Intensive Tourism Research Articles

The influence of trends for international tourism development on the functioning of domestic tourism industry

Analysis of domestic tourism market shows that Ukraine has objective preconditions for intensive tourism industry development. However, current stage of market transformations requires that domestic tourism industry management searches for non-traditional approaches and new views reflecting international trend of this industry management, including improvement of the methods of tourism activity management, development of economic policy for various categories of tourism activity management, defining of their activity goals and development strategies for the closets and long-term perspective and assessment of perspectives of available resources capacity. The paper aims to explain the use of modern international experience in tourism industry management in organization and economic mechanism at state and regional levels of tourism management in Ukraine as well as to define their role in solution of socio-economic and cultural problems in conditions of economy transformation. The received information will help the central and local tourism management authorities to make optimal strategic decisions and define the best methods of tourism development in Ukraine. The article examines both positive and negative tendencies of development of international tourism, gives a number of advantages of foreign management experience, which can be borrowed by the domestic tourism industry to increase the level of tourism development in Ukraine. The specifics of the mechanisms of regulation and management of the tourism industry are analyzed. Modern tourism plays one of the leading roles in the global economy. World experience reveals the main trends of tourism development and the role of the state in the organizational aspect of the tourism industry. Tourism has become massive, democratic, designed for different interests, tastes, incomes, for the most different contingent. Today, tourism has become virtually independent interdisciplinary economy industry. It plays a very important role in the economy of many states.

Spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of transportation service function and tourism intensity coordination: A case study of Yunnan province

Spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of transportation service function and tourism intensity coordination: A case study of Yunnan province

Зелений туризм в умовах сталого розвитку та викликів світової економічної кризи

The articles aims to substantiate the socio-economic, environmental, historical and cultural role played by green tourism and its contribution to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals based on current innovative trends and capabilities of tourism in the face of challenges posed by the ongoing crisis in global economy caused by the latest pandemic. The objectives of the research were to detail the theoretical, methodological and applied approaches to the development of green tourism, which is a market sector providing travel services. The definition of green tourism has been made more profound through connecting it with the Sustainable Development Goals, which is rather logical. The motivating factors for the development of green tourism have been analyzed taking into account the model of multifunctionality in agriculture and its importance in rural development policy. The nature of changes in the green tourism sector has been identified with respect to the peculiarities of the current global situation, when a pandemic is restraining the world tourism intensity, on the one hand, and is stimulating local tourism, on the other. It is worth adding that local tourism is mostly green and focused on the conservation of the environmental and natural resources, as well as sustainment of mostly rural areas. The research carried out shows that green tourism can become a driving force for economic growth in rural areas, a motivator for employment, a factor in preserving rural culture and traditions in a particular area. At the same time, the results of the research prove the existence of a link between green tourism and national economic, environmental, socio-cultural, intellectual, energy security due to the most typical development priorities of such tourism. On analyzing the experience of the countries that suffered the pandemic most, we have found some prospects for green tourism development. It is a new system of partnership between the state, business and civil society which can become an additional incentive to preserve the potential of green tourism. Thus, strategic guidelines for green tourism development based on institutional priorities, with the current economic crisis challenges in mind, have been designed.

Stromboli or Russian roulette tourism

Stromboli is one of the most active volcanoes on the planet; it has also become a tourist hotspot for just over half a century.The recent eruptive paroxysms of summer 2019 have spectacularly highlighted this paradoxical situation because, for the first time in its history, this paroxysm occurred during the tourist season. A quite happy combinations of circumstances made possible to avoid a balance which could have been catastrophic, but it also revealed the limits of the Aeolian tourism system which has partly built its international notoriety on the volcanic attraction.This article therefore questions the relationship between the unpredictability of a potentially fatal, but very exceptional risk, and the management of an intense tourist frequentation during the season, little or not informed about the reality of the risks.

Multifuncionalidad y nuevas prácticas agroecológicas en la Huerta de Alicante

Desde finales del siglo pasado (XX) se ha producido un cambio de paradigma en las relaciones campo-ciudad. La difusión, proliferación y consolidación de movimientos que abogan por una alimentación más saludable, de calidad y de proximidad ha convertido a las áreas periurbanas en espacios de oportunidad dada su cercana localización a los consumidores de productos frescos. La conservación de los paisajes agrarios históricos a través de su multifuncionalidad está también en la base de este cambio. Los objetivos de esta investigación son: 1) Mostrar las iniciativas que en el marco de la agroecología y la multifuncionalidad se están realizando en la Huerta de Alicante; 2) Categorizar estas iniciativas; y 3) Evidenciar los puntos fuertes y débiles de estas actuaciones. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de documentación varia (publicaciones y páginas web) y entrevistas. Los resultados indican que los paradigmas agroecológicos y la multifuncionalidad de los paisajes ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para mantener los escasos espacios agrícolas que aún perviven en esta área de huerta tradicional y conservar su patrimonio. Éstas muestran un carácter puntual, reciente e inconexo como consecuencia del intenso desarrollo urbano-turístico que se ha producido en la periferia de la ciudad de Alicante en las últimas décadas.

Selection of strategic priorities for sustainable development of tourism in a mountain region: concentration of tourist infrastructure or nature-oriented tourism

The paper discusses options for tourist development of the Altai-Sayan region. For this purpose, a comparison is made between the current state of tourism and sustainable development of tourism. This makes it possible to propose five stages for the strategy of sustainable tourism development in the Altai-Sayan mountain region. The preservation of biodiversity and ethnic characteristics of the territory underlie the ethnoecological type of tourism, being the most consistent with the principles of sustainable development and promising in the studied mountain region. Functional zoning is considered as an important method for balancing and optimizing environmental management. It is proposed to use the landscape-adaptive principle as a basis for spatial planning of tourist service in the mountainous region. The spatial elements of the tourist network of the mountain region were analyzed. This made it possible to reveal the predominance of the linear structure in connection with the mountain-valley relief. There are also examples of radiation, dispersion, focal and linear-perpendicular structures of tourist networks. This allowed highlighting the priorities of tourist development for different territories. Functional zoning of the Altai-Sayan region with the identification of priorities in the development of the territory was proposed. This allowed identifying the spatial distribution of areas of intensive tourist use and areas of nature preservation and ecotourism. In addition, zones of weak economic development were identified with a predominance of tourist routes, as well as those of medium economic development with local tourist centers.

Tourism-phobia in historic centres: the case of Malaga

The annoyance presented by the residents in the historic centre of Malaga, due to the impact of tourism is analysed. The study area is affected by a declining population and problems presented by residents in intense tourism spaces. The existence of tourism-phobia and the elements involved in it are examined. To this end, a specific questionnaire was produced about tourism-phobia, 378 surveys were distributed and completed and 10 semi-structured interviews were carried out with residents. Likewise, a thematic map was created, spatially identifying the main problems relating to the nuisances to residents. This research is the first study that analyses tourism-phobia by using statistically reliable samples. The results show the existence of a group of residents who are quite annoyed (17.5 %) that can be classified as tourism-phobic and a group that is not very annoyed at all (22.2 %) that could be classed as tourism-philic. There are sociodemographic variables that are essential to interpreting these attitudes, such as the cases of the level of education and place of residence. The spatial distribution of the perceptions of the annoyance caused by tourism is uneven in the historic centre of Malaga.

LIBURNIA AS A MANSION OF CENTRAL EUROPE: MEMOIRS AND LITERARY TESTIMONY BY IVANA BRLIĆ-MAŽURANIĆ

Liburnia is a geographic region along the eastern coast of Istria, bordered by Učka, Preluk and Plomin Bay. Its linguistic and cultural dimensions are strongly determined by its geological, geographical and political uniqueness. In the middle of the 19 th century, this area began to develop as an elite Central European tourist destination. Within the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy, Opatija was a well-known Liburnian winter and summer resort. Members of the royal families, composers and writers came to visit Opatija, including the famous Croatian writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. Based on documents recently discovered in Ivana’s correspondence, this paper documents and depicts her stays in Liburnia, which have not been researched and written about before. Moreover, the recent literature related to tourist and cultural history of Liburnia emphasizes numerous famous guests who visited this area, but fails to mention Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. In addition to Ivana’s correspondence, this paper analyses her portrayal of Liburnia based on her memoirs and lyrical prose. Her work is an expressive testimony of the development of the culture of travel of the 19 th century Central-European upper class. Ultimately, it is a valuable portrayal of Liburnia at the end of the 19 th and beginning of the 20 th centuries, which was the time of its intense tourist expansion.

The effects of wildlife tourism provisioning on non-target species

Marine wildlife tourism is growing in popularity and in the number of studies examining its impacts. These studies focus nearly exclusively on the industry’s target species, overlooking a myriad of non-target organisms that may also be affected. Here, the dietary effects of bait and chum input from the white shark cage-diving industry were assessed for eight non-target species from different functional groups (pelagic fishes, reef fishes, and rays), across two sites with different intensity of wildlife tourism, and compared to a control site with no wildlife tourism. Stomach content, fatty acid profiles, and nitrogen stable isotope values revealed site-specific diets for all eight species, consistent with the consumption of bait and chum at both cage-diving sites. However, these dietary shifts were incongruent with the extent of bait and chum input at North and South Neptune Islands. Species within each functional group responded differently to bait and chum, demonstrating the complexity of understanding the effects of wildlife tourism on non-target species. We suggest that appropriate management comprises an ecosystem-approach inclusive of non-target species.

Unregulated built-up area expansion on Santorini Island, Greece

ABSTRACT Unregulated built-up area expansion is a typical practice in Greece mostly on the islands, it is driven by the mass tourism development and the demand for second houses. Significant social, economic and environmental issues are linked to this practice. Santorini, a Greek island – which is characterized by important natural and cultural heritage properties and intense tourist development – is chosen here for the empirical part of the study. This paper attempts to study and quantify both the unregulated built-up area expansion and its impact on the natural and cultural environment. The intense ex-urban built-up area expansion that takes place on Santorini is interpreted on the basis of the Greek spatial planning framework so that its weaknesses that emerge will address the issue.

Citizen science helps assessing spatio‐temporal distribution of sea turtles in foraging areas

Abstract Spatio‐temporal distribution is fundamental information for species of conservation concern, like sea turtles, that are threatened by anthropogenic activities at sea such as fishing. While coarse‐scale distribution information is available for several sea turtle populations, fine‐scale distribution informing on hot‐spot areas for spatial management is more difficult to obtain. Here a citizen science approach involving tourism boats was undertaken to investigate the spatio‐temporal distribution of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Pelagie Archipelago, located in a major foraging area for this species in the Mediterranean and where high fishing‐induced mortality occurs. The study was designed to provide data of absence and total sampling effort, commonly under‐reported in citizen science studies, allowing comparison among zones and periods. This was complemented by reports from fishing vessels. Tourism boats reported 584 loggerhead turtle sightings during 1718 daily trips and fishing vessels reported 280 loggerhead turtles captured during 1040 fishing days. The results indicate a strong heterogeneous distribution in the Archipelago, with a low turtle occurrence around the main island, Lampedusa, where the highest human presence and activity occur. This may represent rare evidence of displacement behaviour of turtles that is worth further investigation. This also suggests that the current small marine protected area around Lampedusa has a low conservation impact. Zones with higher loggerhead turtle occurrence appear to be in the south and the west parts of the Archipelago, suggesting that spatial management would be possible when relatively small hot‐spots have been identified through specific surveys. This study shows the potential of citizen science for providing preliminary information to guide more demanding and specific investigations. Such an approach may tremendously and rapidly improve the current knowledge on fine‐scale sea turtle distribution in regions with a great extension of coastlines and intensive tourist activities, such as the Mediterranean.

Potential of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development

Urban development, implemented on the principle of a creative city, is one of the principles of the transformation of urban structures, which is based on a through evaluation of its potential. It is one of the principles of the development of cities that are responsible for their environment (Sustainable City). A creative city is based on the city’s dignities and the communities in which it lives. It builds on the specificities and creative potential of institutions, schools, the social composition of the population, but also on the particularities of the urban structure, the traditions of the city and its cultural climate. Many cities draw on this exception and use it for their own benefit and for the benefit of their citizens (Saint Etienne, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Graz, Glasgow, Košice…). For the prosperity of the city to be based on the principle of the development of culture and the creative industry, its potential for this type of transformation need to be assessed. The key factors that make the success of a “creative city” conditional are specific economic, social and political conditions. Favourable economic factors include: a labour market with a rich offer of a wide range of job opportunities, with existing creative industries, incubators, the IT sector, and intensive tourism. Relevant social factors include open social climate, characteristic tolerance, living city atmosphere, rich social life, informal social activities. Appropriate policy factors include: Urban policy and public administration applying the creative form of city management and working with local authorities and citizens. The character of the urban structure is also significant: its image, the quality of the urban environment, a rich array of cultural facilities, education based on the promotion of creative thinking. Just like the tradition of active social and cultural life. The paper aims to evaluate the potential of selected locations in Slovakia – Bratislava, Komárno and Lučenec. These cities represent two poles of the settlement structure in terms of their hierarchy, size, economic strength, localization. They have a strong cultural background. Their potential for applying the “smart city” principles, with an emphasis on the use of cultural potential, is analysed and subsequently evaluated through a range of economic, political and social criteria that correspond to the principles of a cultural city. In view of the authors’ focus on urban planning, the assessment of the potential of the urban structure of the selected cities is an essential consideration as one of the factors determining the development of their creative base. The goal is intensity and quality of the cultural activities, which supporting the transformation of the urban structure with a view to viable and sustainable urban development.

Effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Andrias davidianus in Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China

To understand the effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus, CGS), the interference and characteristics of habitat for CGS under different tourism intensity (high, medium, and low) were investigated, and the physicochemical and microbial index of water were analyzed in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that high tourism disturbance (>0.5 million per year) significantly increased noise and reduced the number of dens, decreased dissolved oxygen levels, increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and microbial abundance in water, especially that of Escherichiacoli. Under high disturbance, the characteristics of habitat and water quality still could meet the requirements of the growth of CGS. According to the National ground water class 2 standard based on the demands of E. coli in the surface water (2000 ind·L-1), the theoretical threshold of tourist numbers was 26.0471 million per year. The intensity of tourism interference should be effectively reduced by declining tourist numbers and tourism facilities, for the protection of the habitat quality of the CGS and the promotion of tourism development.

Evaluation of tourism impact on soil metal accumulation through single and integrated indices

Recently, surface soils of remote or protected areas, that receive pollutants from the surroundings or in situ activities through dry and wet deposition, exceed the baseline content of heavy metals. In the last decades, the use of single and integrated indices is a powerful tool to process, analyze and convey information about metal accumulation degree for decision makers to better manage protected areas. Single indices provide information about only one metal, whereas the integrated ones give a holistic evaluation. The aim of the research was to assess the temporal trends of three single (Contamination Factor, Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation Index) and two integrated (Pollution Load Index, Nemerow index) indices in order to evaluate if the touristic impact caused soil metal (Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) accumulation. In autumn 2016 and in spring 2016 and 2017, the surface soils (0–10 cm) were collected at eight sites inside the Vesuvius National Park (Southern Italy), characterized by intense tourism from spring to autumn. The metal concentrations were measured in the soils and used to calculate the indices. In addition, the Ecological Risk Factor was calculated and the phytotoxicological assays were performed. The findings showed that the surface soils of the Vesuvius National Park were polluted by Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb, according to both single and integrated indices. The touristic impact would seem to be the main cause of soil metal accumulation, as the highest values of the calculated indices were detected for samples collected at the end of the touristic season and the lowest at the beginning of the touristic season. Anyway, Cu and Pb would seem also to derive by ex situ anthropogenic sources, whereas Cr and Ni also by natural sources, such as spontaneous fires and substrate weathering. Finally, the soils showed phytotoxic effects and low ecological risks.

Towards Recognising Individual Behaviours from Pervasive Mobile Datasets in Urban Spaces

Mobile phone network data, routinely collected by its providers, possess very valuable encoded information about human behaviors. Intensive tourist activities in urban spaces bring smartness via mobile phone fingerprints into the understanding of an urban ecosystem. Due to the diverse processes that govern mobile communication, mining the geolocations of individuals seems to be non-trivial, tedious, and even irregular, which can lead to an incomplete trajectory. Enriching trajectories with infrastructural facilities is another challenge. We provide a unified approach, comprised of both informal and formal elements, to obtain a common framework, which maps pervasive datasets into a collection of individual patterns in urban spaces, to obtain context-enhanced trajectory reconstructions. Through the algorithmization of the approach, we acquire a study that provides new insights on individual and anonymized tourist behaviors. In order to obtain individual behaviors, it is necessary to carry out an arduous extraction process. We propose a multi-agent system architecture and predefined message streams, which are transported on a message-broker platform. We also propose all of the basic algorithms that compose the prototype of the entire multi-agent system. All algorithms were formally analyzed due to termination and time complexity. System evaluation, together with a few basic experiments, was also carried out. The performance evaluation results authenticate system feasibility, credibility, and vitality. Those factors prove its effectiveness and the possibility to build the target system, whilst supporting every urban ecosystem. The system would also strongly influence municipal services to understand urban context and operate more effectively in order to support tourist activities to become safer and more comfortable.

Tourism and urban economic growth: A panel analysis of German cities

Even though cities are among the most important tourist destinations, research on tourism as a vehicle for economic growth – most often approached via the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) – has predominantly been limited to countries. This study explores the validity of the TLGH in an urban context. Panel data were collected for 89 German cities on different indicators of urban economic growth. Pedroni panel cointegration confirmed a long-term equilibrium between tourism, local business tax revenue, income tax revenue and real GDP, indicating that even for cities within a strong, developed economy, tourism contributes to wealth creation. A Panel Granger causality analysis established a one-way Granger causal relationship from tourism to local business tax and income tax and a bidirectional relationship between tourism and real GDP. This causal relationship was stronger for cities with a high to medium tourism intensity.

Shark aggregation and tourism: opportunities and challenges of an emerging phenomenon

ABSTRACTIn the last few winters, shark communities have been aggregating near the Israeli Mediterranean coast, at a specific point, near Hadera power station. This unusual phenomenon has fascinated residents, visitors, kayakers, divers, and swimmers. We analyse the effects of this intense human interest on the sharks, using contingent behaviour, in Hadera and in Ashkelon, where sharks are present and there is available infrastructure for their observation. We also report on changes in shark behaviour due to change in tourism intensity. We find a change of about ILS 4.1 million annually for both sites but a larger individual consumer surplus in Hadera, where sharks are currently observable. Touristic intensity crosses the threshold level by about 12% and making the socio-equilibrium sustainable for both humans and sharks would have a social cost of ILS 0.157 million. This paper, which is based on the assessment of conservation values to marine and coastal tourists, raises a need for spatial planning in order to protect this endangered species.

The “genius loci” of places that experience intense tourism development

In classical Rome, the icon of a snake was used to depict the protection of place identity. This genius loci helped identify the quintessential elements of a place. The present study explores the extent to which places experiencing significant tourism development have lost their genius loci. Findings are derived from a comparative appraisal of archival and current landscape photographs, supported by an exploratory study at a particular setting. The fieldwork reveals that tourism activity is predominantly accountable for changes in a place's genius loci and that certain sites seem to possess attributes that retain that “genius”. Points of reference are identified so that destinations can regain their lost genius loci.

Impact of tourism disturbance on forest vegetation in Wutai Mountain, China.

Tourism is one of the primary disturbances to forest vegetation worldwide. To understand the impacts of tourism, it is important to first identify the ecological characteristics of damaged forest vegetation. Here, we investigate different ecological patterns in disturbed and undisturbed regions of Wutai Mountain, China. Comparisons between disturbed and undisturbed forest community were conducted using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The TWINSPAN analysis identified 13 association types from 76 total samples collected. The DCA correlation analysis showed that forest community was significantly affected by physiographical factors (such as elevation and slope) in the undisturbed region; however, that was correlated with not only physiographical factors but also intensity of tourism, and the effect of tourism disturbance was stronger than that of physiographical factors in the disturbed regions. In addition, some indicator species were discovered. Our findings provide valuable information about conservation and management of sustainable tourism in the region.

Can tourism development induce deterioration of human capital?

Modern economic theory considers high-quality human capital the most valuable resource for robust economic growth. Since tourism in general does not require graduate employees, it could be argued that the development of tourism leads to the re-direction and even the deterioration of human capital. This hypothesis is tested in the case of Croatia, a small tourism-oriented Mediterranean country which has recently experienced exceptional growth in the tourism sector. The methodology of quasi-experimental research is applied in order to answer the question whether there is a significant difference in the number of students enrolled in professional or university studies between two groups of Croatian towns and municipalities, whereby one group having recently experienced a five-year period of intense tourism development.