Intensity Of Redistribution Research Articles

Вплив хімічного складу на теплостійкість литої конструкційної сталі

The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of chemical composition, temperature, stress and operating time on the creep and durability of structural steels. It is shown that the efficiency of structural steels in conditions of elevated temperatures and loads depends on the chemical composition, stress level, operating time and temperature. The influence of alloying elements is associated with the inhibition of the process of weakening of heat-resistant steels due to the reduction of their diffusion mobility and intensity of redistribution between the ferrite and secondary phases, their coagulation and reduction of structural defects. Mathematical models of relative elongation and fracture time in the process of creep from operating conditions and degree of alloying of steel are constructed. It is established that the efficiency of heat-resistant structural steels depends on 61 - 64% of the degree of alloying, 18 - 21% - the value of external stress, 7 - 18% - temperature and 11% of operating time. It is shown that the coagulation of carbides and nitrides in steels doped with nitrogen and vanadium is slower than carbides in steels doped with molybdenum, which more effectively shifts the softening process of heat-resistant steel in the region of higher temperatures and time. Keywords: steel, heat resistance, chemical composition, temperature, stress, creep, durability.

Explaining the Evidence on Inequality and Growth: Informality and Redistribution

This paper constructs a simple model that can account for both the negative relationship between growth and income inequality observed in the cross-country data and the positive relationship observed within countries over time. The model employs a dual-economy structure with formal and informal sectors. Growth is driven by formal sector human capital spillovers. Restrictive institutions impose barriers to formality that reduce the growth rate and increase inequality. Redistributive taxation lowers inequality but blunts the incentive to accumulate, lowering growth. Institutional structures vary more across than within countries. Consequently, variations in institutional barriers to formality may account for the negative relationship between growth and inequality found in the cross-country data. Variations in the intensity of redistribution may account for the positive relationship observed within countries over time.

The Political Economy of Job Protection and Income Redistribution

This paper presents a model allowing to analyze voting, welfare institutions and economic performance. We consider a political economy framework with three classes of agents: entrepreneurs, employed workers and unemployed workers. Agents vote on alternative institutional options: the degree of labour market flexibility and the intensity of redistribution. We show that the welfare state configuration depends on the nature of the political system - majoritarian, coalition, twoparty. Because internationalization reduces the possibility for national government to e.ectively tax profits, the existing political coalition is fragilized by the process of globalization. The model generates results concerning the macroeconomic equilibrium employment level. Hence we can assess the effects of internationalization on macroeconomic performance. The impact of internalization depends on the nature of the political system (majoritarian versus coalition government) and on the institutional configuration (positive flexibility versus positive redistribution).

Mass Conservation for Microsegregation and Solute Redistribution in Cellular/Dendritic Solidification with Back-Diffusion

A new model for solute redistribution in cellular or dendritic growth is presented The mass balance is an integral part of the analysis. A definition of the coefficient of redistribution extent within the solid is formulated on the basis of the description of equilibrium crystal growth. A definition of the coefficient of redistribution intensity within the solid is formulated on the analysis of mass balance in the system. The solute redistribution satisfies the mass balance at each stage of crystal growth. The coefficient of redistribution is the product of coefficients of redistribution extent and intensity. It is a function of back-diffusion parameter, defined in the Brody & Flemings theory.