Intensive Physical Load Research Articles

Nursing students' self-esteem levels and attitudes toward the nursing profession.

This study aimed to examine nursing students' self-esteem levels and attitudes toward the nursing profession. Although it is important to choose a profession that will make the person happy in many aspects such as one's abilities, interests, values, attitudes, personal goals, and social expectations, it has an important place, especially in a profession such as nursing, which involves intense emotional and physical load. The study population was 390 nursing students at a foundation university in Istanbul, while the sample included 202 students. Data were collected between January 16, 2023, and February 15, 2023, with the Demographic Data Collection Tool, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Attitude Scale for Nursing Profession. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 27.0 program. The STROBE checklist was used to report the study. The mean age of the participants was 20.79±1.72 (years), among which 65.3% were in the 20-22 age range, 76.7% were female, and 29.7% were in the first grade. A positive but very weak relationship was found between the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Attitude Scale for Nursing Profession scores (p<0.05). The results show that professionalization and socialization processes greatly affect nursing students' self-esteem. Considering the extended period that students spend in academic institutions under the guidance of faculty members, this matter deserves greater attention. While developing the curriculum and education process, factors that support the development of self-esteem in nursing students should be taken into account and initiatives should be planned to increase positive attitudes toward the profession. Nursing students can gain different perspectives by spending more time with nurses in hospitals.

Female Wrestling: The Finger Index «2d:4d» Of Female Athletes

Aim of study The aim of this article is to present and analyze the research conducted to identify the changes in the values of finger index 2D:4D, in a group of female athletes, intensively and professionally engaged in such types of martial arts as pankration and judo wrestling and pancration. Hypothesis of the study The hypothesis of this study is that female athletes with mesomorphic and andromorphic sex somatotypes, and values of finger index 2D:4D, male type, will have better sports results when practicing their sports - judo wrestling and pankration, which is due to the medical and biological restructuring of their body, under the influence of intense physical and psycho-emotional loads.

Structure of circulatory system diseases and their genetic predictors in athletes with high intensity of training and competitive load

Introduction: Morphofunctional changes of the circulatory system organs detected in athletes may remain without due attention, as clinical (phenotypic) signs of pathological abnormalities are very similar to manifestations of cardiovascular system adaptation to intensive physical loads. The aim of the study is to propose a personalized algorithm for biomedical support of professional athletes with abnormalities and diseases of the circulatory organs based on clinical and genomic data.Materials and methods: The results of in-depth medical examination (2021-2023) of 15,464 athletes who are members of Russian sports teams were analyzed. The structure of circulatory system diseases according to the codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), which were included in the summary report of the last examination, was analyzed. Fifty athletes with abnormalities and diseases of the circulatory system organs, experiencing different degrees of intensity of dynamic and static loads in accordance with the Mitchell classification, were selected from the study sample for full genome sequencing and subsequent clinical interpretation of the obtained data.Results: In the study sample the number of people with pathologic conditions of the circulatory system organs amounted to 6 946 people (45 %). Mitchell classification groups had statistically significant differences with respect to the prevalence of 10 diseases of the circulatory system organs. In 50 DNA samples of professional athletes, 5 probably pathogenic variants (10%), 19 variants with uncertain clinical significance (38%), relevant to the phenotype of a monogenic disease with circulatory system organ damage, were detected.Conclusion: Molecular genetic testing is an effective tool for differential diagnostics of pathologic and adaptive changes in the organs of the circulatory system. Carrying causative genes in combination with clinical signs allows to change the tactics of medical and biological support of an athlete according to the proposed algorithm.

Nutrition of elite athletes of endurance evens

The primary principle of sports nutrition for athletes’ performance is to ensure the athlete is consumption enough calories to offset energy expenditure with balance of nutrients. The nutrition is directly related to the metabolic processes during intense physical loads. Unbalanced nutrition is one of the factors limiting of athletes’ performance. The aim - scientific substantiation of the diet for elite athletes of endurance events, taking into account the energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training loads. The methods: analysis and systematization of scientific publications by research issues, analysis of actual nutrition’s, daily energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training of elite athletes of endurance events. The energy expenditure and the actual content of macronutrients and the energy value of the daily rations of elite athletes of endurance events are compared. A significant energy deficient diet, an imbalance of macronutrients, mostly carbohydrates, was revealed. Three variants of the nutritional needs and the content of macronutrients were developed, respectively, for low, medium and high intensity of energy expenditure.

TREATMENT OF NEGLECTED COMPLEX DISLOCATIONS IN THE ELBOW JOINT (CLINICAL CASE)

Neglected complex dislocations of the elbow joint are not often pathology, bat its treatment is serious problem and demand an individual tactic of treatment. Objective. To present a clinical case of consecutive treatment the neglected complex dislocations of the elbow. Methods. The clinical case of neglected complex dislocations to the back with coronoid process fracture II type (by Regan, Morrey) with displacement to a 60-year old man, who could not get medical care within 6 months. At the moment of examination patient had formed steadfast interrelations of displaced elbow joint structures with loosing of limb functionality. At the first stage, the forearm was distracted by using an external fixation device end redaction in the shoulder-elbow joint was achieved. At another stage arthrolysis, open redaction of the radial head, restoration of the lateral ligamentous apparatus was complected. In three weeks restoration of movements in the elbow joint has begun, ensuring movements close to the natural axis of the forearm rotation, which was provided by the external fixation device. Results. In 6 months the patient noted moderate pain only after intense physical load, hi doesn’t take painkillers, volume o f rotational m ovements: 2 0/0/25 (45°), e xtension-flexion movements: 0/15/118 (103°). The patient actively uses the limb for self-care and in work activities. According to the Mayo Elbow Performance Score the sum of points is 75, this means — the result is good. Conclusions. In cases of neglected complex dislocations for significant periods of existence (more than 3–4 months) staged treatment tactics is appropriate with using external fixation devices, by perforce perform open and closed manipulations, which depends on the specific clinical situation.

The influence of sports orientation means on the development and increase of the speed of military officers-artillery

Scientific and technical progress in the military sphere requires the Armed Forces to constantly improve weapons and combat equipment, increases the requirements for combat skills, physical and mental preparedness of servicemen, and the training of highly qualified officers.&#x0D; The use of means of sports orientation can become an additional component in the formation of qualities necessary for the better formation of skills from exercises of a military nature, especially with regard to the development of willpower, improvement of physical and psychological readiness of military personnel.&#x0D; Sports orientation belongs to the types of sports that combine both long and intense physical and mental loads. It sets in motion not only the musculoskeletal system, but also activates the activity of the Central Nervous System. Therefore, the special qualities of an orienteer are endurance, dexterity, coordination and reaction speed, concentration of attention, creative thinking, strong-willed qualities such as determination, emotional stability, which is important for military personnel who perform combat tasks in the conditions of modern warfare.&#x0D; Thus, in order to increase the effectiveness of the tasks of military professional activity, the efficiency of the execution of operational tasks by military personnel requires high speed and coordination. The article considers a method of increasing the speed characteristics of artillery reconnaissance specialists by using elements of training of orienteers.

Effect of Intensive Physical Loads on Plasma Testosterone and Cortisol Concentration in Elite Athletes

The study purpose was to investigate changes in the content of testosterone and cortisol in the blood of qualified athletes after testing them to determine their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). &#x0D; Materials and methods. Thirty-seven international level athletes: 15 biathletes, 12 rowers, 6 boxers, 4 modern pentathletes participated in this study. The test to evaluate VO2max used exercise of increasing intensity on a rowing ergometer for rowers and on a treadmill for biathletes, boxers, modern pentathletes. Total testosterone and cortisol concentrations were determined in blood serum by an immunoenzyme analyzer before and after the test for determination of VO2max. &#x0D; Results. The concentration of total testosterone has been found to decrease significantly on average by 24,4% and the concentration of cortisol has increased by 34% due to physical activity. The highest level of maximum oxygen consumption was found in athletes with high levels of basal testosterone and cortisol in the blood. There is a high correlation between the basal content of total testosterone and the maximum consumption of oxygen in athletes (r = 0,58). &#x0D; Conclusions. The high content of basal testosterone and cortisol is an important factor for the athlete’s special working efficiency: higher level of basal cortisol has been accompanied by smaller increases in cortisol per load and high basal level of testosterone makes is possible to keep its concentration sufficient. The concentration of total testosterone and cortisol can be used as a marker of the effect of a training load.

Potential danger of the negative impact of professional women’s sports on the reproductive function of sportswomen

The article is a review of modern achievements in the field of studying reproductive health problems among professional sportswomen. Long-term and intensive physical loads are used for professional female athletes in the training process in speed-strength sports at levels that were historically characteristic only for male athletes. Insufficient awareness of this problem among doctors, trainers, and athletes can be considered as an actual problem of the potential danger for the reproductive function of female athletes during professional sports. Specialists in the field of the impact of high physical exertion on the reproductive health of female athletes have to face a complex of problems. The medical problems include female athlete triad, relative lack of energy, disruption of endocrine regulation due to the use of doping and contraceptives, and hyperandrogenism. Pedagogical problems include contradiction between the desire to achieve high sports results and the conscious, even indifferent attitude of the coaching staff to the physiological characteristics of women and the lack of relevant knowledge on the part of female athletes and their parents.The well-known female athlete triad – amenorrhea, anorexia and the lack of energy syndrome – has a neuroendocrinology basis caused by genetic, physiological factors and high physical loads. These data should be brought to the attention of coaches, female athletes and their parents. It was proposed algorithm for the prevention of reproductive health of professional athletes.Conclusions. High performance sports pose an additional risk for women’s reproductive health. Doping, contraception and neglecting the peculiarities of the menstrual cycle are a threat to the future life and health of female athletes. The risk group consists of young athletes. An important approach to solving the problem is to inform of various specialties doctors, first of all obstetricians-gynecologists, endocrinologists, sports doctors, nutritionists, as well as trainers and athletes themselves, about the potential danger of the possible negative impact of professional women’s sports on their reproductive function and about the measures that are necessary to be carried out to prevent the development of this danger.

Effect of Half-Marathon Running on Arterial Stiffness and Blood Biomarkers in High-Level and Recreational Male Athletes.

There is no clear understanding about the effect of intensive physical load on arterial stiffness and related biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of half-marathon running on arterial stiffness and blood biomarkers during post-competitive recovery period in competitive and recreational male athletes. Eleven high-level long-distance runners (27.1 ± 4.8 yrs) and seven recreational athletes (34.3 ± 6.1 yrs), who participated in a half-marathon run were examined. Blood biomarkers and arterial stiffness (SphygmoCor 7.1) were measured at baseline and at 18 to 22 hours after the competition. There were no statistically significant changes between the groups in augmentation index (AIx, AIx@75) or pulse wave velocities at carotid-femoral segment (cfPWV) during recovery period. Between-group comparison did not reveal significant differences in blood pressure and arterial stiffness values at baseline and during recovery period. The change of cfPWV (difference between cfPWV at baseline and cfPWV during post-competitive recovery period) was significantly dependent on race time and sports level of the athlete (high-level or recreational). A significant increase was found in hsCRP, creatine kinase and LDH activity during the post-race period in both groups. No significant changes were found in oxidative stress markers in the groups after the race except for higher diene conjugates level in recreational athletes in comparison with the high-level group during recovery period. Our study results showed that half-marathon competition did not cause any significant changes in arterial stiffness parameters during the recovery period. However, the change in cfPWV was independently associated with half-marathon race time and the athlete's level of training revealing a mild increase of arterial stiffness in high-level athletes and athletes with a faster race time.

EFECT OF INTENSIVE PHYSICAL LOADS ON TESTOSTERONE, CORTISOL AND INSULIN BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS IN ELITE ATHLETES

The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of intense physical activity on testosterone, cortisol and insulin blood concentration in elite athletes. The study was conducted with the participation of 26 elite athletes of endurance events. This study assessed the resting hormones concentration before exercise and acute response of hormones concentration after intensive physical loads. The influence of intensive physical loads with different direction (strength and speed vs incremental load to VO2 max achievement) was investigated.&#x0D; The average values of total testosterone in blood serum, measured at rest state before exercise were 28,2 nmol·l-1, 40 minutes after exercise – 19,2 nmol·l-1. The mean concentration of cortisol was 506,2 nmol·l-1, after physical activity – 518,1 nmol·l-1. The average value morning insulin concentration was 6,6 μIU·l-1, after loading 5,6 μIU·l-1. It was established a significant (p = 0.001) decrease of the total testosterone concentration after intensive physical loads; the registered changes in the blood cortisol and insulin concentrations were not statistically significant. A significant correlation was established (p ≤ 0.05) between the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max, ml·min·kg-1) and testosterone concentration (r = 0.76 resting morning concentration, r = 0.87 after intensive physical loads), cortisol (r = 0.69) and insulin (r = 0.51) after exercising.&#x0D; It was established the differences in testosterone concentration due intensive physical loads with various direction (strength and speed vs incremental load to VO2 max achievement). The significant difference of cortisol and insulin concentration depending the physical test was not found in this study.

Succinic acid derivatives: influence on the metabolic factors of the development of fatigue and working capacity under physical loads

A study has been carried out on the effect of the domestic pharmacological armadin long preparation (2-ethyl- 6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate) on the physical working capacity of athletes under the maximum intensity force loads characteristic of modern sports. Since pharmacology in sports is constantly searching for non-toxic drugs of the metabolithotropic origin that would have the ability to promote physical efficiency and slow down fatigue without toxic effects on the body, we have chosen for our research a drug based on succinic acid, which is a natural metabolite of the Krebs cycle. It has been shown that the armadin long preparation, when applied on a course for three weeks, positively affects the parameters of special working capacity associated with the improvement of the oxygen-transport function of blood. The metabolic basis of this phenomenon is the inhibition of a decrease in the pH of the internal environment of the body with the subsequent development of lactate-acidosis and the ability of the armadin long drug to accelerate the processes of angiogenesis, and, accordingly, the transport of oxygen to the athlete’s working muscles. The intensity of the formation of new growth factor (VEGF). Such data substantiate the expediency of the use of succinic acid-based agents to prevent negative metabolic changes and to slow down the onset of fatigue in athletes under intense physical loads.

CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CALF MUSCLE AND MYOCARDIUM UNDER PHYSICAL LODADING IN EXPERIMENT

Long-term physical activity causes restructuring in the various functions and systems of the body, which are, as a rule, adaptive in nature and occur at all levels of the structural organization of the body. The question of changes in the functional state of the cardiovascular system and, especially, the microcirculatory section of the circulatory system in normal and under the physical exertion and their relationship with ultrastructural remodelling in tissues, cells and cellular organelles is still remaining unclear. The aim of the study was to assess structural changes in the tissues of the calf muscle and myocardium that cause the development of adaptive mechanisms in response to prolonged physical exertion. We studied the structural components of tissue samples of calf muscle and the apex of the heart taken from mature Wistar male rats weighing 220-250 g in mass exposed to prolonged physical exertion by using electron microscopy. It has been shown that a long and intense physical loading causes the development of a number of compensatory-adaptive reactions directed at improving microcirculation processes, oxygen supply of skeletal muscles and myocardium, as well as maintaining an adequate level of metabolic processes. A detailed assessment of the functional state of the tissues studied is necessary for the early detection of signs of maladjustment under the constant loading in sports and the prevention of pathological states.

Сенсомоторні показники як критерії впливу інтенсивних фізичних навантажень на організм спортсмена

Сенсомоторні показники як критерії впливу інтенсивних фізичних навантажень на організм спортсмена

Sustainable Innovation in Football Referee Training in Czech Republic

Professional football has been recently characterized by an increase in game speed and complexity. From this, it follows that football referees also need to improve their skills to keep up with players and adequately respond in various disputed situations. The purpose of this work is to increase the performance indicators of physical fitness and activity of referees during the annual cycle. Most referees prefer the game method. For a football referee or referee’s assistant during a game, physical activity is similar to that of runners/athletes. Football referees are engaged in performance that is more intense, as compared to their assistants, at the international level especially. Such conditions are close to extreme and are characterized by an intense physical load dictated by game duration. This study suggested using athletics in comprehensive sustainable training of football referees. As it turned out, athletics-based training significantly improved the motor activity of football referees.

Строение лимфатического узла при воздействии физических нагрузок и инфразвука

The structure of the lymph nodes after exposure to physical loads and infrasound was studied. After the cessation of physical loads in the early stages of the study revealed a violation of the functional activity of lymph nodes with a tendency to their recovery. After 4 weeks after exposure to physical loads, the structure and function of the lymph nodes is fully restored and there is a slight activation of lymphopoiesis. After exposure to infrasound in the early stages of the study, there is a pronounced lymphostasis and compensatory increase in the functional activity оf В-zones of lymph nodes against the background of impaired migration of T-lymphocytes and inhibition of immunо-poiesis. After 4 weeks, against the background of persistent lymphostasis, there is a tendency to fibrous deformation of the stroma and exhaustion of the parenchyma of the nodes. Thus, the impact of intense noise, part of which is infrasound, has a more adverse effect on the lymph and immune–poietic functions of immune organs than the impact of intense physical loads in adapting to them.

Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties and Anti‐Fatigue Effect of Magnesium, Zinc and Chromium Polygalacturonate Based Composition

AbstractThe present study is focused on the development of a composition based on three pectin metal complexes (NaMg‐PG, NaZn‐PG and NaCr‐PG) at a mass ratio 7:0.3:0.001. It was evaluated by the methods of infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM‐EDS. The data, obtained by simultaneous thermal analysis and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, showed that water was the main component of the gas phase at the first stage of mass loss of the specified compounds, whereas further heating led to decarboxylation and degradation. The results of Forced Swim Test (FST) showed that the specified composition at the dose of 50–100 mg/kg contributed to the stimulation of an organism‘s adaptive capacity under intensive physical loads and could be considered as a potential adaptogen and stimulator of erythropoiesis that could normalize metabolism.

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И РЕЗЕРВЫ СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОК В ПРЕДИНВОЛЮТИВНОМ ПЕРИОДЕ

Аim. The article deals with the analysis of physiological characteristics and reserves of the cardiovascular system in professional female athletes during the pre-involution (37–45 years) and reproductive (16–26 years) periods. Materials and methods. We examined professional female athletes (long distance running and swimming), who do not take oral contraceptive pills and have an average duration of their menstrual cycle of 28–30 days. All the athletes examined are either in the pre-involution (37–45 years, n = 18) or in the reproductive (16–26 years, n = 32) periods. We performed the following tests: the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of gonadotropins and sex steroids, an immunochromatographic in-vitro assay for the detection of ovulation, heart rate variability analysis, the analysis of central hemodynamics rheograms, the cycle ergometer test with gradually increasing load, statistical data processing. Results. We justified physiologically the functional ability of the cardiovascular system in the women of the pre-involution period to adapt to intense physical loads in professional sports. We established that during the pre-involution period there is a relative decrease in the activity of the central and autonomous mechanisms of heart rate regulation. The formation of the most favorable period of autonomous regulation occurs from 20 to 22 day, which can be considered as a regulatory reserve. At the same time, the reserves of cardiac and vascular chains in achieving a relatively high functional level of the cardiovascular system are decreased. The most pronounced tension is registered in a vascular chain. Conclusion. We established the physiological characteristics of reserve and compensatory effects on the regulatory, cardiac, and hemodynamic levels of the cardiovascular system in professional female athletes aged 37-45 in the second half of their anovulatory cycle. This should be taken into account in dosing high intensity training loads.

Вітаміни як імунонутрієнти в практиці підготовки спортсменів

В оглядовій статті розглянуто можливість профілактики та лікування вторинних імунодефіцитів за допомогою вітамінів у практиці підготовки спортсменів, тому що імунодефіцити крім порушень імунних параметрів характеризуються нестачею необхідних харчових пластичних речовин, включаючи мінеральні речовини, вітаміни, мікроелементи. Наведено характеристику біологічних властивостей вітамінів А, В 1 , В 2 , С, Е і D як найважливіших мікронутрієнтів, що беруть участь у реакціях імунного захисту спортсменів високої кваліфікації, а також показано роль цих біологічно активних речовин у збереженні здоров’я і забезпеченні спортивної результативності. Висвітлено симптоматику недостатності зазначених вітамінів і їх необхідні добові дози для застосування у спортсменів. Показано неоднозначний характер впливу необґрунтовано високих доз окремих вітамінів на імунну відповідь. Представлено препарати окремих вітамінів, вітамінні комплекси, дієтичні добавки та принципи їх використання в умовах інтенсивних фізичних навантажень, а також при діагностованих імунодефіцитних станах у спортсменів.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN INDICATORS OF THE IMMUNE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS OF ATHLETES IN THE NATURAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE OB REGION

The article presents the study results of some indicators of the immune and endocrine systems of young men and women with high physical activity during the year periods with the minimum and maximum duration of daylight. The study involved 60 sportsmen of high qualification (40 women and 20 men). The amount of physical activity of the surveyed ranged from 18 to 32 hours a week. Type of the research is observational (longitudinal). The method of sampling is non-randomized. The following parameters were studied: immunoglobulins A, M, G, free triiodothyronine and thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cortisol, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. The study revealed that young men and women with high physical activity had a statistically significant seasonal changes in blood levels of immunoglobulin M and G, thyroid hormones, correlations between north and sports experience and investigated blood parameters. A statistically significant trend has been revealed, which indicated an increase in the functional activity of steroid hormones during the maximum duration of daylight. The obtained results testify to the optimal adaptation of the immune and endocrine systems of athletes to specific climatic and geophysical conditions of the North and intensive physical loads, which consists in changing the reactivity of the humoral link of immunity, thyroid hormone activity, adrenal cortex and gonads. The individual values of the studied indicators did not exceed the limits of physiological standards.

До питання про необхідність застосування імуномодуляторів у практиці спорту при напружених фізичних навантаженнях

Мета. Розкрито сучасний стан проблеми впливу інтенсивних фізичних навантажень на імунну систему організму спортсменів та виникнення різних респіраторних інфекцій. Методи. Аналіз спеціальної наукової літератури. Висновки. У спорті вищих досягнень в умовах зростання м’язово-емоційного стресу резервні можливості імунної системи швидко виснажуються, при цьому імовірність розвитку простудних та інфекційних захворювань значно зростає. В роботі не акцентується увага на використанні в спорті вищих досягнень певної кількості імуномодуляторів, які потребують ретельного лікарського контролю, а з огляду на досвід ряду спеціалістів пропонується використовувати (за певних умов) препарати більш м’якої дії, які володіють антиоксидантними та анаболічними властивостями. До найбільш успішних препаратів, які необхідно включати в раціон харчування спортсменів, можна віднести антиоксиданти рослинного походження, адаптогени і тонізуючі засоби, комбінації вітамінів, а також дієтичні добавки, збагачені пробіотиками, пребіотиками та синбіотиками