Intelligence-led Policing Research Articles

Intelligence-Led Policing To Reduce The Vulnerability Of Commercial Sex Workers Online In The Central Jakarta Metro Police Area

Various studies show that the crime rate against Commercial Sex Workers is very high. However, official data often shows that crimes against Commercial Sex Workers are low. This phenomenon was also found in the Central Jakarta Metro Police area. Various vulnerabilities that afflict Commercial Sex Workers in the region have been found. The evaluation was conducted to measure awareness of protection against commercial sex workers by members of the Central Jakarta Metro Police, identify reasons for underreporting of crimes by online sex workers, assess protection against online commercial sex workers, and the involvement of commercial sex workers in law enforcement. This study uses an intelligence-led policing approach based on intelligence analysis with a qualitative approach. The results show that increasing awareness of protection is still very much needed in the Central Jakarta Metro Police environment. In addition, there are still obstacles to reporting crimes by commercial sex workers. Protection against online sex workers needs to be improved, but it needs to be supported by better cooperation. It is recommended to continue to evaluate and enhance weaknesses to improve the response and protection of online sex workers.

Optimising intelligence operations for international law enforcement: harnessing THRIVE for national intelligence model advancement

ABSTRACT THRIVE (Threat, Harm, Risk, Investigation, Vulnerability, and Engagement) represents a decision-making framework introduced by the United Kingdom’s (UK) National Police Chiefs’ Council in 2017, with a particular focus on vulnerability. Alongside THRIVE other intelligence-led policing models such as the National Intelligence Model (NIM), have become integral to policing practices. While THRIVE is widely adopted as a primary analysis and decision-making framework in UK police services, its examination remains limited, including its impact on the NIM and its use by intelligence personnel. Interviews with 15 police personnel from operation intelligence units within a specific English service were conducted to ascertain its level of adoption. A series of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests to all 43 UK police services in England and Wales were then initiated, to understand if the THRIVE model is adopted and, if so, where within their respective units. The findings indicate widespread acceptance and integration of THRIVE among intelligence practitioners, without immediate adverse effects on the application of the NIM. The use of heuristic naturalistic decision-making processes in THRIVE assessments, suggests a need for further research. Though, there is a risk of reduced decision-making capacity among frontline intelligence workers using THRIVE within the constraints of the NIM.

Incorporation of crime intelligence-led policing in South Africa police operation: is South African police getting it right

Incorporation of crime intelligence-led policing in South Africa police operation: is South African police getting it right

Capitalizing on patrol intelligence: practitioner receptivity to patrol-driven intelligence-led policing

ABSTRACT Intelligence-led policing (ILP) approaches seek to utilize a variety of strategies capitalizing on intelligence and analysis to reduce, address, and prevent crime or harm. Often, the application of these strategies involves a top-down approach. An exception to this is the Phoenix Police Department’s patrol-driven Intelligence Officer Program (IOP). This article examines the extent to which personnel from the department are receptive to this specific patrol-driven ILP approach. More specifically, responses from surveys of patrol officers, intelligence officers, and their supervisors are used to explore the perceived value of the program to patrol activities and the patrol function more broadly. Results suggest that stakeholders seem to be enthusiastic about the IOP. Importantly, it is demonstrated that more familiarity and engagement with programs can encourage greater receptivity to policing innovations such as patrol-driven ILP programs. Potential avenues for research are also discussed.

An Examination of Proactive Intelligence-Led Policing through the Lens of Covert Surveillance in Serious Crime Investigation in Ireland

This article examines the powers and functions conferred by the Criminal Justice (Surveillance) 2009 Act to bolster the resources of the Garda Síochána (Ireland’s National Police and Security Service) to detect, investigate and apprehend suspects. The analysis will encompass the management and use of covert surveillance operations, procedural requirements for external ‘authorisation’ to carry out surveillance with judicial oversight, internal ‘approval’ to carry out surveillance without judicial oversight, and the use of tracking devices as less intrusive measures. The assessment will consider whether there are sufficient procedural safeguards provided in the 2009 Act to protect fundamental rights of suspects, and whether covert surveillance practices as a tool of effecting crime control policies is proportionate and necessary commensurate with fundamental rights of suspects in the criminal justice process. While the focus of analysis is on police covert surveillance operations in Ireland, reference to international best practice and human rights standards emanating from the Irish superior courts and ECtHR jurisprudence will broaden the scope of analysis that is intended to be of interest to a wider readership. Keywords: Criminal Justice (Surveillance) Act 2009 (Ireland); Covert surveillance; Authorisation for surveillance; Approval for surveillance; Garda Síochána (Ireland’s National Police and Security Service); Serious crime investigation

Understanding e-government readiness and practices from the lens of behavioural and organisational change theories: a case of intelligence-led policing

Understanding e-government readiness and practices from the lens of behavioural and organisational change theories: a case of intelligence-led policing

Fusion centers as an important component of the Intelligence-led Policing (ILP) model

The article focuses on the current issues of law enforcement reform based on the introduction of a new model of Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP). The essence of this model is briefly presented and important emphasis is placed on its successful implementation.
 The key subject of the study is the activities of fusion centers, which occupy an important place in the American law enforcement system precisely as the relevant content and an essential component of the implementation of the ILP philosophy. It is noted that fusion centers were created to serve as a single point of contact for obtaining information on crime, terrorism and information related to crime, terrorism and threats, for its analysis and dissemination in order to improve situational and operational awareness. Attention is focused on the processes of obtaining and exchanging intelligence analytical data between end users and fusion centers.
 It is emphasized that current research on a number of fusion center characteristics, including information sharing, relationships, and analytical functions, has contributed to the academic understanding of these new organizations, and has contextualized these functions as a component of local ILP efforts. The literature on intelligence- driven policing and law enforcement fusion centers argues that intelligence-driven policing can be improved by improving the dissemination of intelligence products from fusion centers. However, it is important to analyze the extent to which studies characterize the relationship between law enforcement agencies and fusion centers, how these analytical products are perceived and how useful they are to law enforcement agencies, and whether analytical products are further shared within law enforcement agencies.

'Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing.

Intelligence-led policing (ILP) was introduced in the 1990s as a proactive approach to policing, but to date, there is a lack of studies that have synthesized and summarized the central characteristics and insights of (quasi-)experimental studies related to ILP. This study aims to address this gap by synthesizing and characterizing the central characteristics of 38 quasi-experimental and experimental studies related to ILP. In this study, a scoping review is conducted on different quasi-experimental and experimental studies that relate to the framework of ILP. It was found that most studies within the domain of ILP focus on testing the crime reduction effects of using spatio-temporal crime intelligence to deploy police resources more efficiently and effectively. However, some studies have combined different types of crime intelligence or used solely offender-related intelligence. Several statistical-methodological challenges were also identified that should be considered when designing experimental research within the domain of ILP. Additionally, most studies focused solely on measuring crime reduction, with few focusing on secondary effects of interventions. The review concludes that future evaluation studies should consider evaluating the use of different types of crime intelligence and establish specific, objective, and realistic criteria for measuring specific performance measures such as crime disruption. Future experimental research within the domain of ILP should consider applying the 3-i model, evaluating each leg of ILP thoroughly. The limitations of the study are also discussed. This review provides valuable insights for future research and development of ILP-related approaches.

Rethinking community security in Uganda: Integrating community policing with intelligence-led policing

ABSTRACT Contemporary changes in crime reveal the need to enhance law enforcement methods such as Community Policing with intelligence-based approaches for sustained community–police partnerships and improved community participation in ensuring safety. Community participation and partnership with law enforcers is essential for identification of threats and vulnerabilities, collection, analysis and sharing of crime data and problem solving. Uganda’s Community Policing has since 1989 focused on image construction, trust and confidence building for the police within the community and underscoring police relevancy in a transitional democracy while crime remained steadily high. The introduction of crime preventers and Local Defence Units (LDUs) to back-up police in handling crime, patrol neighbourhoods and gather intelligence has instead attracted accusations against law enforcers for excessive use of force, human rights violations and involvement in crime. Intelligence led policing (ILP) aims at enhancing community safety based on analysed information for strategic, operational and tactical benefits in crime prevention. Using secondary sources of data, the paper argues that while Community Policing has been preferred in crime prevention, intelligence gathering for purposes of investigating and preventing crime has remained poor. It recommended that Community Policing is integrated with ILP for effective detection, prevention, management of crime and enhanced community security.

The impact of COVID-19 on police intelligence reports in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT The coronavirus pandemic affected policing in a number of both anticipated, and unexpected ways. However, the impact on police intelligence remains an unexplored area. Understanding how the pandemic affected the volume of police intelligence is important as it underpins the intelligence-led policing model, which is as a key system that helps drive police activity. In this study, data from 20 police services over a 4-year period that outlines the annual volume of intelligence reports retained by services is analysed using inferential statistics to establish that during 2020 there was a significant rise in intelligence held by the police. In this study, several hypothesis are considered as causal factors that contributed to the rises and conclude that the pandemic is the most likely reason, which is caused by a rise in public order intelligence related to breaches of coronavirus legislation. The impact on the division of labour that arises from tasking such police intelligence is discussed, and the article calls upon similar research on the issuance of coronavirus fixed penalties and stop and search activity during the pandemic, to suggest that the rises have the potential to contribute to the disproportionate targeting of black and minority ethnic communities. We call for further research to explore this further.

Development of Intelligence-led Policing in the United States and Implications for China

Development of Intelligence-led Policing in the United States and Implications for China

Preventing prosecution: Narratives on proactive policing

Multi-agency partnerships and intelligence-led policing are among the proactive policing strategies used to manage and prevent crime outside the criminal justice process. Drawing on narrative criminology, this article studies the co-constitution of concrete proactive policing methods and the populations and crimes that they are directed at. Further, the article illuminates the variety of distinct approaches that are understood in the studied policing context as ‘preventive’, a term found to be applicable to any police strategy or method that does not involve investigation and is not aimed at building a criminal case for prosecution. Whereas crime prevention effects are considered desirable and achievable, at least in theory, the internal organisational aim to prevent prosecution exerts an influence on how crimes as well as the crime prevention mandate are made sense of and rendered actionable.

Applicability of the <em>Intelligence-Led Policing</em> Model in Brazil: The Case of the Military State Police of Santa Catarina

This article discusses scientific issues and evidence regarding the policing intelligence-led model (ILP) in police institutions and its applicability in the organizational reality of the Military Police of Santa Catarina (PMSC). This is a theoretical-analytical study with a qualitative approach through a systematic and narrative review of national and international academic production. The research on the subject was found to be incipient in the Brazilian scenario, although space has been gained in several other countries, with a reasonable number of studies. The adoption of intelligence-led policing has the power to "unify" police work, enhance preventive action in public safety, and improve the strategic management of police organizations.

Are religious beliefs truly the root cause of terrorism?

This article explores religion as a cause for terrorism, looking at different causes for terrorism and discussions into the harms associated with popular conceptions of associating religion with terrorism. The results of this research demonstrate that there are multiple causes for terrorism, which are not associated with religion, despite “intelligence-led policing” methods pertaining to religious and racial profiling. Theocracies and democracies have both abused human rights, demonstrating that states will ultimately prioritize their interests at the expense of the rights and freedoms of civilians, including the right to life.

Proactive Intelligence-Led Policing Shading the Boundaries of Entrapment: An Assessment of How Common Law Jurisdictions have Responded

Law enforcement agencies have adapted their detection and investigative strategies in accordance with proactive intelligence-led policing of suspected offenders that include surreptitious undercover methods. While such measures are necessary and proportionate to safeguard society from harm caused by offenders, some forms of proactive policing methods could be regarded as entrapment. Allegations of entrapment are typically raised in circumstances where undercover law enforcement officers have actively participated in the creation of a crime, have tested the virtue of people instead of directing their detection and investigative strategies on persons against whom there are reasonable grounds for suspicion, or have gone beyond merely creating the circumstances and effectively induced the suspect to commit an offence. Criminal justice systems have typically responded to allegations of entrapment with judicial discretion to grant a stay of the prosecution for an abuse of the courts process, relying on judicial integrity and the imperative of constitutional principles and international human rights standards being adhered to by courts of justice. Undercover methods bordering entrapment might require the exercise of judicial discretion to either exclude impugned evidence or as a mitigating factor reducing the sentence imposed on convicted offenders. This article evaluates the judicial responses to successful pleas of entrapment in foremost common law jurisdictions underpinned by constitutional principles of due process and international human rights standards in accordance with the rule of law. Keywords: Abuse of process; Agent provocateur; Defence; Entrapment; Exclusion of evidence; Judicial discretion; Stay of criminal proceedings

Theoretical and methodological bases for the use of criminal analysis by operative units of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine

This article examines the concept, content and nature of intelligence-led policing. The role of criminal analysis, supplemented by criminal intelligence, in countering crime is examined. The specifics of interaction between operative units of law enforcement agencies and criminal analysis units are identified.
 The model of police activity guided by intelligence analytics is currently the most suitable for overcoming the existing challenges and threats in the field of fighting crime. ILP is a model of policing, according to which intelligence serves as the basis for conducting operations/investigations, and not vice versa. Criminal analysis and criminal intelligence are key elements of the Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP).
 The organization of police activities guided by ILP means the planning and management of police work activities, thanks to which the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for determining strategic and operational goals in the field of preventing and stopping crime. This enables the effective allocation of resources based on the areas of activity of individual offenders, organised crime groups and the criminal environment as a whole.
 Criminal analysis is aimed at supporting effective law enforcement activities. The results of criminal analysis form the basis for the organization of police activities guided by intelligence analytics. That is, the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for building the organization of police activity according to a new philosophy - a transition from reactive methods of police activity - reaction to a criminal event, to proactive - when police activity is guided by conclusions about the analysis of patterns and trends that are identified in the criminal environment. This approach allows you to take timely and effective measures regarding a problem or situation with the intention of eliminating or mitigating its consequences.
 The interaction between employees of operative units and criminal analysts has certain features and takes place mostly within the framework of criminal intelligence analysis. An important aspect in the effective cooperation of operatives and criminal analysts is the introduction of specialization in certain areas of work. Criminal analysis is aimed at supporting effective law enforcement activities. The results of criminal analysis form the basis for the organization of police activities guided by intelligence analytics. That is, the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for building the organization of police activity according to a new philosophy - a transition from reactive methods of police activity - reaction to a criminal event, to proactive - when police activity is guided by conclusions about the analysis of patterns and trends that are identified in the criminal environment. This approach allows you to take timely and effective measures regarding a problem or situation with the intention of eliminating or mitigating its consequences.
 The interaction between employees of operative units and criminal analysts has certain features and takes place mostly within the framework of criminal intelligence analysis. An important aspect in the effective cooperation of operatives and criminal analysts is the introduction of specialization in certain areas of work.

THE EVALUATION OF DRONE AND INTELLIGENCE LED POLICING TECHNOLOGIES IN COMBATING CRIMES IN NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA

This paper focuses on the application of drones and intelligence-led policing technologies in combating crime in South Africa and Nigeria The qualitative methodology was used adopting focus group technique for data collection. Findings reveals that most countries have set specific rules for drone flights and few restrictions are imposed on their weight carrying capacity, drones pose novel and difficult problems for law enforcement, drones have been put to a host of nefarious uses, from smuggling contraband into prisons, criminals used drones to supply illegal products, illicit drugs, contraband goods, criminals use drone for illegal surveillances, drones are used by law enforcement agents for surveillance and raiding, drones are used to carry out surveillance and crime investigations, drones can be flown remotely by an operator far away from the crime scene and in some jurisdictions the use of drones are lightly regulated by legislation, consequently local and state authorities are restricted from intercepting drones in flight, potentially even when a crime is in progress. There is need for improvements of drone technology to enable its applications by the criminal justice and law enforcement for resolving crime problems, intelligence led policing strategies should be adopted in consonance with drone technology for swift justice in Nigeria and South Africa, need for government of both countries to regulate drone technology, need to upgrade current legislation regulating the application of drones in both countries.

Analysis of the Quality of Peace and Security from the Perspective of Community Policing in Lira city, Northern Uganda

Uganda faces an ever-upward rate of urban criminality; this has led to continued loss of lives and property. Security officials, especially, the Uganda Police Force have embraced a range of approaches to mitigate, avert and/or evade crime but none appears to yield sustainable outcomes. The decade ending 2020 witnessed the espousal of ‘community policing as an innovative approach to detecting and thwarting urban crime. Obtainable literature indicates that community policing is a paradigm shift grounded in the principles of policing by the consent of the community. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the quality of peace and security from the perspective of selected community policing models. Two questions are answered, namely; (a) how does intelligence-led policing enhance peace and security among slum dwellers in Lira city west division? And (b) how does zero-tolerance policing enhance peace and security among slum dwellers in the Lira city west division? A Case study design was adopted in eight purposely selected slums. The participants who were resourceful during data collection are; elected leaders, civil servants, security operatives, retired security officers, and media practitioners. Results suggest that the Intelligence-led policing model has the potential to enhance the protection of security information from unauthorized persons. Thus enabling the Police Force to dislodge organized crime in the slum areas. Also, Zero-tolerance policing model provides efficient management of security investigations since the Police Force can gather evidence to facilitate the prosecution of offenders. Thus, a combination of both models is key in enhancing peace and security among slum areas in Lira City.

Methods of Extraction and Analysis of Intelligence to Combat Threats of Organized Crime at the Border

The article reveals the development of innovative methods of intelligence-led policing in the form of information-analytical activity (IAA) by law enforcement operational units to combat threats of cross-border organized crime. The developed methodology for extracting intelligence information contains new procedures for extracting intelligence from Internet resources and performing intelligence analysis. It allowed for a reduction in time of 1.23 times for obtaining intelligence on criminal activity. Also, the methods for identifying crimes and analyzing threats to border security were improved. It allows the development of new procedures for crime identification, the classification of organized criminal groups, the formation of scenarios of their illegal activities, and the determination of the degree of their influence on border security. The methodology is based on taxonomy, artificial intelligence, expert evaluation, and SWOT analysis. The developed mathematical model for constructing operational cover at the border takes into account the dependence of the distribution of available resources on existing cross-border crime threats. Experimental verification of the implementation of the research results indicates advantages of the results in contrast to traditional approaches in terms of "reliability" and "efficiency". Based on the developed methodological apparatus, recommendations for improving the IAA were elaborated: improving processes of obtaining intelligence information; improving processes of identifying crimes and analyzing threats to border security due to the development of criminal analysis systems; creating regional centers for detecting and analyzing threats to border security; and developing the IAA based on enhancing the capabilities of operational units. Implementation of the scientific results into the practical activity of law enforcement operational units at the border contributed to increasing the efficiency of their IAA by up to 20%. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-03-07 Full Text: PDF

Forensic intelligence-led prevention of drug-facilitated sexual assaults.

This work explores the potentially broader contribution of forensic science to preventive public health through the proactive view promoted by forensic intelligence. For that purpose, a new working framework is applied as a strategic tool that channelizes forensic intelligence in a more understandable and didactic way for decision-makers, guiding preventive crime processes. Concretely, the implementation of this operational framework focuses on preventing drug-facilitated sexual assaults in the nightlife context. Through a two-stage research scheme, the working framework is used as a study tool for understanding this violent phenomenon and as a strategic thinking and action platform for overcoming it. Forensic intelligence-guided actions significantly enhanced institutional and direct support facing this specific form of sexual violence. Awareness messages targeting potential assailants, witnesses, and victims reached more than half a thousand students from the university and pre-university education through a preventive intervention within the educational system. Moreover, the inter-professional dialogue between forensic science and other health, security, and education disciplines shows the broader proactive role of forensic science beyond the traditional retroactive view limited to courtrooms and intelligence-led policing. This study demonstrates as forensic intelligence becomes applicable for civilians, who participate as decision-makers in intelligence-led preventive processes, anticipating the need for intervention by police and judicial authorities.