Intense Ion Research Articles

Transforming waste into multifunctional nanomaterials: Mg-doped carbon dots from cow dung for Y(III) detection and biomedical applications

Rare earth metal Yttrium (Y3+) plays a vital role in many electronic devices however, discarding these devices eventually contaminates the environmental sources. Herein, we have developed a Mg-doped carbon dots (M-CDs) as a fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive determination of Y3+ in water bodies. The M-CDs having maximum emission at 420 nm upon 310 nm excitation with 20 % quantum yield and which was synthesized from upcycling of agricultural waste i.e., cow dung by simple carbonization followed by hydrothermal method. M-CDs were confirmed using different analytical and characterization techniques as well as stable in different pH and ionic strength solutions. The M-CDs was highly selective towards Y3+ ions over different metal ions with significant blue shift. This fluorescent probe performs a good linear relationship between the different concentrations of Y3+ ion and fluorescence intensity (R2 = 0.99) within the range of 0.2 to 20 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.019 µg/mL. The study indicates quenching of Y3+ was result of dynamic quenching and the Inner Filter Effect (IFE) effect. Also, the cytotoxicity of M-CDs was checked via CAM assay and significant growth in blood vascularization with healthy growth of chick embryo confirmed the M-CDs were biocompatible. The nontoxic M-CDs was employed for MCF-7 breast cancer cell imaging which gives bright blue fluoresce under UV light excitation. Further, aiming to a circular economy approach the residual carbon remaining after hydrothermal was used as reactivated carbon for the abatement of environmental pollutants. The sustainable, cost-effective and agricultural waste-derived Mg-doped CDs have potential applications in analytical, environmental, forensic as well as biomedical fields.

Serially coupled columns enhance rapid separation and predictive interaction understanding of 93 fentanyl analogs

BackgroundThe simplicity of synthesis methods has facilitated the illegal manufacture of various fentanyl analogs, leading to numerous fatal overdoses worldwide, particularly in North America. Fentanyl analogs with similar structures are difficult to distinguish due to their fragmentation patterns, making separation using chromatography essential. Additionally, because fentanyl analogs are lethal even in trace amounts, they are easily smuggled, and commonly used fentanyl test strips often fail to detect them due to their low sensitivity. Therefore, the urgent need for analytical methods that can simultaneously identify multiple analogs and swiftly detect them at low concentrations. ResultsIn this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted to screen 93 types of fentanyl analogs among the illegal fentanyl substances. The phenyl-hexyl columns enhance fentanyl analog separation through strong π–π interactions. The serially coupled column system increased the separation efficiency and mitigated peak distortion, particularly those of polar fentanyl analogs. The selectivity varied significantly, depending on the interactions with the combined columns. The phenyl-hexyl column's superior ability to predict fentanyl analog interactions based on molecular structure was confirmed by retention factor analysis. The resolution of fentanyl isomers increased significantly when methanol was used instead of acetonitrile as an organic modifier in the mobile phase. The approach was validated by determining the limits of detection and quantification, specificity, detection capability, recovery, and relative ion intensity. SignificanceThe fentanyl analogs, including 23 sets of isomeric and isobaric compounds, were analyzed via separation using a phenyl-hexyl column serially coupled with a cyano column. The serially coupled column system increased the separation efficiency and mitigated peak distortion, particularly those of polar fentanyl analogs. The proposed strategy can be adopted in exploring methods of effectively separating mixtures with diverse properties, aiding the prevention of drug abuse and bolstering public health and safety efforts.

Broiler breeder putative lipid biomarkers associated with sperm mobility.

Biomarkers indicative of sperm mobility in broiler breeders would provide the ability to screen for fertility potential, with a positive correlation established between sperm mobility and fertilization potential. This study characterized the lipidome of seminal plasma (SP), sperm cell (SC), and whole semen (WS) isolated from broiler breeder roosters with different sperm mobility phenotypes across key timepoints of the semen production cycle. WS samples were collected from five high mobility roosters and five low mobility roosters during early, mid, and late semen production, with SP separated from SC by centrifugation. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling, a total of 3241 lipid species were identified in rooster semen across ten lipid classes. Metaboanalyst 6.0 was used to analyze the relative ion intensity for each lipid species due to sperm mobility phenotype through a t-test and due to timepoint through a one-way ANOVA, with lipid ontology enrichment analysis performed using LION. Metaboanalyst 6.0 was also used to perform biomarker analysis for the sperm mobility phenotype in WS samples. Lipid class total abundance differed with sample type, sperm mobility phenotype, and timepoint. A total of 31, 99, and 112 lipid species were found to be different between low and high mobility males across timepoints in the SP, SC, and WS samples, respectively. Lipid ontology enrichment analysis revealed stark contrasts in lipid-based functions key to sperm survival, storage, and productivity between low and high sperm mobility phenotypes. Through biomarker analysis, 8 lipid species were identified as excellent sperm mobility biomarkers that could be detected in early and mid-semen production. Timepoint based changes in lipid species were unique to each sperm mobility phenotype, with low sperm mobility roosters exhibiting a larger number of lipid species changes over the semen production cycle in the SP and SC when compared to high sperm mobility roosters. This is the first study to characterize poultry semen lipidome using MRM profiling. The lipid species identified between low and high sperm mobility roosters could be utilized in the poultry industry as potential biomarkers of fertility potential, with the ability to screen for the economical trait of fertility potential early in semen production.

ALKALI ALCOHOLYSIS OF 2-PHENYL-gem-DICHLOROCYCLOPROPANE UNDER MICROWAVE RADIATION CONDITIONS

By alkaline alcoholysis of 2-phenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropane, α-phenylacrolein acetals were synthesized under microwave irradiation (MWI) conditions: [1-(diethoxymethyl)vinyl]benzene, [1-(di-propyloxymethyl)vinyl]benzene, [1-(di- iso-propyloxymethyl)vinyl]benzene, [1-(dibutoxymethyl)vinyl]benzene, [1-(di-iso-butoxymethyl)-vinyl]benzene, {1-[bis(1-methylbutoxy)methyl]vinyl}benzene, [1-(dially-loxymethyl)vinyl]benzene, 1,1-[(2-phenylprop-1-en-3,3-diyl)bis(oxymethylene)]dibenzene. It was found that microwave radiation reduces the synthesis time by 70%, while the yield is more than 80%, and the selectivity of acetal formation is more than 90%. Using the method of competitive kinetics, it was established that primary alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and butanol are similar in activity. The structures of the obtained compounds were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The formation of acetals is proven by the presence of signals from the quaternary carbon atom in the region δс 142.35-146.49 ppm, and a doublet signal from protons at δн 5.01–5.71 ppm. and a singlet signal of the proton of the methine group in the region at 4.89-5.50 ppm. Analysis of the mass spectra of acetals showed the presence of maximum intensity of oxonium ions, due to α-, β-break relative to the oxygen atom. For the obtained acetals, the presence in the mass spectra of [M-H]+ cations, formed as a result of the release of a hydrogen radical from a molecular radical ion, was recorded. The peaks of [M-R]+ and [M-H]+ ions were inferior in intensity to [M-RO]+ cations. Most likely, this is explained by the stability of the [M-RO]+ cations relative to [M-C6H5C2H2]+ and [M-H]+, as well as the ease of eliminating RO• from the alkoxy group. In addition, for acetals of this type, the formation of a radical cation with m/z = 132 was observed, resulting from the release of the R radical from the second alkoxy group. Also, the mass spectra of acetals were characterized by the presence of a cation m/z = 77 and an intensity of 29-80%. Borisova Yu.G., Musin A.I., Voinov A.V., Spirikhin L.V., Raskil’dina G.Z., Sultanova R.M., Zlotskii S.S. Alkali alcoholysis of 2-phenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropane under microwave radiation conditions. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 11. P. 15-21. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246711.7046.

A novel method to understand and quantify silicate tetrahedron in C-S-H by Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis

The performance of cementitious materials is highly determined by calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). In this work, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) characterized by its high resolution was proposed to quantitatively determine the silicate tetrahedron content of C-S-H in a specific micron area. A C-S-H database in which the silicate content in local hydrates is quantified by ion intensity, was established for TOF-SIMS analysis. Results indicate that 8 negative ions and 19 positive ion fragments can be detected among the decomposition of C-S-H. By selecting the characteristic ions representing different silicate structures from ion fragments, the functional relationship between the intensity of characteristic ions and the silicate contents in C-S-H can be established. The quantification equation was proposed to calculate Qn structure contents for various alite hydrates. The silicate structures with defects allocated in the control and pre-pressed sample was constructed successfully based on the TOF-SIMS quantitative results.

Production of high intensity high charge state uranium ion beams in afterglow mode with advanced electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources.

To satisfy the requirement of heavy ion synchrotron for intense highly charged ion beams, a comprehensive study of the afterglow mode was performed with two advanced electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources, i.e., a second-generation ECR ion source (LECR4) and a third-generation ECR ion source (SECRAL-II). Intense pulsed uranium ion beams of highly charged states were produced with both ion sources (e.g., 58 eμA of 238U39+ in LECR4 and 124 eμA of 238U46+ in SECRAL-II). Compared to the beam intensity records obtained in continuous wave mode, the gain factor is up to ∼6. It was found that the optimum microwave pulse width and the decay time in SECRAL-II operating at 24GHz are obviously longer than those in LECR4 operating at 14.5GHz, aligning with a previous observation made with SECRAL-II ion source.

Accurate determination of matrix composition in Cd x Zn 1 − x O semiconductor material using MS-SIMS and ToF-SIMS methods

Abstract This study focuses on the method for determining the exact composition for Cd x Zn 1 − x O semiconducting material using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The calibration curve method is employed to establish a quantitative relationship between the intensity of secondary ions and the concentrations of elements in Cd x Zn 1 − x O thin films. Additionally, the study compares the relative sensitivity factors with the calibration curve method for determining the value of x in Cd x Zn 1 − x O . A comparison between the performances of Time of Flight and Magnetic Sector SIMS in analyzing Cd x Zn 1 − x O thin films is also presented. This approach aims to enhance the accuracy and reliability of quantitative analysis in SIMS for Cd x Zn 1 − x O thin films.

Effects of Hydrogen Dissociation During Gas Flooding on Formation of Metal Hydride Cluster Ions in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.

The application of hydrogen flooding was recently shown to be a simple and effective approach for improved layer differentiation and interface determination during secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling of thin films, as well as an approach with potential in the field of quantitative SIMS analyses. To study the effects of hydrogen further, flooding of H2 molecules was compared to reactions with atomic H on samples of pure metals and their alloys. H2 was introduced into the analytical chamber via a capillary, which was heated to approximately 2200 K to achieve dissociation. Dissociation of H2 up to 30% resulted in a significant increase in the intensity of the metal hydride cluster secondary ions originating from the metallic samples. Comparison of the time scales of possible processes provided insight into the mechanism of hydride cluster secondary ion formation. Cluster ions presumably form during the recombination of the atoms and molecules from the sample and atoms and molecules adsorbed from the gas. This process occurs on the surface or just above it during the sputtering process. These findings coincide with those of previous mechanistic and computational studies.

Carafe enables high quality in silico spectral library generation for data-independent acquisition proteomics.

Data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based mass spectrometry is becoming an increasingly popular mass spectrometry acquisition strategy for carrying out quantitative proteomics experiments. Most of the popular DIA search engines make use of in silico generated spectral libraries. However, the generation of high-quality spectral libraries for DIA data analysis remains a challenge, particularly because most such libraries are generated directly from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) data or are from in silico prediction using models trained on DDA data. In this study, we developed Carafe, a tool that generates high-quality experiment-specific in silico spectral libraries by training deep learning models directly on DIA data. We demonstrate the performance of Carafe on a wide range of DIA datasets, where we observe improved fragment ion intensity prediction and peptide detection relative to existing pretrained DDA models.

Temperature Changes in Luminescence of Mixed Complexes of Terbium and Samarium with Organic Ligands Based on 2,2-bipyridyldicarboxamides

Solutions in acetonitrile of three mixed complexes of rare earth elements (terbium and samarium) with organic ligands with various pyridine substituents were studied in this work. The ratios of ligands and metals in the resulting complexes were determined, and the stability constants of samarium complexes were calculated using the spectrophotometric titration method. Measurements of absorption, emission and excitation spectra of luminescence, luminescence kinetics of solutions of mixed complexes of rare earth elements with an excess of metal relative to the ligand were carried out at various temperatures in the range 298–328 K. An increase of luminescence intensity of a samarium ion in complex upon heating has been discovered for the first time. The dependences of the luminescence quantum yield and lifetime of mixed complexes on temperature were obtained. A thermometric parameter — the ratio of the integral luminescence intensities of samarium and terbium ions — was proposed, and the temperature sensitivity coefficient of this parameter was determined for different complexes.

Bias disk boost technique for pulsed-operation electron cyclotron resonance ion sources

A simple, effective technique to increase the intensity of multiply charged ions has been developed for pulsed-operation electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs). The technique is realized simply by applying an additional boost voltage of about −1 kV to a negative constant voltage on the bias disk. The technique can be applied to general ECRISs by adding electric devices to the bias disk circuit, such as a high-voltage power supply, a fast high-voltage switch, and a diode. The effect of the technique depends on the ion species, and we obtained a maximum ion intensity increase of 66% for O6+ compared with the conventional bias disk method. In particular, the technique can be applied to the existing pulsed-operation ECRISs used at a heavy-ion cancer therapy facility where multi-ion treatment with multiply charged oxygen and neon ions is planned to be introduced.

In-situ observation of heavy ion beam-induced luminescence of Al2O3 (Cr3+) in a 0 - 10 T magnetic field background.

High energy density physics driven by intense heavy ion beams will be an important new project for the high intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility and the Dongjiang Laboratory. This paper presents an experimental investigation of ion beam-induced luminescence in a strong magnetic field background at HIRFL. The experiment utilizes a 430 MeV/u 84Kr26+ ion beam with a pulse duration of 300 ns to bombard an Al2O3 (Cr3+) solid target. The results show that the characteristic emission spectrum of the Cr3+ ion's 2E→4A2 transition is observed, and spectrum parameters significantly change with the magnetic field of the background. We present the experimental data on the shifts of the peak center (Δσave) and the broadening of full width at half maximum (WG). The changes in parameters related to the intensity of the magnetic field are discussed using atomic models. This work demonstrates the potential application of diagnosing magnetic fields by measuring characteristic spectra.

Mobile Phase Contaminants Affect Neutral Lipid Analysis in LC-MS-Based Lipidomics Studies.

Lipidomics is a well-established field, enabled by modern liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology, rapidly generating large amounts of data. Lipid extracts derived from biological samples are complex, and most spectral features in LC-MS lipidomics data sets remain unidentified. In-depth analyses of commercial triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and cholesterol ester standards revealed the expected ammoniated and sodiated ions as well as five additional unidentified higher mass peaks with relatively high intensities. The identities and origin of these unknown peaks were investigated by modifying the chromatographic mobile-phase components and LC-MS source parameters. Tandem MS (MS/MS) of each unknown adduct peak yielded no lipid structural information, producing only an intense ion of the adducted species. The unknown adducts were identified as low-mass contaminants originating from methanol and isopropanol in the mobile phase. Each contaminant was determined to be an alkylated amine species using their monoisotopic masses to calculate molecular formulas. Analysis of bovine liver extract identified 33 neutral lipids with an additional 73 alkyl amine adducts. Analysis of LC-MS-grade methanol and isopropanol from different vendors revealed substantial alkylated amine contamination in one out of three different brands that were tested. Substituting solvents for ones with lower levels of alkyl amine contamination increased lipid annotations by 36.5% or 27.4%, depending on the vendor, and resulted in >2.5-fold increases in peak area for neutral lipid species without affecting polar lipid analysis. These findings demonstrate the importance of solvent selection and disclosure for lipidomics protocols and highlight some of the major challenges when comparing data between experiments.

Plasmoids and Magnetic Field Dipolarizations During Juno's First 47 Orbits: Is Ion Acceleration Always Observed in the Dipolarizations?

AbstractPlasmoids and magnetic field dipolarizations are reconnection‐related phenomena often resulting in reconfiguration of the magnetic field and energetic particle acceleration in planetary magnetotail. Building on the work of Blöcker et al. (2023) (10.1029/2023JA031312), we selected seven specific events from their magnetic field dipolarization analysis, each exhibiting distinct ion dynamics during the time interval of the magnetic field dipolarizations. To gain further insights into the understanding why certain events were associated with ion intensity variations while others were not, we analyzed plasma moments, specifically ion flow velocity and density, for these selected events. Our findings revealed that certain magnetic field dipolarizations within our database exhibit sub‐Alfvénic flows and lack the properties typically associated with reconnection‐related magnetic field dipolarizations. These magnetic field dipolarizations also do not accelerate ions. Furthermore, we present a survey of Jovian plasmoids and magnetic field dipolarizations during the first 47 orbits of Juno. Applying Juno magnetic field data, we identified 119 magnetic field dipolarizations and 94 plasmoids within a local time range of 18:00–06:00. The majority of plasmoids were detected in the predawn sector, whereas magnetic field dipolarizations were observed closer to Jupiter and were not limited to a specific local time. Combining the statistics of plasmoids and dipolarizations is useful for contextualizing them within the framework of reconnection.

Sputtering of targets in high-intensity heavy-ion beam experiments

Based on available models and experimental data, the sputtering of target atoms in long-term experiments with intense heavy ion (HI) beams has been considered. The experiments on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei (SHN), which are carried out in laboratories around the world, are examples of such experiments encountering the target atoms sputtering in specific conditions. Rotating wheels with a relatively large target annulus area are used in these experiments to reduce the temperature and radiation loads on the target. Large areas of rotating targets allow one to reduce the sputtering yields of target atoms significantly. The question arises about the reliability of these yields in experiments on the synthesis of SHN with Z>118. These nuclei can be produced with extremely low cross sections, requiring HI beam doses exceeding 10 20 particles passed through the target to observe several decay events of the thus synthesized SHN. Estimates based on approximations and simulations considered in this work are presented and compared with some data on actinide target sputtering obtained in experiments performed on the synthesis of SHN.

Tracking Detectors in Low-Energy Nuclear Physics: An Overview

Advances in accelerator technology have enabled the use of exotic and intense radioactive ion beams. Enhancements to tracking detectors are necessary to accommodate increased particle rates. Recent advancements in digital electronics have led to the construction or planning of next-generation detectors. To conduct kinematically complete measurements, it is essential to track and detect all particles produced as a result of the reaction. Furthermore, the need for high-precision physics experiments has led to significant developments in the detector field. In recent years, highly efficient and highly granular tracking detectors have been developed. These detectors significantly enhance the physics programme at dedicated facilities. An overview of charged-particle tracking detectors in low-energy nuclear physics will be given.

PyMS-Vis, an Open-Source Python Application for Visualizing and Investigating Deconvoluted Top-Down Mass Spectrometric Experiments: A Histone Proteoform Case Study.

We report the development of an open-source Python application that provides quantitative and qualitative information from deconvoluted liquid-chromatography top-down mass spectrometry (LC-TDMS) data sets. This simple-to-use program allows users to search masses-of-interest across multiple LC-TDMS runs and provides visualization of their ion intensities and elution characteristics while quantifying their abundances relative to one another. Focusing on proteoform-rich histone proteins from the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we were able to quantify proteoform abundances across different growth conditions and replicates in minutes instead of hours typically needed for manual spreadsheet-based analysis. This resulted in extending previously published qualitive observations on Chlamydomonas histone proteoforms into quantitative ones, leading to an exciting new discovery on alpha-amino termini processing exclusive to histone H2A family members. Lastly, the script was intentionally developed with readability and customizability in mind so that fellow mass spectrometrists can modify the code to suit their lab-specific needs.

Effect of Terminal Phosphate Groups on Collisional Dissociation of RNA Oligonucleotide Anions.

The increasing need for mass spectrometric analysis of RNA molecules calls for a better understanding of their gas-phase fragmentation behaviors. In this study, we investigate the effect of terminal phosphate groups on the fragmentation spectra of RNA oligonucleotides (oligos) using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Negative-ion mode collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) were carried out on RNA oligos containing a terminal phosphate group on either end, both ends, or neither end. We find that terminal phosphate groups affect the fragmentation behavior of RNA oligos in a way that is dependent on the precursor charge state and the oligo length. Specifically, for precursor ions of RNA oligos of the same sequence, those with 5'- or 3'-phosphate, or both, have a higher charge state distribution and lose the phosphate group(s) in the form of a neutral (H3PO4 or HPO3) or an anion ([H2PO4]- or [PO3]-) upon CID or HCD. Such a neutral or charged loss is most conspicuous for precursor ions of an intermediate charge state, e.g., 3- for 4-nt oligos or 4- and 5- for 8-nt oligos. This decreases the intensity of sequencing ions (a-, a-B, b-, c-, d-, w-, x-, y-, z-ions) and hence is unfavorable for sequencing by CID or HCD. Removal of terminal phosphate groups by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase improved MS analysis of RNA oligos. Additionally, the intensity of a fragment ion at m/z 158.925, which we identified as a dehydrated pyrophosphate anion ([HP2O6]-), is markedly increased by the presence of a terminal phosphate group. These findings expand the knowledge base necessary for software development for MS analysis of RNA.

Spatial Mapping of Bioactive Metabolites in the Roots of Three Bupleurum Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Bupleurum is a kind of medicinal plant that has made a great contribution to human health because of the presence of bioactive metabolites: Bupleurum saikosaponins and flavonoids. Despite their importance, it has been a challenge to visually characterize the spatial distribution of these metabolites in situ within the plant tissue, which is essential for assessing the quality of Bupleurum. The development of a new technology to identify and evaluate the quality of medicinal plants is therefore necessary. Here, the spatial distribution and quality characteristics of metabolites of three Bupleurum species: Bupleurum smithii (BS), Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum (BM), and Bupleurum chinense (BC) were characterized by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Twenty-nine metabolites, including saikosaponins, non-saikosaponins, and compounds from the saikosaponin synthesis pathway, were characterized. Some of these were successfully localized and visualized in the transverse section of roots. In these Bupleurum species, twelve saikosaponins, five non-saikosaponins, and five saikosaponin synthesis pathway compounds were detected. Twenty-two major influencing components, which exhibit higher ion intensities in higher quality samples, were identified as potential quality markers of Bupleurum. The final outcome indicates that BC has superior quality compared to BS and BM. MALDI-MSI has effectively distinguished the quality of these Bupleurum species, providing an intuitive and effective marker for the quality control of medicinal plants.

Development of an integrated strategy for comprehensive characterization of Sinomenii Caulis extract and metabolites in rats based on UPLC/Q-TOF-MS

Sinomenii Caulis (SC), a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for its therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis, contains rich chemical components. At present, most studies mainly focus on sinomenine, with little research on other alkaloids. In this study, a comprehensive profile of compounds in SC extract, and biological samples of rats (including bile, urine, feces, and plasma) after oral administration of SC extract was conducted via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). The fragmentation patterns and potential biotransformation pathways of six main types of alkaloids in SC were summarized, and the corresponding characteristic product ions, relative ion intensity, and neutral losses were obtained to achieve rapid classification and identification of complex components of SC from in vitro to in vivo. As a result, a total of 114 alkaloid compounds were identified, including 12 benzyl alkaloids, 4 isoquinolone alkaloids, 32 aporphine alkaloids, 28 protoberberine alkaloids, 34 morphinan alkaloids and 4 organic amine alkaloids. After administration of SC extract to rats, a total of 324 prototypes and metabolites were identified from rat plasma, urine, feces and bile, including 81 aporphines, 95 protoberberines, 117 morphinans and 31 benzylisoquinolines. The main types of metabolites were demethylation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, aldehydation, oxidation, methylation, sulfate esterification, glucuronidation, glucose conjugation, glycine conjugation, acetylation, and dihydroxylation. In summary, this integrated strategy provides an additional approach for the incomplete identification caused by compound diversity and low abundance, laying the foundation for the discovery of new bioactive compounds of SC against rheumatoid arthritis.