, therefore, becomes concrete in respect for the human person in all the fullness of his values, his essence, and ontological dignity.

IN DUBIO PRO REO: Analysis of criminal liability in borderline personality disorder in domestic violence

This work aims to analyze volition and behavior in Criminal Law and its application in cases of domestic violence, identifying how forms of domestic violence can affect the characteristics of the person with borderline personality disorder along with volition, which can affect the assessment of criminal liability in cases of domestic violence in accordance with the principle of in dubio pro reo. A qualitative literary review was used in the databases Periódicos CAPES, Google Scholar, Scielo (dated from 2000 to 2023); in specialized literature and on the official Planalto website. The emotional instability of the person with BPD along with aspects of affective relationships can lead to aggressive situations within the domestic environment, such as psychological and physical violence that can be marked by impulsivity, as well as intentional, which lead to doubts regarding their judgment, of so that they must be evaluated in the concrete. Therefore, when in doubt about imputability, semi-imputability applies; doubt about semi-imputability, non-imputability applies. It is noted that psychological violence has the nature of semi-imputability, due to the intentional aspects of relational maintenance and physical violence may contain the assumption of non-imputability, linked to impulsiveness and intense anger.

Self Disclosure Pada Komunikasi Generasi Z

Instagram with its features has encouraged Generation Z to self-disclose. Self-disclosure on Instagram has a unique form of communication. Individuals can choose to reveal aspects of their personal lives with varying degrees of openness. The purpose of this research is to find out how Generation Z discloses information about themselves (self-disclosure) which is often hidden as a form of communication through Instagram social media. The type of research used by researchers is qualitative research with an analytical approach in accordance with DeVito's Theory. The sampling method uses purposive sampling method. The result of the study is that self-disclosure by informants tends to be often done to people who are known according to the amount aspect in DeVito's Theory. The five informants have fulfilled the valence aspect of self-disclosure by conveying positive or negative expressions on Instagram through photo and video content. The five informants' self-disclosure has fulfilled the accuracy/honesty aspect of DeVito's Theory where self-disclosure actions are mostly based on existing reality. The five informants have fulfilled the intention aspect of DeVito's theory, namely conveying their intentions and goals even though the application is different. Each informant has a different level of familiarity and depth of self-disclosure material, depending on who the self-disclosure is disclosed to. This is in line with the intimacy aspect of DeVito's theory. Self disclosure made by the five informants on Instagram social media has fulfilled 5 aspects of DeVito's theory, namely amount, valence, accuracy/honesty, intention and intimacy.

Do personality traits affect entrepreneurial intention? The mediating role of the theory of planned behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting entrepreneurial intention by combining the big five personality traits with the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted with the use of an online questionnaire. The sample was comprised of 257 students from the business department of a public university in Athens.FindingsThe results of this study indicated a statistically significant and positive relationship of openness, extraversion, attitude, and perceived behavioral control to entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship of openness, conscientiousness and extraversion towards entrepreneurial intention through perceived behavioral control. Finally, the findings indicated a positive relationship of extraversion with entrepreneurial intention through attitude.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are limited to a specific student environment and should be replicated across various university settings to reach generalizable conclusions. The sample consists of only Greek students, which is another limitation of the study. The effects of entrepreneurship education vary with different ethnic backgrounds as seen in other studies. Finally, the research did not address the issue of gender or work experience among other variables discussed in other studies.Practical implicationsSeveral practical aspects of entrepreneurial intention can be considered, including entrepreneurship education, strategic investment, government and business organizations, mentoring issues and policymaking. This research can assist in various ways, enabling educational institutions to customize entrepreneurship courses, helping students choose suitable courses, aiding policymakers in developing supportive policies, and allowing organizations to identify employees with an entrepreneurial mindset.Originality/valueAlthough the big five personality traits and the Theory of Planned Behavior have been combined in numerous fields such as behavioral economics, psychology, and health behaviors, their integration in studying entrepreneurial intention remains scant. With this approach, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect entrepreneurial intention.

An AcciMap approach to analyse the Chinese melamine milk scandal

PurposeThe 2008 Chinese melamine milk scandal resulted in six reported fatalities and affected around 300,000 children, of whom 54,000 were hospitalised. Previous studies have used linear approaches to examine the root causes of the melamine milk scandal.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, we applied a systems approach to the melamine milk scandal to identify the complex systems-level failures across the supply chain leading to the incident and why food fraud incidents such as this occurred in the dairy sector. Additionally, systemic failures associated with food fraud vulnerability factors were considered (i.e. opportunities, motivation and control measures).Findings48 contributory factors of influence were identified and grouped across six sociotechnical levels across the Chinese dairy system, from government to equipment and surroundings. Lack of vertical integration (processes and communication) contributed to the failure. When viewed from a broader perspective, the melamine milk scandal can be linked to a series of human errors and organisational issues associated with government bodies, the dairy supply chain, individual organisations and management decisions and individual actions of staff or processes.Practical implicationsThis approach is of value to policymakers and the industry as it supports public health investigations of food fraud incidents and proactive food safety management.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse a food safety or fraud incident using the AcciMap approach and the food fraud vulnerability assessment (FFVA) technique. AcciMap analysis is applied to both unintentional and intentional aspects of the incident.

Assessment Scale and Behavioral Model Construction for AI Chat Information Retrieval and Processing Service Systems Based on Behavioral Reasoning Theory—Taking ChatGPT-Like Tools as an Example

ChatGPT and other AI chat information retrieval and processing service systems can deal with many problems, which are crucial for users, yet current research lacks depth in user experience. And those studies predominantly focus on positive aspects of user intention, which have a large limitation. Against this backdrop, this study, framed by Behavioral Reasoning Theory, utilizes factor analysis and linear regression to create a comprehensive user intention evaluation scale and model. The eight-factor evaluation scale, shaped by user values, includes supporting reasons like usefulness, convenience, growth, and interactivity, and inhibiting factors such as inaccuracy, semantic rigidity, security risk, and cognitive limitation. Attitude serves as an intermediary, positively affected by supporting factors and negatively influenced by inhibiting ones. Core factors impacting user intention are convenience, cognitive limitation, and security risk. This research not only bridges existing gaps but also lays a theoretical foundation for related industries.

Repurchase Intentions of Money Remittance Centers’ Customers in SOCCSKSARGEN: A Structural Analysis

The paper aimed to understand the drivers of commitment, aspects of commitment, trust, and repurchase intention of money remittance center customers on their choice of money remittance center in the selected cities of SOCCSKSARGEN. Data were gathered from 410 respondents throughout the four key cities in the SOCCSKSARGEN Region using purposive random sampling. A self-constructed questionnaire was utilized during the data gathering procedure. Using descriptive statistics, the research found that the respondents were mostly female, aged 20 to 29 years old. Employees and students comprised about eighty-five percent of the respondents. The majority were using their preferred money remittance for more than one year but less than three years, and about thirty-five percent were making a money remittance transaction once per month. The results of the regression and structural equation modeling were consistent in finding that only affective and calculative commitment had a significant influence on the repurchase intentions of customers in money remittance centers and that trust predicted all aspects of commitment. Economic, social, and resource drivers influenced customer commitment, which supported Lacey’s driver of commitment model. The results of SEM suggested the high influence of trust towards relationship quality building among money remittance center customers.

Large-Scale Evaluation of Satisfaction, Intent to Use, and Confidence with an Online Learning Course for a Well-Established, Evidence-Based Trauma Treatment: TFCBTWeb2.0

ABSTRACT Web-courses for learning evidence-based treatments (EBTs) are increasingly being used to improve the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices in psychology. Most research on web-courses has focused on engagement and knowledge acquisition, and limited research has evaluated learner satisfaction with training and intent to use EBTs. Further, even when aspects of satisfaction and learner intentions are examined, factors that may contribute to these variables are often overlooked. The current study sought to address these limitations by examining individual, training, and system level factors related to web-course satisfaction, intent to use EBTs, and confidence working with trauma-exposed families following completion of TFCBTWeb2.0, a publicly available web-course for trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Data from 80,749 learners who completed TFCBTWeb2.0 and who represented a wide range of professionals were examined. Most learners (>90%) were satisfied with the course, intended to use the material, and had high confidence about working with trauma-exposed families. Moreover, those learners who completed the course more slowly (vs. faster completion time) and had more knowledge gain, as well as those who enrolled during the COVID-19 pandemic (vs. pre-pandemic), reported higher satisfaction with the course. Collectively, these results highlight the need to examine both individual and system level factors when considering web-course satisfaction, intent to use EBTs, and confidence working with client populations. Suggestions for TF-CBT trainers and supervisors are provided for how to improve training and learners’ willingness to use TF-CBT.

Association between Work Environment, Work-Family Conflict and Employees’ Turnover Intention through Moderation of Job Experience in Commercial Banking Sector

This study investigated the association between work environments, work family conflict and employee’s turnover intention through moderation of job experience in the commercial banking sector. Intention to leave is an important issue in Pakistan's private sector and is evaluated by management science using a variety of criteria to determine the fundamental cause of employee decision-making. This is quantitative study. It followed convenience sampling techniques and designed sample size on the basis of Krejcie and Morgan, (1970) Questionnaire was distributed in 500 and returned questionnaires were 398. Survey was conducted through questionnaire, and it was comprised of five-point Likert scale. This study followed social exchange theory because it details with human behavior, it is said if right behavior is predicted than conflict can be easily resolved. Many theories, models, and frameworks have been used in the private sector to assess several aspects of employee turnover intention. Findings revealed that significant and positive relationship among the work environment & turnover intentions. Work- family conflict has positive & significant association with employee’s turnover intention. Despite that association between job experience and turnover intention was strongly negative relation. This study concluded that employee turnover intention is a major issue in Pakistan's private sector and that it is a key component of management science, which is evaluated using a variety of factors to understand the fundamental process by which employees to make a decision to leave an organization.

Analysis of the Current Status on Entrepreneurial Intentions among CrowdWorks Freelancers in Japan

Entrepreneurship is vital for economic growth in Japan. However, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report for 2022 reveals that Japan still lags behind in entrepreneurial intentions and attitudes. The purpose of this paper is to establish statistically the structural aspects of entrepreneurial intentions among Japanese social media freelancers by applying a social psychological approach, the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Furthermore, it aims to outline the framework and link it to future research activities. A total of 476 respondents were surveyed. While no significant differences in the variances of entrepreneurial intentions were found between platforms, three other factors showed significant distinctions when analysed for each variable. The mean score for perceived behavioural control stood at 2.213, aligning with the 2022 GEM report’s low rating. However, attitudes towards entrepreneurship (mean score 4.423) and entrepreneurial intentions (mean score 3.844) were moderate. Correlation analysis highlighted a strong positive and significant relationship between attitude and entrepreneurial intention, as well as positive and significant relationships between perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention, and between subjective norm and entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, path analysis using SPSS Amos indicated that perceived behavioural control may influence attitudes and subjective norms. Subsequent research should explore new variables in a broader sample, customised to participants’ cultural backgrounds.

Intention-to-Treat Analysis in Clinical Research: Basic Concepts for Clinicians.

This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical evaluation of intention-to-treat analysis, with a particular focus on its application to randomized controlled trials within the field of rehabilitation. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a methodological review that encompassed electronic and manual search strategies to identify relevant studies. Our selection process involved two independent reviewers who initially screened titles and abstracts and subsequently performed full-text screening based on established eligibility criteria. In addition, we included studies from manual searches that were already cataloged within the first author's personal database. The findings are synthesized through a narrative approach, covering fundamental aspects of intention to treat, including its definition, common misconceptions, advantages, disadvantages, and key recommendations. Notably, the health literature offers a variety of definitions for intention to treat, which can lead to misinterpretations and inappropriate application when analyzing randomized controlled trial results, potentially resulting in misleading findings with significant implications for healthcare decision making. Authors should clearly report the specific intention-to-treat definition used in their analysis, provide details on participant dropouts, and explain upon their approach to managing missing data. Adherence to reporting guidelines, such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials for randomized controlled trials, is essential to standardize intention-to-treat information, ensuring the delivery of accurate and informative results for healthcare decision making.

Affective associations towards running: fuzzy patterns of implicit-explicit interaction in young female runners and non-runners.

Empirical evidence demonstrates that high concordance and low discrepancy of implicit and explicit affective processes facilitate consistent exercise behavior. Novice runners often have difficulties implementing their running behavior on a regular basis resulting in irregular running behavior. To investigate the potential value of affective associations 89 young female runners (regular and irregular) and non-runners were recruited. Affective associations towards running were measured through a Single-Target Implicit Association Test on the implicit level and by self-report on the explicit level. Implicit-explicit interaction (IEI) scores (i.e., implicit-explicit concordance and discrepancy) were derived from principal component analysis. Fuzzy k-means cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of interacting implicit-explicit affective associations. The resulting clusters were assessed for differences in previous running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. Four meaningful overlapping clusters were found and labeled according to their prevalent IEI patterns (i.e., "positive non-discrepant", "positive discrepant", "negative discrepant", "negative non-discrepant"). Significant differences between clusters were found for past running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. The results indicate that running behavior varies between and within patterns of affective associations. In line with previous findings, positive non-discrepant implicit and explicit affective associations are linked to more consistent running behavior, while negative non-discrepant affect is associated with non-runners. However, the occurrence of discrepant implicit-explicit affective associations in young women differing in running behavior, motivation, and intention broadens the view of the complex relationship between affective processes and exercise behavior. In conclusion, individualized interventions that take into account the implicit-explicit interaction of affective associations besides well-known cognitive self-regulatory resources may prove more effective for individuals who struggle to run regularly.

Підприємницькі наміри студентів в Україні: гендерні аспекти

In the context of ongoing hostilities in Ukraine, it becomes important to understand the prospects of entrepreneurship as a sphere of economic recovery of the country. Student entrepreneurship can become a key factor in the formation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem, in particular in the context of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. Studying and taking into account the gender aspects of entrepreneurial intentions of Ukrainian students, supporting entrepreneurial education and the development of women’s entrepreneurship among young people in the curricula will contribute to the sustainable development of the economy and society in general. The aim of the article is to highlight the results of a study of the gender profile of entrepreneurial intentions of Ukrainian students, initiated and conducted by the authors within the framework of the project «Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Competencies and Intentions among University Students in the Cross-Cultural Dimension» in April – June 2023. The conclusions presented in the article are based on the results of an online survey of 247 students of Ukrainian universities, conducted on the Qualtrics platform according to the authors’ own methodology, which involves a survey of respondents on 27 questions, divided into four blocks: 1) general data about the respondent; 2) awareness of the entrepreneurial environment; 3) dimensions of entrepreneurial competence; 4) entrepreneurial intentions. The obtained data were analyzed using the instrumentarium of descriptive statistics. It is found that the entrepreneurial intentions of students in Ukraine have gender differences. In particular, in the implementation of their entrepreneurial initiatives, women are mostly focused on the long term and postpone starting a business for the future, while men mostly try to realize themselves as soon as possible, while studying at the university. When analyzing the preferences of students in choosing a sphere for starting their own business, «gender-neutral» and «gender-sensitive» business areas are allocated, which makes it possible to further develop recommendations for improving entrepreneurship education and institutional support for youth (including women’s) entrepreneurship policy in Ukraine. It is assumed that the «post-industrial» type of thinking prevails among students, in particular in the context of choosing promising business areas for their own business, this is manifested through the increased interest of survey participants in the service sector of the economy. The need to intensify women’s entrepreneurship and leadership among female students during their studies at the university, as well as to improve entrepreneurial education programs, in particular in business areas that are important during the wartime and post-wartime periods, is substantiated.

Exploring nonstandard service frontline situations

THE AIMS OF THE PAPER Jaycustomer behavior often increases the unpredictability of the service to an unmanageable extent. A co-creation based development can be presumed in the attitude of the consumer and of the frontline staff. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the dynamics of interactions between customers and frontline staff, particularly in nonstandard situations. This study aimed to understand how 'jaycustomer' behavior, which includes unpredictable and challenging customer actions, impacts these interactions and the overall service process. METHODOLOGY To explore the above, the study employed a quasi-secondary data collection method (narratives, netnography). Frontline conflicts were simulated based on a mystery shopping scenario. Mystery shoppers were instructed to combine two theoretical jaycustomer types – the Belligerent and the Egocentric Edgar (the selfish) – in their approach. These shoppers were tasked with observing various aspects of frontline staff behavior, including reactions, communication, gestures, and problem-solving intentions. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS The simulations led to the identification of distinct behavioral patterns on both sides of the customer-staff interaction. The study highlighted specific jaycustomer oriented patterns and the frontline staff's response strategies. Furthermore, essential human resource management skills in dealing with such jaycustomer scenarios were identified, providing insights into both customer and employee behavior in challenging service situations. RECOMMENDATIONS The findings of this research offer significant implications for service management and marketing theory, particularly in developing a consensual model for managing frontline processes. Additionally, the study suggests that reviewing and aligning staff training content with these research findings could be a fruitful direction for enhancing human resource management practices in customer service environments. An expert interview conducted post-experiment further affirmed special tasks for frontline management to handle such jaycustomer situations effectively.

The Effect of Game-based Learning on Student’s Conceptual Change in Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

The conceptual change approach has been a prevalent theoretical foundation for comprehending students’ acquisition of scientific knowledge. Despite its extensive use, only a limited number of studies have employed this framework to examine the effectiveness of game-based learning (GBL). The GBL was utilized to teach 101 middle school students concerning bioaccumulation and biomagnification concepts. Concept cartoons were used for pre- and post-test to assess the extent of conceptual change. Students’ reflections were employed to understand the emotional and social aspects analyzed by content analysis. The result indicated that before engaging in the GBL activity, most students had limited concepts of bioaccumulation (50%) and held partially accurate concepts of bioaccumulation without biomagnification (49%). After learning with the game activity, the students changed their concepts range from limited concepts to accurate concepts of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant change (Z = 2850, p ≤ 0.001), with an effect size of 1.00 indicating a large effect. This result provided evidence of the cognitive and the intentional aspects of conceptual change in which students extended their conceptions through GBL experiences. Furthermore, the students reported feeling joyful and expressed positive sentiments toward the learning activity and collaborative work.