Lamp Intensity Research Articles

Optimization of the electro-photocatalytic process for the removal of formaldehyde from water using the Taguchi model

The most significant environmental issue in many nations across the world is industrial wastewater contamination with formaldehyde (a priority pollutant). Any natural water that has had industrial effluent discharged into with formaldehyde concentrations between 100 and 1000 mg/l is deemed toxic to humans. This is an applied analytical research project aimed at examining formaldehyde removal from urban drinking water using a batch electro-photocatalytic (EPC) reactor that uses ultraviolet-A (UV-A) lamp dynode and immobilized ZnO NPs on a zinc sheet-copper electrode. pH, formaldehyde content, lamp intensity, radiation duration, lamp-electrode distance, ZnO NP stacking, and current density are the factors under investigation. They were found to be in the ranges 3–11, 110–330 mg/l, 480–720 mW/cm2, 8–32 min, 1.5 cm, 1–3, and 4–12 mA/cm2, respectively. The findings demonstrate the relationship between UV-A lamp intensity, radiation duration, and current density with the elimination of formaldehyde. The experimental data better fit a first-order reaction (R2 = 0.9982). The most optimal conditions elimination (0 mg/l) of formaldehyde are achieved at pH = 11, radiation period = 8 min, two layers of ZnO NPs, and current density = 8 mA/cm2 by the Taguchi model. The results show that increasing pH, radiation period, lamp intensity, and current density all increase removal efficiency. The results show that EPC is a practical and efficient method for treating formaldehyde-contaminated drinking water at high concentrations.

Analisis Efektivitas Sistem Kendali Otomatis PJU Berbasis IoT Menggunakan Mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan Metode Regresi Linier

Public street lighting (PJU) is essential infrastructure for nighttime security. This research develops an automatic PJU control system based on IoT using light and motion sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller. The system allows for PJU lamp control via a website, providing high flexibility for users. The ESP32 microcontroller is connected to a PIR sensor to detect motion. When the sensor detects movement, the intensity of the PJU lamps is increased, and when no movement is detected, the light intensity is reduced to save energy. Users can control the PJU lamps from any internet-connected device. Testing results show an increase in energy efficiency, with an average power consumption reduction of 13.77 watts and an efficiency increase of 42.67%. An R-squared value of 0.629 indicates that the model is quite good at explaining the variability in power consumption data. This system can automatically turn on street lights and be monitored in real-time, And hopes to contribute to the development of smarter and more efficient street lighting systems.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of IoT-Based Automatic Street Lighting Control Using Linear Regression Method

Public street lighting (PJU) is a crucial component of infrastructure that ensures security during nighttime. This research aims to design an automatic PJU control system utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, employing light and motion sensors integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller. The system enables remote control of PJU lamps via a web-based platform, offering significant flexibility for users. The ESP32 microcontroller is linked to a PIR sensor that detects motion, which triggers an increase in the intensity of the PJU lamps. Conversely, when no motion is detected, the light intensity is reduced to conserve energy. Users can manage the PJU lamps from any internet-connected device. Experimental results demonstrate a notable improvement in energy efficiency, with an average reduction in power consumption of 13.77 watts and an efficiency increase of 42.67%. The linear regression model employed yields an R-squared value of 0.629, indicating a reasonably good fit in explaining the variability in power consumption. This system offers real-time monitoring and autonomous operation of street lights, contributing to the advancement of smarter and more efficient PJU systems.

Ekstraksi berbantu gelombang ultrasonik dan fotodegradasi senyawa antosianin pada tangkai parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume)

Parijoto is an endemic plant widely found on the slopes of Mount Muria, Kudus Regency, Central Java. The local community often consumes parijoto fresh fruit and processes parijoto fruit such as syrup, dodol, candy, and tea. So far, the Parijoto stalk, which weighs 18.19% of the total weight of the parijoto stalk and fruit, has not been widely used, but it has great potential as a source of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin compounds have low stability to temperature and light. For this reason, extraction with a relatively low temperature and faster than conventional methods is required, one of which is Ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Ultrasonic waves produce cavitation bubbles, facilitating solvent penetration so that cell bioactive components can be extracted more effectively. This study aimed to determine the effect of ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction time of parijoto stalk anthocyanin and examine the effect of various light exposure intensities and exposure times (photodegradation) on Parijoto stalk anthocyanin extract. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of parijoto stalk anthocyanins used a completely randomized design (CRD) with extraction time (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes) and three treatment repetitions. In photodegradation using a factorial complete randomized design with the treatment of light exposure intensity (2037 lux, 4259 lux, 6482 lux, and 9259 lux) and exposure time (6, 12, 18, and 24 hours). The results showed that the longer the extraction, up to 20 minutes, the total anthocyanin levels, redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) increased while lightness (L*) decreased. The higher the light intensity of the fluorescent lamp and the longer the light exposure, the lower the total anthocyanin content with a lower half-life. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction have proven to be quite effective for the anthocyanin extraction but need to attention with time and light exposure intensity.

Fabrication of Two-Layer Aluminum Foam Consisting of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys Using Optical Heating.

Aluminum foam is a lightweight material and has excellent shock-absorbing properties. Various properties of aluminum foam can be obtained by changing the base aluminum alloy. Multi-layer aluminum foam can be fabricated by varying the alloy type of the base aluminum alloy, but with different foaming temperatures, within a single aluminum foam to achieve multiple properties. In this study, we attempted to fabricate a two-layer aluminum foam with the upper layer of a commercially pure aluminum A1050 foam and the lower layer of an Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloy ADC12 foam by using an optical heating device that can heat from both the upper and lower sides. Two types of heating methods were investigated. One is to directly stack the A1050 precursor coated with black toner on top of the ADC12 precursor and to foam it from the top and bottom by optical heating. The other is to place a wire mesh between the ADC12 precursor and the A1050 precursor and place the A1050 precursor on the wire mesh, thereby creating a space between the precursors, which is then foamed by optical heating from the top and bottom. It was shown that both precursors can be foamed and joined, and a two-layer A1050/ADC12 foam can be fabricated for both types of heating methods. In the method in which two precursors were stacked and foamed, even if the light intensity of the halogen lamps on the top and bottom were adjusted, heat conduction occurred between the stacked precursors, and the foaming of each precursor could not be controlled, resulting in tilting of the joining interface. In the method of foaming using a wire mesh with a gap between two precursors, it was found that by adjusting the light intensity, the two precursors can be foamed almost simultaneously and achieve similar pore structures. The joining interface can also be maintained horizontally.

Low-cost measurement light intensity and efficiency of the lamp For school purposes in science experiment

The purpose of this research is to assist science teachers in carrying out experiments in science classes, particularly physics classes, to ascertain the optimal light intensity and efficiency of various lamp types made of inexpensive materials that are related to scientific concepts. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical learning technique based on experiments to measure the lamp’s energy efficiency and light intensity. Three different types of bulbs were used in this research experiment: CFL, LED, and incandescent. Students select a lamp after the experiment based on observations of light intensity and calculations of the lamp’s efficiency using a solar power meter and efficiency equation. The light intensity of the LED lamp shows the highest value with 18,66W/m2 rather than Compact Fluorescent lamp with 15,05% and incandescent lamp with 0,02%. While the efficiency of the LED lamp is 52,6%, the CFL is 26,89%, and the incandescent lamp is 11,26% Novelty: There is not a lot of study on the measurement of light intensity and the calculation of lamp efficiency using inexpensive materials for science-related student experiments.

Photochromic performance optimization of polyurethane microcapsules by interfacial polymerization method

AbstractSpiropyran photochromic materials have been widely studied in military camouflage, optical data storage, information encryption, and fashion ornaments. The non‐photochromism and low endurance of solid spiropyran make the challenges of their application. Photochromic microcapsules with a butyl acetate solution of spiropyran as core and polyurethane as shell are synthesized via interfacial polymerization. The optimized polyurethane photochromic microcapsules are prepared with a Tween 20 concentration of 4 wt%, core–shell ratio of 16:5, and spiropyran concentration of 0.40 wt%. Polyurethane photochromic microcapsules with a mean particle diameter of 0.33 μm are obtained. The morphology shows smooth spheres, and the core–shell structure is observed. Butyl acetate in the microcapsule core does not evaporate at a temperature lower than 218.01°C as the microcapsule shell insulates heat. The polyurethane photochromic microcapsules are mixed with adhesive, thickener, and water into a paste and screen‐printed on cotton fabric. The printed fabric shows the ΔE of 17.56, 11.93, and 6.96 after 80s irradiation with the xenon lamp intensity of 102, 68, and 34 mW cm−2. The light stability of the photochromic fabric is excellent as ΔE decreases about 8.28% after 20 cycles of UV‐Vis irradiation.

Simulation of Light Intensity of VUV Lamp Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge in Low-pressure Kr-He Mixture

Simulation of Light Intensity of VUV Lamp Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge in Low-pressure Kr-He Mixture

Removal of diclofenac by UV-B and UV-C light-emitting diodes (LEDs) driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): Wavelength dependence, kinetic modelling and energy consumption

In this study, the degradation of diclofenac (DCF), a frequently detected non-steroidal pharmaceutical, was evaluated by using UV-B and UV-C (265, 285, and 310 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) and free chlorine (UV/FC). The degradation of DCF followed a pseudo first-order kinetic, and their trend reflected the pattern of the molar absorption coefficients of the DCF and the oxidants. A positive synergistic factor was found for the UV-LED driven advanced oxidation processes in almost all cases, but despite the higher degradation rates, the overall electricity demand is similar to UV alone due to the oxidants’ energy cost. The rigorous kinetic degradation mechanisms at different wavelengths were proposed for the two processes, UV/H2O2 and UV/FC, where the predicted values were respectively kHO = 9.12 · 109 M−1 s−1 and kCl = 1.30 · 1010 M−1 s−1. No significant synergy (p > 0.05) was found for the dual-wavelength system (265 + 285 nm), and the time-based constants in all cases changed linearly with lamp intensity. Finally, dissolved organic carbon and phytotoxicity analysis revealed low mineralisation (around 20–30%) associated with the formation of stable dimers and a decrease in toxicity towards tomato and radish seeds. In the main, this work shows the great potential of implementing wavelength-specific LEDs in water treatments and effectively designing the reactor playing with adjustable intensities and kinetic degradation rates.

Solutions to light pollution based on Principles of spectroscopy and normal distribution

In order to study the main ways of light pollution and factors affecting light pollution, this paper first determines light pollution from the main source, namely lighting pollution, and lighting mainly refers to the light emitted by LED lamps. Therefore we come to study the light intensity of LED lamps to study light pollution. Secondly, we simplified the spectrum of LED lights into three chromatograms of red, yellow and blue, and we gradually reduced the proportion of blue light in our study to observe the intensity changes of the chromatograms. Next, we investigated the relationship between the stars visible to the naked eye and the light intensity of the illumination, and the technical indicators of sky pollution were translated into stars visible to the naked eye to further determine the intensity of light pollution. Finally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis of the model and the results showed that the model is more adaptable and easier to generalise.

Excitation Circuit With Negative Feedback for a Borehole 4He Optically Pumped Sensor Based on an ELM–Hammerstein Model

Stability in the emission intensity of a spectral lamp is an essential factor determining the performance of a4He optically pumped sensor (He-OPS). However, in an He-OPS, the stability of the lamp drive signal source is greatly affected by temperature. This is a huge obstacle to its application in borehole magnetic surveys, which have harsh conditions such as a confined environment and high temperatures. Hence, a real-time control excitation circuit with proportional integral derivative (PID) feedback regulation to enhance the stability of the emission intensity is proposed in this article. The instability of the luminous intensity was first analyzed theoretically and an extreme learning machine (ELM)–Hammerstein model was established. Then, instability was regulated in real-time using a programmable PID controller. Experimental results indicate that the designed excitation circuit can work at environment temperatures up to 75 °C and magnetic drift of up to 1.3 nT is suppressed. Therefore, the excitation circuit with PID feedback regulation is an effective and reliable way to improve measurement stability and has potential for utilization in extreme environment applications such as borehole magnetic field measurement to detect resources and monitor seismic activity.

Rancang Bangun Alat Lux Meter BH1750 Dengan Sensor Jarak HC-SR04 Untuk Uji Kesesuaian Kolimator

This research is based on the Regulation of the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2018 concerning Conformity Tests for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology One component that must be tested with a minimum passing standard of ≥ 100 lux at a distance of 100 cm. Data collection is obtained at the Calibration Agency to obtain accurate results. The purpose of this tool, the Lux Meter is equipped with a distance sensor to measure the light intensity of a collimator lamp with an intensity that must be ≥ 100 within a distance of 100 cm from the light source. So, making a tool that can be used to measure the amount of collimator illumination is accompanied by measuring the distance, so that it can ensure the results are in accordance with the limits that have been determined with a Lux Meter equipped with a distance sensor using the BH1750 module and the HC-SR04 module. For testing the tool made, it was compared with a Standard Lux Meter with the HIOKI brand, an average error value of 0.021 at a distance of 50cm, an error of 00.020 at a distance of 100cm, and an error of 0.022 was obtained, while for testing the distance sensor it was compared with a Standard Meter with the FLUKE brand. The average percentage error value is 0.002 at a distance of 50cm, an error of 0.011 at a distance of 100cm, and an error of 0.008 at a distance of 130cm.

Domestic Wastewater Disinfection Planning for Constructed Wetland Treatment Effluent

Excessive water consumption to meet water needs has changed aquatic water quality and quantity. Focus on domestic wastewater treatment via built wetlands. Disinfection protects humans against disease-causing viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites in wastewater. This study planned the disinfection of artificial wetland wastewater to fulfill microbiological criteria. From the examined data, each unit's design criteria and disinfection effectiveness for the created wetland outlet in the WWTP unit will be discussed. The created wetland must process 8696 cfu/100mL of fecal coliform. Despite good processing efficiency, 94% of fecal coliforms do not fulfill quality criteria. WWTP's wetland emits 8.011 mg/L of Ammonia. 90% chlorine costs Rp. 35,000/kg on the market. Total disinfection costs are rough Rp. 1,018,210.73. Water quality, lamp output power, and exposure distance affect lamp intensity. The lamp's electric power controls the beam's intensity; the more power, the more emission. The emitted power isn't equal to the lamp's electric power. According to the state electricity provider, families with a 900VA power limit will pay Rp. 1,352/kWh in July-September 2021. Nine 30-W bulbs irradiate bacteria. The lights will run for 24 hours non-stop. Hence the monthly electricity usage is 194.4 kWh or Rp 262.829.00.

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ КАЗНЫ УФЫ

In the article archival documents of implementation of the Letter of Legitimacy of rights and benefits to Rus- sian towns, signed on April 21, 1785 by Catherine II, are investigated and the history of Ufa city budget formation in XIX century for realization of its vital functions in the framework of the city government is examined. Of special interest are the tables of Ufa's annual incomes and expenses, the reports of Ufa town council on the incoming and outgoing money, bills of exchange and other monetary documents. The following are consid- ered the main sources of replenishment of Ufa's treasury: taxes and dues from land (for construction of houses, different enterprises and institutions) and real estate (profitable houses, drinking houses, inn, etc.), dues from trade and crafts (registration of different documents, certificates, auction sales), revenues from exploitation of the city property (trade rows, bathhouses, warehouses, etc.), deductions from profits of public banks, libraries, theatres and museums, and also fines and donations from different public organizations and private persons. Using a concrete example, the structure of the cost estimate was examined: participation in the maintenance of government institutions; maintenance of the city public administration and orphan's court; military service; maintenance of the fire brigade; public education; medical, veterinary and sanitary units, etc. Of interest is the history of discussions on the consolidation of the bank in the bishop's quarter, the erection of a fence around Ushakov Park, and the issue of an ammeter and photometer for checking the light intensity of electric lamps. The presented materials draw special attention to the detailed consideration of the budget items of income and expenditure by the members of the Ufa City Council, the care of the savings of the citizens of the city, the expenditure of funds with the actual economic situation and with the forecast for the future.

Estimation of Reliability through the Wiener Degradation Process Based on the Genetic Algorithm to Estimating Parameters

In this paper, the researcher suggested using the Genetic algorithm method to estimate the parameters of the Wiener degradation process, where it is based on the Wiener process in order to estimate the reliability of high-efficiency products, due to the difficulty of estimating the reliability of them using traditional techniques that depend only on the failure times of products. Monte Carlo simulation has been applied for the purpose of proving the efficiency of the proposed method in estimating parameters; it was compared with the method of the maximum likelihood estimation. The results were that the Genetic algorithm method is the best based on the AMSE comparison criterion, then the reliability was estimated by an inverse Gaussian distribution according to the characteristics of the Wiener process. It was also applied based on real data taken from an experiment intended to determine the degradation in the light intensity of lamps under specific experimental conditions

Reducing the risk of viral contamination during the coronavirus pandemic by using a protective curtain in the operating room

BackgroundAirborne transmission diseases can transfer long and short distances via sneezing, coughing, and breathing. These airborne repertory particles can convert to aerosol particles and travel with airflow. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many surgeries have been delayed, increasing the demand for establishing a clean environment for both patient and surgical team in the operating room.MethodsThis study aims to investigate the hypothesis of implementing a protective curtain to reduce the transmission of infectious contamination in the surgical microenvironment of an operating room. In this regard, the spread of an airborne transmission disease from the patient was evaluated, consequently, the exposure level of the surgical team. In the first part of this study, a mock surgical experiment was established in the operating room of an academic medical center in Norway. In the second part, the computational fluid dynamic technique was performed to investigate the spread of airborne infectious diseases. Furthermore, the field measurement was used to validate the numerical model and guarantee the accuracy of the applied numerical models.ResultsThe results showed that the airborne infectious agents reached the breathing zone of the surgeons. However, using a protective curtain to separate the microenvironment between the head and lower body of the patient resulted in a 75% reduction in the spread of the virus to the breathing zone of the surgeons. The experimental results showed a surface temperature of 40 ˚C, which was about a 20 ˚C increase in temperature, at the wound area using a high intensity of the LED surgical lamps. Consequently, this temperature increase can raise the patient's thermal injury risk.ConclusionThe novel method of using a protective curtain can increase the safety of the surgical team during the surgery with a COVID-19 patient in the operating room.

IoT Based Street Lighting and Computer Aided Control

Traditional lighting systems have many disadvantages such as energy efficiency, failure tracking and lack of remote control. These disadvantages cause unnecessary energy consumption, extra labor, security threats and lack of follow-up. To overcome these problems, in this study, instead of traditional lighting, an IoT-based smart lighting prototype was developed and computer-assisted control was performed. In order to ensure energy efficiency, the light intensity of the street lamps was adjusted according to the intensity by taking data from the motion sensors. Data such as fault tracking and density obtained from LED armature sensors were transferred to the cloud and controlled independently of the venue. Thus, the data on the cloud can be easily tracked through the ThingSpeak platform. With the visualized ThingSpeak web interface, the electrical power, current drawn, temperature value, ambient light value, location information, motion detection and remote switching of the LED armature can be done independently of the location.

RESULTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF COMPUTER-INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY OF GREENHOUSES ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING CONTROL

The development and implementation of the automation and digitalization technologies of growing crops production processes in industrial greenhouses is being actualized for increasing of crop yields. This fact, in turn, positively influences on the re-equipment of the software and hardware base of protected soil domestic agricultural production, which stimulates an increase of investment attractiveness and long-term sustainability of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises. The main purpose of the article is developing of the scientific approaches on creation and testing of computer-integrated technology for artificial lighting control in the protected ground agricultural production conditions. The research object is automatic control process of artificial lighting. The research subject is methods and hardware-software components of the indoor greenhouse microclimate. Research methods are analysis of existing development methods, mathematical and computer modeling, hardware and software experimental testing. In course of the research, the component base has been substantiated and the block diagram of the hardware and software for the control of lighting technology has been developed. As a result, a computer model has been synthesized and tested, which is implemented on microprocessor technology and algorithms of the fuzzy logic theory for control the intensity and spectral composition of LED lamps in greenhouses. The prototype of control system for artificial additional lighting of greenhouse crops has been implemented and experimentally investigated. The implemented hardware and software means of computer-integrated technology allow to automatically control the parameters of LED lamps, taking into account the types and periods of growing crops.

Photoablative lithography of cellulose acetate at 172 nm: Subtractive 3D printing of biodegradable optical microstructures and molds for polydimethylsiloxane patterning

Cellulose is a glucose polymer and the most abundant biological material on earth. Because it is biodegradable and yet water insoluble, cellulose has been pursued in the past as a scaffold or base structural material for medical applications, sensors, and optical devices. Patterning of two cellulose polymers, cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate, by photoablative lithography at 172 nm has been demonstrated and is reported here. This 3D subtractive process yields complex micro- and nanostructures and optical components, including sinusoidal gratings and waveguides. Having a depth precision of 15 nm and requiring no photoresist or solvents, vacuum-ultraviolet photoetching of cellulose polymer films proceeds at a constant rate of ∼0.8 μm/h for depths of up to and beyond 25 μm when the intensity of the flat lamp is 10 mW cm−2. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microimprinting process, in which photoetched cellulose serves as a negative master mold for PDMS, provides feature sizes as small as 0.5 μm and allows for optical structures such as gratings to be integrated with microfluidic devices while eliminating the existing necessity of fabricating Si molds in a cleanroom environment.

Productivity of Laying Alabio Duck and its Eggs Quality under Exposure of Different Intensity and Color of LED Light

The purpose of this study was to analyze the different combinations of intensity and color of LED monochrome lamps for optimal productivity, as well as the internal and external quality of Alabio duck eggs. The study was carried out for 4 weeks period of raising which was devided in 2 stages. In the first stage, it was used a completely randomized factorial design of 4 light colors x 3 light intensities with 4 replications with 5 ducks of each replicate, totaling 240 laying Alabio ducks. The light color was 4 colors consisted of yellow, red, blue, and green, alongside with intensity levels of 10 lux, 15 lux, and 20 lux. The irradiation method of layer ducks was 18 hours light and 10 hours dark (18L: 10D of ahemeral method). The variables observed were laying age, egg production and the total weight of eggs, mortality, feed consumption, FCR, and income over feed cost (IOFC). In the second stage, it was selected 3 best combination treatments from the first phase. The experimental method was based on a completely randomized design, encompassing the best treatments as P1, P2, and P3, with 5 replications with 10 duck per replicate, totaling 150 laying Alabio ducks. The variables were egg internal quality, which consisted of haugh unit egg, yolk index (EYI), egg albumin index, and yolk color. The external egg quality observed were egg weight, shell thickness, shape index, and specific gravity. The results of the first phase showed the best productivity was achieved in blue color with an intensity of 15 lux on all measured variables. The results in the second stage showed the best treatment is blue light color treatment with a light intensity of 15 lux, on the internal qualities of duck eggs include HU (95.11±2.39), EYI (0.421±0.63), EAI (0.121±0.12), egg yolk color (8.36±0.31), and also the best in terms of external quality, with the highest egg weight (66.76±5.21 g). It was concluded that the combination of blue light color with an intensity of 15 lux significantly increased the egg production and performance of Alabio duck from Kalimantan.