Intensity Of Physical Training Research Articles

Is It Possible to Train the Endothelium?-A Narrative Literature Review.

This review provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the adaptive effects of physical training on the endothelium. The endothelium plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of vessel walls and regulating vascular tone, structure, and homeostasis. Regular exercise, known for its promotion of cardiovascular health, can enhance endothelial function through various mechanisms. The specific health benefits derived from exercise are contingent upon the type and intensity of physical training. The review examines current clinical evidence supporting exercise's protective effects on the vascular endothelium and identifies potential therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction. There is an urgent need to develop preventive strategies and gain a deeper understanding of the distinct impacts of exercise on the endothelium.

MONITORAMENTO FISIOLÓGICO NO TREINO FÍSICO DE INTENSIDADE EM LUTADORAS FEMININAS

ABSTRACT Introduction Currently, female wrestling has become one of the potential advantages in the Olympic Games, which has also allowed the sport to receive more attention. Physiological monitoring in intense physical training in female wrestlers is still little explored despite its importance in training conduction. Objective Explore special intensity physical training effects on female wrestlers through physiological monitoring. Methods Literature search, expert interview, and an experimental method conducted a situation analysis on 2-month training for 8 female wrestling team athletes, specific contents also included: analysis of female wrestlers’ body composition, changes in serum testosterone levels, and variations in cortisol levels. Results During the two-month training period, the various athletes’ physiological indicators underwent noticeable changes, remaining at the top of the normal range. Most of the athletes could adapt to the training load and intensity in this phase. Serum testosterone, cortisol, and hemoglobin levels in early athletes increased significantly. However, as training progresses, all indicators decrease, showing that the adaptability of the athlete’s body is consolidated. The hemoglobin content increased in most of the athletes, showing that the athlete’s own intensity of physical training was high. Conclusion The above physiological indicators can reflect the physical function of the athletes, providing a theoretical basis for coaches to develop evidence-based training plans. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

Investigation into the thermal comfort and physiological adaptability of outdoor physical training in college students

Over the last few decades, increase in global temperatures have led to a deterioration in the quality of open spaces, urban vitality, and public health. Strenuous physical training under hot conditions outdoors increases the potential for developing heat illnesses. It is therefore necessary to examine the relationships between human physiological indices, psychological responses, and outdoor thermal indices to predict and evaluate human thermal safety in hot environments. A 9-day experiment was conducted in September 2019, which tested the thermal comfort and cognitive ability of 1102 students. Their physiological parameters (Heart rate, Auditory canal temperature) were recorded before and after physical training. Results showed that there were significant differences in the thermal sensation vote before and after physical training. The classification of heat stress was modified based on the MTSV regression model and PET. The maximum acceptable PET was 23.0 °C before physical training and 21.7 °C after physical training. When PET ≥ 40.1 °C, a reduction in physical training intensity is recommended. When PET ≥ 45.7 °C, cessation of physical training should take place and sun exposure should be reduced to avoid health hazards. It is important to use the auditory canal temperature instead of the core temperature to calculate the physiological strain index (PSI). More than 15% of the subjects had a PSI ≥ 7.0 during the test. When the body is in a thermally neutral state (MTSV = −0.5– 0.5), PSI ≤ 2.0. When the MTSV ≥3.2, PSI ≥ 7.0, physical training intensity should be reduced, and warning information should be provided. According to the expected distribution of physical training time and rest time, it is recommended that the time of each physical training session should be within 30 min, with a resting period of more than 30 min in hot environments.

Dynamic Monitoring Method of Physical Training Intensity Based on Wearable Sensors

Physical training data are greatly affected by the human movement state, and the current monitoring method has the problem of low accuracy. A dynamic monitoring method of physical training intensity is designed based on the wearable sensor. The wearable sensor network is established, the quaternion is transformed into the corresponding Euler angle, and the measurement of the sensor is transformed into the human body coordinate system. In the process of human motion reconstruction, the human motion state parameters are estimated based on the wearable sensor data, the parameter eigenvalues are extracted, and the decision tree classification algorithm is used to identify the physical training state. According to the classification results, the dynamic monitoring model of three-dimensional energy training intensity is established, and the numerical index of training intensity is obtained. In terms of various physical training items, the average monitoring accuracy of the dynamic monitoring method of physical training intensity based on the wearable sensor is 97.12%, which is 3.70%, 4.59%, and 5.04% higher than the methods based on reflected interframe image, median average filtering algorithm, and Internet of Things technology, respectively, so as to realize the accurate monitoring of sports state.

Real-Time Modulation of Physical Training Intensity Based on Wavelet Recursive Fuzzy Neural Networks.

In this study, a wavelet recurrent fuzzy neural network is used to conduct in-depth research and analysis on the real-time regulation of physical training intensity. Firstly, an inter-process control technique is proposed to solve the problem of incomplete control flow graph construction caused by the inability to effectively collect all program control flow information in the process of static analysis, in preparation for the research of fuzzy testing technique. Next, a wavelet recursive fuzzy neural network-guided fuzzy testing technique is proposed to solve the problem of fuzzy tests falling into invalid variation due to the lack of directionality in the fuzzy testing process. Each neuron in the feedforward network is divided into different groups according to the order of receiving information. Each group can be regarded as a neural layer. The neurons in each layer receive the output of the neurons in the previous layer and output to the neurons in the next layer. The empirical data show that injury-preventive fitness training can effectively improve all physical qualities in the first phase of preparation and can effectively maintain the physical state and effectively contribute to their abilities during the competition period, and its injury-preventive fitness training interventions were verified by statistical analysis to have a dangerous main effect on their pre and post-test performance. Therefore, it is still not possible to determine its correlation with the coordination and improvement of the athletes' physical fitness, and the integration of the basic physical training and rehabilitation physical training systems, making this theory a new special training theory.

Effects of aerobic physical rehabilitation on muscle fiber metabolism in patients with severe heart failure

Abstract Purpose To evaluate changes of functional state and metabolism of skeletal muscle fiber (MF) after aerobic physical rehabilitation (PR), based on original method; to study relationship between clinical data dynamics and indicators of skeletal muscle metabolism after PR. Methods 100 patients; heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), NYHA III, mean age 52±5,2 years, ejection fraction (EF) 27,3±4,2%, BMI 23,5±2,8 kg/m2. Before inclusion in PR program cardiopulmonary exercising test (CPET), echocardiography (EchoCG), quality of life (QOL), exercise tolerance (ET) were estimated. Physical training intensity was based on lactate threshold achievement during CPET. PR efficiency was estimated on the basis of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), EF, QOL and ET dynamics after 6 months PR. Shin muscle biopsy was performed at baseline and after 3–6 months PR. In muscle samples activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDG) was evaluated with plag-method. Data were statistically processed using software package “Statistika, 9.0”. Results After 6 months of training EF increased by 10,5±2,3%, ET increased by 9,7±0,5 points (p1,2 <0,05), QOL changed by 24,8±3,5 points (significant regression of symptoms), VO2peak increased by 5,2±0,5 ml/min/kg (p3,4 <0,05). MF diameter (dMF) after PR slightly decreased in 6 patients, in 2 patients it did not change. After 3–6 months of training AP activity increased by 24,2% (p<0,05); LDH activity in glycolytic MF decreased by 24,4%, in oxidative MF it decreased by 6,0% only (p1 <0,05, p2>0,05). SDG activity in glycolytic MF increased by 20%, in oxidative MF it increased by 30% (p1 <0,05, p2<0,05). There was a positive relationship between heart failure functional class dynamics and dMF (r=0,4, p=0,05), increase in CPET parameters was associated with AP activity (r=0,5, p=0,05). Conclusion Aerobic physical rehabilitation in stable HF pts, selected on the basis of LT achievement, was effective in improving values of EF, QOL, VO2peak and ET. After 3–6 months PR dMF slightly decreased; Participating in the PR program decreased LDH activity in both oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers; it also increased AP and SDG activity significantly. This may indicate an increase in oxidative metabolism activity and decrease in MF edema, improvement in skeletal muscles microcirculation. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Glucose Uptake.

Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes. It arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental and lifestyle factors including lack of physical exercise and poor nutrition habits. The increased risk of type 2 diabetes is molecularly based on defects in insulin signaling, insulin secretion, and inflammation. The present review aims to give an overview on the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of glucose and related signaling pathways after acute and chronic exercise. Physical exercise, as crucial part in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, has marked acute and chronic effects on glucose disposal and related inflammatory signaling pathways. Exercise can stimulate molecular signaling pathways leading to glucose transport into the cell. Furthermore, physical exercise has the potential to modulate inflammatory processes by affecting specific inflammatory signaling pathways which can interfere with signaling pathways of the glucose uptake. The intensity of physical training appears to be the primary determinant of the degree of metabolic improvement modulating the molecular signaling pathways in a dose-response pattern, whereas training modality seems to have a secondary role.

Leptin level lowers in proportion to the amount of aerobic work after four weeks of training in obesity.

Leptin values are higher in obesity. Physical exercise reduces fat mass (FM) and decreases leptin levels. Intensity of physical training seems to play a role in reducing circulating leptin. In 16 obese subjects (8 men and 8 women, age 38.6±3.9 years, BMI 35.9±1.8 kg/m(2)), leptin was sampled before and after 4 weeks of controlled training. Eight subjects (4 men and 4 women) performed an aerobic training schedule (Group A), the remainders an aerobic training program with a bout of work beyond the anaerobic threshold (AT) (Group B). Training determined a reduction in leptin levels in both groups, which was significant in Group A (12.2 vs. 27.8 μg/l, p<0.05), even when related to the change in FM (0.372 vs. 0.762 μg/l/kg, p<0.05). FM decreased significantly in Group B when compared to Group A (-7.4 vs. -2.6 kg, respectively, p<0.001). While in Group A the slight loss of FM was aggregated to a significant decrease in leptin levels, the opposite occurred in Group B. In Group A, leptin lowering was proportional to the amount of total work performed (p<0.001, R(2)=0.89). In obesity, a reduction is observed in leptin levels after short-term training, which is seemingly dissociated from concomitant decrease of FM. Aerobic training alone appears to be linked to a greater leptin reduction, which is well correlated with the amount of work performed.

Consumo de álcool por frequentadores de academia de ginástica

Objetivo Como não há na literatura informações sobre o perfil de consumo alcoólico entre desportistas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de consumo alcoólico por frequentadores de academia de ginástica associando com a antropometria e a intensidade do treino. Métodos Foram convidados a participar do estudo indivíduos praticantes de musculação, por no mínimo seis meses, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e de composição corporal. Para avaliação do consumo alcoólico, utilizou-se o questionário AUDIT (The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). A intensidade do treino foi identificada por meio de um questionário semiestruturado. Resultados Dos participantes, 74,1% (n = 35) disseram ter feito uso de álcool. Além disso, 19 voluntários (38,8%) apresentaram comportamento de risco para o consumo de álcool (AUDIT ≥ 8). Considerando o consumo alcoólico em binge, 32 voluntários (65,3%) consumiram seis ou mais doses de álcool em alguma ocasião no ano anterior, não havendo diferença entre os sexos. A adiposidade corporal estava acima dos valores recomendados entre os que relataram consumo em binge. Não houve associação entre a intensidade do treinamento físico e o consumo de álcool em binge, nem entre a intensidade do treinamento e o comportamento de risco para o consumo de álcool. Conclusão A maioria dos desportistas apresentou consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no padrão binge, não sendo associado à intensidade do treinamento. Este não condiz com os seus objetivos ao frequentar academias de ginástica. A adiposidade corporal estava acima dos valores recomendados.

Abstract 461: Role of Physical Training Intensity in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in a Fructose Overload Model

This study evaluated the chronic effects of the run and walk in the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters of a metabolic syndrome experimental model. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups(n=8): Control (C),Sedentary Fructose (SF), Fructose Run (FR) and Fructose Walk (FW, n= 8). Metabolic syndrome (MS) induction was performed with D-fructose in drinking water for 18 weeks. The exercise training was initiated after the nineth week of treatment with fructose and was held for 8 weeks (60 minutes/day, 5 times / week). The FW and FR were performed on a treadmill (1 h/day; 5 days/wk for 8 wk), with ∼20% and 60% intensities respectively of the maximum speed in a maximal exercise test. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, insulin resistance, adipose tissue, blood pressure, heart rate, baroreceptor sensitivity and sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, were evaluated at the end of protocol. The results showed that run and walking decreased the adipose tissue (FR: 2.97±0.2; FW: 4.26±0.9; SF: 6.49±0.6; C: 3.23±0.2 g). The glycemia values remained within the normal range,(FR: 86.7±2.3; WF: 91.0±1.4; SF: 70.2±1.9; C: 84±2.3 mg/dl), however only the FR group decreased the triglycerides levels (FR: 133±8.8; FW: 159±10.2; SF: 220±6.3; C: 96± 4.2 mg/dl), and the insulin resistance (FR: 4.37±0.1; FW: 3.55±0.2; SF: 2.79±0.3; C: 4.86±0.3 %/min). The FR group showed a reduction in mean arterial pressure (FR: 111±4.5, FW: 125±4.1; SF: 137±2.6, C: 113±1.5 mmHg) and increased of bradycardic (FR 1.76±0.08; FW 1.31±0.10; SF 1.37±0.10; C 1.72±0.14 bpm/mmHg) and tachycardic response to BP changes (FR 4.02±0.32; FW 2.56±0.16; SF 1.97±0.15; C (and C 3.25±0.37 bpm/mmHg). Finally we observed that only the FR group showed an increase of the vagal tone (FR: 72.3±8.1, FW: 47.3±6.7; FS: 40.3±4.6, C: 60.7±6.5 bpm). In conclusion, our results suggest that training walk (FW), a practice widely recommended, is especially effective for the treatment of metabolic disorders, whereas controlled exercise (FR) seems to encompass hemodynamic and metabolic aspects. This application is easy and within reach of the majority of the population, indicating that this practice should be encouraged and may be effective in managing cardiovascular risk in MS as start therapeutic. Sources of Funding:FAPESP.

Use of natriuretic peptides in pre-participation screening of college athletes

Current screening methods have poor specificity and sensitivity for detecting cardiac abnormalities that predispose young athletes to sudden death. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) show promise in screening asymptomatic populations for structural heart disease, but little is known about their use in student athletes. This study sought to describe the distribution and characteristics of NP levels in a population of college athletes and determine the relationship between NPs and the pre-participation exam (PPE) and hand-held echocardiography (HHE). We evaluated 457 college varsity athletes with B-type NP (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) levels and a standard PPE; 200 also underwent HHE. NT-proBNP and BNP levels were highly correlated ( r = 0.87, p < 0.001), with a median of 21 pg/ml and 8 pg/ml respectively. 95% of athletes had NT-proBNP < 84 pg/ml and 95% had BNP < 33 pg/ml. Levels were higher in athletes with a history of exertional dizziness/syncope but did not correlate with other elements of the PPE or with HHE, although no major cardiac structural abnormalities were identified in this population. In men, there were weak correlations between NP levels and number of days per week performing distance running, strenuous exercise, or sprinting. In conclusion, NPs are only weakly correlated with intensity of physical training, and most college athletes have low NP levels; further studies are needed to elucidate the significance of elevated NP levels in this population, as they may provide incremental information beyond that provided by the PPE and echocardiography.

Change in knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand olympic class sailors.

The objective of this study was to examine the change in knowledge and use of sport science in 46 elite New Zealand Olympic class dinghy sailors' one year after the adoption of a sport science support (SSS) programme by Yachting New Zealand. Twenty eight (22 males, six females) sailors responded to a questionnaire which was administered during a training camp in April 1994 and 28 (also 22 males and six females) responded to the same questionnaire at a training camp in April 1995. Ten of the sailors responded in both 1994 and 1995. The questionnaire asked whether or not the sailors used a training race diary and inquired about their knowledge and use of sport science in the areas of nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. In 1995, additional questions enquired about sailors' perception of sport science and its affect on their racing performance. In the intervening year, six of the sailors received sport science support (SSS) in nutrition; eleven received SSS in sport psychology; eleven received SSS in physical conditioning. In 1995, the sailors reported a greater amount of fluid taken and drunk on a four-hour sail and a greater proportion of sailors ate a high carbohydrate meal after a race. They also reported feeling less anxiety before a race. Increases were also observed in the sailors' volume and intensity of physical training and in their chosen type of aerobic training. Most sailors believed that their knowledge and use of sport science had increased and that this had led to improvements in racing performance. It is concluded that elite New Zealand sailors' reported use of sport science improved in the areas of physical conditioning and nutrition between 1994 and 1995. Improvement in the use of sports psychology was less clear and the eleven sailors who received psychology SSS reported feeling more anxious before a race. There was little evidence to suggest that the sport science programme was responsible for the improvements. This study indicates that sailors are beginning to understand the importance of sport science support, but there is still much room for improvement in their use of sport science.

Development of knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors.

The objective of this study was to determine the change in elite dinghy sailor's knowledge and use of sport science, three years after the adoption of a sport science support (SSS) programme by Yachting New Zealand for its elite dinghy sailors. A questionnaire was administered to 28 (22 male, six female) elite sailors in April 1994 and to 33 (24 male and nine female) in March 1997 during a training camp for elite sailors. 15 of the sailors participated in 1994 and 1997. The questionnaire asked whether or not the sailors used a training race diary and inquired about their knowledge and use of sport science in the areas of nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. In 1997, additional questions enquired about sailor's perception of sport science and its affect on their racing performance. Between April 1994 and March 1997, sailors received sport science support in nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. Sailors reported a greater amount of fluid drunk on a four-hour sail in 1997 than in 1994 and a greater proportion of sailors ate a high carbohydrate meal after a race in 1997 than in 1994. In 1997, sailors reported feeling less anxiety before a race, and the sailors common to 1994 and 1997 reported feeling less sick before a race in 1997 than in 1994. Increases were observed in volume and intensity of physical training, and improvements were noticed in the chosen type of aerobic training in 1997. Most sailors believed that their knowledge and use of sport science has increased and that their increased use of sport science has led to improvements in racing performance. The results suggest that elite New Zealand sailors' use of sport science improved in the areas of nutrition, sports psychology and physical conditioning between 1994 and 1997. However, when the results were compared with those of Legg and Mackie (1999), it was evident that greater physical conditioning improvements had occurred between 1994 and 1995 than had been sustained since, while the majority of sailor's sport psychology improvements occurred between 1995 and 1997. Sailors reported fluid intake between 1994 and 1997 had steadily improved. The reason for sailor's change in emphasis on different areas of sport science over time may be a result of their adopting ideas with which they were most familiar (physical conditioning and nutrition) first, and then adopting the less widely understood discipline of sport psychology once they felt that they had mastered their use of physical conditioning and nutrition. This study indicates that sailors are beginning to understand the importance of personal preparation using sport science principles.