Intensity Of Epidemic Process Research Articles

Cholera: Analysis and Assessment of Epidemiological Situation around the World and in Russia (2013–2022). Forecast for 2023

The aim of the review was to analyze and assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in the world and Russia in 2013–2022 and to make a forecast for 2023. Over the period of 2013–2022, 500 administrative territories affected by cholera were identified in various regions of 71 countries of Asia, Africa and America (the Caribbean region) with formation of 69 endemic foci in 16, 41 and 12 countries, respectively. In 2022, 1 209 301 cases of cholera were registered in 36 countries of the world. The intensity of epidemic process in Asian countries (Syria, Lebanon) increased. Unfavorable epidemiological situation on the African continent persisted. Epidemics and large outbreaks, which began in 2021–2022 due to emergency situations (ES) of social and natural character, continued. The prediction of the stability of the epidemiological situation on cholera in the territories of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (RF), given for 2022, has been confirmed. In 2022, 43 non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae О1 were isolated from surface water bodies, 8 V. cholerae nonO1/nonO139 strains – from humans. Similarity of those strains with genetically closely related ones isolated in the course of monitoring in previous years in Russia, Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Zaporozhye Region was demonstrated. In 2023, the risks of importation of the infection into RF are retained. It is associated with the intensification of epidemic processes in Asian, African and Caribbean region countries. The extended border with Ukraine, to where importation of cholera from endemic countries is possible, contributes to increased degree of threat. Bioterrorism is also not excluded. The consequences of a possible cholera epidemic complication in DPR, Lugansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson Regions are exacerbated by social emergencies resulting in disruption of infrastructure, interruptions in water supply, etc. In the absence of implementation of the risks of importation of this infection on the territory of RF, a stable epidemiological situation on cholera will be retained. Detection of non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains (including probability of clonal complexes formation), as well as strains of non-O1/non-O139 serogroups, which can be etiological factors of sporadic cases or outbreaks of diarrheal diseases, in surface water bodies is predicted.

The Current Epidemic Situation of Infections with Airborne Transmission of Viral Etiology in Ukraine

Background: The infectious diseases of viral etiology with airborne transmission generally dominate in the structure of infectious incidence. Objective: To determine incidence of viral infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, to research the impact of social and natural factors on the intensity of epidemic process. Methods: In order to determine the current epidemiological peculiarities of infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, a retrospective and operative analysis of the incidence, reports of vaccination of decreed child population in 2009‒2019, demographic and natural indicators. Results: Trends in the incidence of influenza were characterized by chaotic nature and disorder, acute respiratory viral infections ‒ high intensity and monotony. Significant correlations were established between the incidence of influenza and number and density of the population, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and the coefficient of migration population movement. Direct strong correlations were found between social factors and trends in the incidence of rubella and mumps. Coronavirus infection COVID–19 has become the problem for health care facilities in Sumy oblast. Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the epidemic process of infections of viral etiology with airborne transmission have changed, which requires new approaches to organization of the system of epidemiological surveillance. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 610-619

Эпидемическая ситуация по ВИЧ-инфекции в пенитенциарной системе Тюменской области

In the biggest Area of Ural Federal District with the high level of prevalence of HIV one of the leading roles in dynamics of epidemic is played by group of the population in which the consumers of injecting drugs, men having sexual contacts with men are most concentrated, workers of commercial sex is group of prisoners. Despite number of the held preventive actions, by the beginning of 2019 the prevalence HIV-infection among these special squads has reached the maximum indicator. Aims. Revealing the development of the epidemic process of HIV infection in the institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Tyumen Region over a long period. Materials and methods. In work statistical data of GBUZ TO «The center for fight about AIDS» of Tyumen, Department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Tyumen region are used. Results. In the Tyumen region the number living with HIV has exceeded 1% of the population, and the prevalence rate infection was 1129.5 on 100 thousand population. Prisoners in places of detention enter into group of the increased risk of infection of HIV (cumulative share in structure of HIV-positive people – 24.4%). The maximum rate of gain of HIV infection among prisoners was +44.0%, minimum – 27.0%. Places of detention need to be considered as one of the main places with high probability of infection of HIV and its carrying out of limits of penal system. Conclusion. Intensity of epidemic process of HIV infection in places of detention are caused by conditions of restriction of freedom and prevalence of the population that demands optimization of system of preventive actions with participation of bodies of health care, services of execution of the punishment and social departments.

Peculiarities of acute viral respiratory infections pathogens epidemiology and circulation in some regions of the Russian Far East during two epidemic seasons (2017-2018 and 2018- 2019 years)

Aim. To reveal peculiarities of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) incidence among population of the Far Eastern Federal District depending on viral etiology during two epidemic seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). Materials and methods. Method of epidemiological analysis by means of ARVI incidence with weekly epidemic thresholds as utilized. Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viruses was carried out by applying RT-PCR method and test-kits of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology. In order to determine relations between ARVI incidence and viral etiological structure of ARVI correlation and regression analysis was performed. Results. Identical epidemical tendencies with differences in ARVI incidence intensity were registered in the evaluated constituent entities of the Russian Far East. Utmost intensity of epidemic process was revealed in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and Sakhalin Oblast. In the south regions (Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai, Amur Oblast) ARVI incidence, occasionally excessing epidemic threshold was lower. Territorial and time irregularity is peculiar for etiology of infections in the Russian Far East. During the epidemic season of 2017-2018 statistically significant prevalence was determined for the influenza virus B in Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krai, influenza virus A(H3N2) ‒ in the Sakhalin Oblast, respiratory syncytial virus ‒ in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia), rhinoviruses were dominant in the Amur Oblast. During the 2018-2019 epidemic season influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 was mostly prevalent in most of the constituent entities of the Russian Far East. Compared to the other regions of the Far Eastern Federal District in the Amur Oblast were revealed differences in circulation of respiratory viruses predominantly of non-influenza origin during two observed epidemic seasons. Conclusion. Constant evaluation of ARVI epidemics under the conditions of constantly changing landscape of circulating viruses in a particular region can be useful for determination of strategies and tactics of epidemiological response.

CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.

CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.

HEPATITIS IN PATIENTS TREATED BYHEMODIALYSIS

During the last decades, according the international registers (in 2011–2013) there is a steady increase of amount of patients with terminal kidney insufficiency. For the aim of continuation a life to such patients we apply the methods of renal replacement therapy, one of each is hemodialysis.
 The risk of infecting ofparenterally hepatitis viruses grows in connection with the features ofprocedure of hemodialysis, first of all hepatitis B and С. Persisting in an organism, these viruses can become reason of development of chronic disease of liver, with development of cirrhosis or \and hepatocellular carcinoma.
 World experience shows that frequency infecting hepatitis In (HBV) and С (HCV) in terms by treatment of hemodialysis (HD), high and depends, first of all, from intensity of epidemic process in a region, and also from the level of socio–economic development of country.
 In this work we analysed prevalence of infecting hepatitis B and С in the different countries of the world, and also outlined basic recommendations in relation on timely diagnostics and warning of infection of hepatitis of patients who treated by hemodialysis.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEPATITIS A INFECTION IN THE PRE-VACCINATION AND VACCINATION PERIODS

Abstract. The hepatitis A has important social and economic significance in the Russian Federation now. The analysis of multiyear dynamics of hepatitis A incidence in the regional center — Perm city has been carried out. It was established that vaccination of children against hepatitis A within the different institutions influenced on the intensity of epidemic process. The hepatitis A incidence rates significantly decreased in the vaccinated groups and in the whole population. The typical seasonal distribution of cases and their clustering became less manifested.