Intelligent Protection System Research Articles

Development of intelligent protection and automation control systems using fuzzy logic elements

In this article, the causes of technological disturbances in electrical systems are considered, and several characteristic disadvantages of the protection and automation of elements of electrical systems are highlighted. The tendency to decrease the reliability of relay protection associated with the transition from analog to digital types of protection is substantiated. Based on the studied examples, the use of fuzzy logic in protections, the expediency of using fuzzy logic elements in protection devices, and the automation of electrical systems to identify types of short circuits are justified. This article analyzes the most common damages and presents the results of modeling an electrical system with transformer coupling, where all types of asymmetric short circuits were initiated. The dynamics of changes in the symmetrical components of short-circuit currents of the forward, reverse, and zero sequences are determined. Rules have been created for the identification of asymmetric types of short circuits. An algorithm of protection and automation operation using fuzzy logic elements has been developed. The proposed algorithm of protection and automation will reduce the time to determine the type of damage and trigger protections.

An Intelligent Wearable Filtration System for Health Management.

To develop intelligent wearable protection systems is of great significance to human health engineering. An ideal intelligent air filtration system should possess reliable filtration efficiency, low pressure drop, healthcare monitoring function, and man-machine interactive capability. However, no existing intelligent protection system covers all these essential aspects. Herein, we developed an intelligent wearable filtration system (IWFS) via advanced nanotechnology and machine learning. Based on the triboelectric mechanism, the fabricated IWFS exhibits a long-lasting high particle filtration efficiency and bacteria protection efficiency of 99% and 100%, respectively, with a low-pressure drop of 5.8 mmH2O. Correspondingly, the charge accumulation of the optimized IWFS (87 nC) increased to 3.5 times that of the pristine nanomesh, providing a significant enhancement of the particle filtration efficiency. Theoretical principles, including the enhancement of the β-phase and the lower surface potential of the modified nanomesh, were quantitatively investigated by molecular dynamics simulation, band theory, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Furthermore, we endowed the IWFS with a healthcare monitoring function and man-machine interactive capability through machine learning and wireless transmission technology. Crucial physiological signals of people, including breath, cough, and speaking signals, were detected and classified, with a high recognition rate of 92%; the fabricated IWFS can collect healthcare data and transmit voice commands in real time without hindrance by portable electronic devices. The achieved IWFS not only has practical significance for human health management but also has great theoretical value for advanced wearable systems.

METHOD OF FUZZY PROTECTION AGAINST ASYMMETRIC MODES OF ELECTRIC NETWORKS OF ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE SOURCES

The paper considers the creation of an intelligent protection system based on fuzzy controllers, which provides detection and effective protection against asymmetric modes, in particular, from open-phase modes in the electrical network of a power system with a complex load. An intelligent system that includes a positive and negative sequence current filter, an analog-to-digital converter, a switch, a calculation unit for the ratio of negative and positive sequence currents, an executive body that turns off the input switch and turns on the sectional switch.

Development and Application of an Intelligent Plant Protection Monitoring System

Facing the need of modern agriculture to accurately grasp the information of farmland diseases and pests, this paper proposes an intelligent plant protection system. The system is composed of a wireless lens, temperature and humidity sensor, intelligent information terminal, and probe rod to realize the collection of plant images and meteorological information. At the same time, a software based on the mobile terminal and the computer terminal was developed. The plant images and meteorological data are transmitted to the server through Wi-Fi transmission. Combined with the expert knowledge model, a solution is generated, and the user can identify the current diseases and pests and obtain solutions at any time. The system can remotely and automatically monitor and warn of mainstream diseases and pests of field crops such as rice and wheat and provide support for fine plant protection management.

Digital Protection of Ancient Buildings Based on BIM Simulation Technology

To improve the digital protection effect of ancient buildings, this study improves the space digital technology, combines the digital interpolation method to carry out the space digital simulation algorithm research, and combines the BIM simulation technology on the basis of the improved algorithm to carry out the digital protection processing of the ancient buildings. Moreover, this study starts from the actual situation to construct an intelligent digital protection system of ancient building. In addition, through the ancient building spatial data database, this study uses the visualization function and the powerful spatial analysis ability of GIS technology to design and research the digital protection system of ancient building. Through simulation research, it can be known that the digital protection system of ancient buildings based on BIM simulation technology proposed in this study has a good simulation effect and can provide reliable technical support for the protection and subsequent restoration of ancient buildings.

Fuzzy Based Algorithm for Stage-I of Cascaded Intelligent Relaying

In the present scenario the protection system has become an important issue in the field of the power system. An Intelligent protection system has been introduced in many sectors like low voltage DC breakers, VCB, SF6 and so on. The said protection schemes have been developed to control the moving contacts using intelligent algorithms for tripping overall load against phase to ground faults occurring within the system. The related works have introduced Trapezoidal and Triangular membership functions as input to the fuzzy inference system. It is also found that the Fuzzy Logic Controller has been designed by taking two inputs as current and voltage. The output membership function has been preferred by implementing Trapezoidal and Gaussian membership functions. In this paper, a new concept based over current protection scheme has been introduced. Intelligent relaying technique has been used to trip a particular load against over current fault by introducing multistage cascaded intelligent relaying. Initially, the proposed method is carried out for Stage-I and reported by incorporating fuzzy algorithm by taking current error and current error rates as input using Gaussian membership function to the black box and fed signal to the breaker as output using trapezoidal and triangular membership function respectively to control the loads connected in the system. The best-fit membership function as input to the fuzzy engine is shown here is Gaussian membership function. The analysis reported here by taking both the fault scenario as phase to phase and phase to ground respectively.

Intelligent Protection System Against Vehicles’ Carbon Monoxide Gas Leakage by Using Arduino and Global System for Mobile Model

Gas leakage is a significant problem in industries, residential premises and gas powered vehicles. Carbon Monoxide is one type of harmful gas that generates out from vehicle’s AC when it is in ON mode, which can cause suffocation or death for all the passengers within less than hour that according to the science researchers. One of the proposed methods to upgrade safety standards and prevent accidents related to gas leakage is to install gas leakage detection inside the vehicles. This paper discusses the design of gas detection system to detect the presence of a dangerous Carbon Monoxide (Co) leak inside the cars using the MQ-7 gas sensor, and an alert is provided to two users by sending SMS to the programmed mobile numbers. Also, this system decreases the gas concentration by opening the car window using a relay board and motor. If the Co (MQ-7) sensor senses any gas leakage from the AC output of this sensor goes low, and the Arduino monitors this low signal, and it will identify the gas leakage.

Preventive Repetitive Maintenance Applications in the Field of High Wear Subjected Surfaces

The paper presents three applications for maintenance of soil processing tools, achieved by loading through welding of rough layers, of the active surfaces, highly subjected to wear. To achieve this objective we used the preventive repetitive maintenance principles and the concept of fair definition of the wear additional material, in such a way that the rendering activity of active surfaces with the additions will take place in the „dead time” for the manufacturing operation. In concrete situations, of preparing and processing soil, to assure the good functioning of cutting tools in contact with the soil to be processed, in quarries that extract and process basaltic rock aggregates we used a common process of depositing wear protection layers or intelligent self-protection systems, by melting with electric arc of new welding materials that assure in the deposited metal, type Fe-25%Cr-4%W-1%V-Ti-La, hardness of approx. 55HRC and a good welding compatibility with a large palette of low alloyed steels or micro-alloyed with boron, with hardness up to 400 HB. The structure and morphology of the deposits are type austenitic with a high volume of complex carbides of chromium, wolfram and vanadium and reduced, clean inter-crystalline areas, determined by the presence of lanthanides, fact that assures the intelligent protection systems a high tenacity and a good resistance to abrasion wear, specific clay soil with a high content of quartz sand, present in the vest area. The recent change in soil processing systems, by introducing new equipment, determined a rise in wear conditions, especially for scarify and plow coulters teeth and hoeing digger used for growing crops, respectively of useful technologies used in exploitation in conditions of high productivity with low costs.

Intelligent protection systems and their reliability in traction networks of transport systems.

The paper describes methods for setpoints’ setting of digital protections (terminals) in traction DC networks. A technique for their improvement and protection settings in a complete scheme is proposed. Besides, the main technical characteristics of digital protection and automation devices are listed. Numerous network parameters, which include those affecting its service reliability, are also reviewed. The parameter factor evaluation of dc traction network servicing, including the random parameter affects, is given. The algorithm and the design procedure of the dc traction network are reported in the paper. Besides, a real operation circuit of traction network protection at the experimental site is considered.

Complex beam steering from substrate integrated waveguide leaky wave antenna array

A wideband single-beam/dual-beam leaky wave antenna (LWA) system based on periodic composite right-left handed substrate integrated waveguide is presented in this article. The proposed array can be a good candidate for tracking applications and intelligent protection systems. The system is contributed by installing in parallel two different antenna structures. The first antenna transmits in the frequency band 6.9-11 GHz where the second antenna radiates in the band 8.9-13.8 GHz, the frequencies of the broadside radiation are allocated at 7.8 and 10.2 GHz for the first and the second LWA, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed system to continuously steer a single or a dual beams from −72° to 73°. The antenna system has a flexible beam scanning mechanism, good radiation efficiency, and maximum gain of 15.2 dBi. The simulation and the measurement results match well with the theoretical analysis described in the article.

Equal Resistant to Wear Blades Used in Rough Exploitation Conditions

The paper presents representative aspects of the blades and the characterisation of excavator blades, namely frontal loader in the quall resistance to wear version. In exploitation the active surfaces of the blades are subjected to wear through abrasion under high and medium pressure, combined with mechanical fatigue with variable cycles. Retiring the blades is determined by significant degradation of the side zones. The solution developed in order to confront the mentioned phenomena is of modular type, namely equipping the blades with intelligent protection and self-protection systems to wear, which are deposited by cladding with welding on the supports. The blades support is made out of low alloyed steel, which have a controlled hardness and are micro alloyed with boron. The rods used to develop the wear protection systems are type Fe-25%Cr-4%W-Ti-V-La which deposit layers that have a minimum hardness of 55HRC. The challenges solved are related to welding compatibility, in working conditions, of the base materials and the welding ones, through manual electric welding procedure and respective deformation due to residual tensions in the welded structure.

A Redundancy Mechanism Design for Hall-Based Electronic Current Transformers

Traditional current transformers (CTs) suffer from DC and AC saturation and remanent magnetization in many industrial applications. Moreover, the drawbacks of traditional CTs, such as closed iron cores, bulky volume, and heavy weight, further limit the development of an intelligent power protection system. In order to compensate for these drawbacks, we proposed a novel current measurement method by using Hall sensors, which is called the Hall-effect current transformer (HCT). The existing commercial Hall sensors are electronic components, so the reliability of the HCT is normally worse than that of the traditional CT. Therefore, our study proposes a redundancy mechanism for the HCT to strengthen its reliability. With multiple sensor modules, the method has the ability to improve the accuracy of the HCT as well. Additionally, the proposed redundancy mechanism monitoring system provides a condition-based maintenance for the HCT. We verify our method with both simulations and an experimental test. The results demonstrate that the proposed HCT with a redundancy mechanism can almost achieve Class 0.2 for measuring CTs according to IEC Standard 60044-8.

Big data quantum private comparison with the intelligent third party

Big data is often thought as a large number of virous unstructured forms of data. Expensive intelligent computing engineering techniques of critical systems that are not cost-effective for non-critical systems may sometimes be used as a intelligent protection system. The private comparison is to compare the equality of the secret information of two parties privately, without disclosing any actual information. These secret information of two parties are big data that need to be analysed for comparison privately in critical system. Quantum private comparison is more safer than classic private comparison based on the theory of quantum mechanics. In this paper, a big data quantum private comparison scheme with intelligent third party is proposed. Two distrustful parties Alice and Bob compare the equivalence of big data information by quantum computing with the help of the intelligent robot belonged to a semi-honest third party Calvin. The participants including the intelligent robot are just required having the ability to prepare photons and perform measurement, which makes the presented protocol be more feasible in technique. The transmitted particles is in the anticlockwise order with a circle that make the transferred private information to be more safe. The technique of entanglement swapping makes the comparison be achieved with the help of the intelligent robot. Due to the photon transmission is a one-way distribution, the Trojan horse attack can be automatically avoided. It is secure against the various well-known attacks.

Research on the Substation Intelligent Protection System for Operations Personnel Based on the UWB Positioning Technology

In order to improve the safety of the operations personnel, the authors designed the substation intelligent operations protection system, studied the positioning technology, three-dimensional geographic information technology and other key technologies, proposed the technical solutions of the positioning base station, the positioning label and the power supply system, and then derived the technical architecture of the substation intelligent operations protection system, which consists of the infrastructure layer, the support layer, the business layer and the presentation layer. These four layers are used to achieve the task management, real-time monitoring, warning sign, area delineation, track playback and other functions.

Protection System Design of Overload, Short Circuit and Three-Phase Imbalance for Electromagnetic Starter in Coal Mine

An intelligent protection system of electromagnetic starter in coal mine was designed. Its controller core is PLC LM3108K. The voltage rank of protection system is 660V and the electric current rank is 400A. It has protection functions for overload, short circuit, break phase and three-phase imbalance. The system achieved overload protection by using the method of inversing time overload. Greater the overcurrent is, Shorter the time of protective action is. The system achieved short circuit protection by using phase sensitive protection method, which improves sensitivity and reliability of short circuit protection. The system can display work status parameters and fault types timely by text LCD. It has the advantages of hardware circuit structure flexibility and automatically reset after fault relieved.

A novel intelligent protection system for power transformers considering possible electrical faults, inrush current, CT saturation and over-excitation

• Four condition identified in power transformers. • Bayesian classifier has high distinctive capability. • The sensitivity analysis show the effectiveness of approach. • Improved gravitational search algorithm has been introduced. Many electrical events can be easily damage electrical equipments in power systems. Such events or faults can be easily stopped at incipient steps but because of weakness of protecting systems they grow and extend, and consequently impose so many problems and cost to utilities. Power transformers are one of the vital equipments in electrical networks and industries, although many protecting systems have been implemented to prevent dangerous electrical faults, but most of them suffer many problems, such as; time wasting, computational burden, and low speed in response. In addition, whenever patterns of fault signals are similar, their discrimination from each other is so hard. Magnetizing inrush current, internal fault, CT saturation and over excitation are common electrical faults in power transformers so that most of the time are difficult to be separated. In this paper all considerations for designing perfect protecting system for power transformers are considered. Using intelligent approach, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based method is designed. Indeed, proposed protecting system includes two major sections. In the first section, using Bayesian Classifier (BC) which works based on Bayesian rules and uses knowledge of training data directly; internal fault is detected and is discriminated from three other mentioned faults and normal condition. If the event is not internal fault, second condition of this intelligent system makes a decision. In this section, ANN trained by swarm based algorithms, namely; Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm (IGSA) or Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to discriminate magnetizing inrush current, current transformer (CT) saturation and over excitation. Obtained results show that proposed system can easily and precisely follow the electrical faults in power transformer and detect them at incipient steps. Such quick and accurate response helps to save so much energy, financial cost and time.

Research on Condition Monitoring of Protection System Based on Substation Area Protection

Protection equipment in intelligent substation includes Merging Unit, protection equipment and Intelligent Terminal. At present, the status of the intelligent electronic device in intelligent substation protection system is still lack of effective monitoring means. According to the characteristics that substation area protection can obtain current information of all circuits in substation through GOOSE network, a protection system conditioning monitoring relay named PSCMR is designed in this paper. Based on the principle of current differential, PSCMR can accurately identify the abnormal condition or malfunction of Merging Unit or Electronic Current Transformer and realize condition monitoring of intelligent electronic device in protection system.

Research and Implementation of Centralized Intelligent Substation Protection and Control System

A centralized mode of protection and control system based on digital information is proposed, communications platform networking, information sharing standardized characteristics of intelligent substation. This model describes the centralized protection and control system architecture and its main hardware, research on the time required for the system strategy and the "triple nets" and other key technologies, and put into implemented and applied. At Hejia 220kV substation intelligent centralized protection and control system set its key consideration on functional integration, improve equipment integration, optimize resources, and information sharing, System model for the future direction of development of intelligent substation has a leading and exemplary role.

Design and Evaluation of an Intelligent Dilemma-Zone Protection System for a High-Speed Rural Intersection

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a dilemma-zone protection system that uses dynamic detection technology to track individual vehicles as they approach an intersection of interest. A high-speed rural intersection in Maryland experiencing a high crash frequency was selected for system installation and evaluation. Data were collected from three sensors designed specifically for tracking individual vehicles and deployed along the target approach. The sensors were used in real time to control the signal logic and provided green or all-red extensions when the predefined parameters of detected vehicles were met. A field test was conducted to evaluate the performance of the system design and the effectiveness of the associated parameters. The data analysis included the identification of falsely called red extensions (related to efficiency) and missed red extensions (related to safety) to assess the overall performance of the newly installed system. The field observation results indicate that the newly designed dynamic dilemma-zone protection system using an all-red extension offers distinct advantages over traditional systems by providing additional protection to highspeed vehicles even when they are in the “cannot go” zone and make an incorrect decision to go.

Study on the Intelligent Current Protection for Mining Power System

The overcurrent fault characters in underground cable distribution networks is analyzed, the symmetry current fault protection based on phase-sensitive detection, the asymmetrical current fault protection based on negative sequence current detection and the overload current fault protection based on the amplitude current are designed. The protection system was tested and the result shows that signal can accurately reflect the type of fault and fault parameters. It has been realized intelligent current protection through automatic identify fault type by PLC and has been applied to mine flameproof and intrinsically safety load control centre. Practice shows that the mine's intelligent current protection system is realiable and will be of great applied value in mining industry.