Intellectual Services Research Articles

LEGAL REGULATION OF THE TURNOVER OF DIGITAL ASSETS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEIR INHERITANCE

The article analyzes the state of legal regulation of the turnover of digital assets in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the possibility of their inheritance. The legislation governing digital assets classifies them as property. At the same time, digital assets are divided into secured and unsecured. The article shows that a secured digital asset certifies the right to tangible, intellectual services and assets, with the exception of money and securities, and is accordingly associated with objects already familiar to the law. In this regard, the release of a secured digital asset is possible only after checking the availability of its collateral. In addition, the person who owns the digital asset is known according to the stipulated legal requirements. The activity of a person issuing secured digital assets is subject to licensing. There are no special restrictions for persons acquiring such assets. The article notes that an unsecured digital asset is not associated with any property that exists independently of electronic and digital technologies and digital mining is required to create it. The subject of the relationship regarding an unsecured digital asset can be a miner, as well as the owner of informatization facilities. The release of unsecured digital assets is subject to licensing. The turnover of such assets is possible only on the territory of the «Astana» International Financial Center. Thus, digital assets can be alienated by their owners during their lifetime, which means they can pass to heirs after their death. Solving practical problems of licensing unsecured digital assets, centralizing the control of their turnover will streamline the issues of legal regulation of electronic digital technologies and their inheritance at the national level. Thereby, digital assets can be alienated by their owners during their lifetime, which means they can pass to heirs after their death. Solving practical problems of licensing unsecured digital assets, centralizing the control of their turnover will streamline the issues of legal regulation of electronic digital technologies and their inheritance at the republican level.

Islamic Religious Education Assistance In Communities Affected By Prostitution In Downstream Indragiri

This service is carried out to increase understanding of religion and the practice of Islam in the coastal communities of the Indragiri Hilir river, Tembilahan Kota Village, Tembilahan District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The service method uses the Participatory Action Learning System (PALS) method, a method that emphasizes the activeness and participation of partners in the learning process in the form of prayer practices, reading the Koran and its application in daily life. The results of the service show that there is an increase in understanding and practice of the partner's religion. This can be seen from the increase in mastery of reading and the practice of the five daily prayers, the ability to read the Koran and the enthusiasm of partners in seeking work that is approved by Allah through agriculture. To empower communities affected by prostitution, there needs to be synergy between the government and ulama or intellectuals to empower partners to get out of this dark world. Empowerment is not only in the form of material such as social service programs in the form of the Family Planning Program (PKH), programs from education services such as the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP), health services such as the Healthy Indonesia Card (KIS) but is also supported by local government policies through localization closures. , and from the Ministry of Religion and Intellectual Services to make it easier for partners to get out of their dark zones.

Knowledge Mapping for the University: Analysis of Approaches and an Example of Its Use

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current research, development and application of knowledge maps for visualizing heterogeneous, disparate, and often hidden knowledge in universities, and discuss the features of the development of maps in higher education institutions.Materials and methods. The market for intellectual services is actively developing in Russia and worldwide, and the methods of express assessment of human capital are extremely relevant. The intellectual capital of universities is one of the most important assets in the dynamic market of educational and consulting services. Research institutes and universities are modern centers of knowledge and technology, where lecturers and researchers accumulate, transfer and produce knowledge, multiplying and replenishing explicit and implicit intellectual assets. Knowledge management helps educational and research organizations to solve the problems of managing intellectual capital, gain a competitive advantage, improve management efficiency, and reduce risks caused by the concentration of knowledge among a small number of experts. The article is devoted to the problem of analyzing new opportunities for promoting and monetizing the intellectual capital of universities through visualization and knowledge mapping. Knowledge maps of university lecturers are a relevant tool to improve the quality of research and marketing communications, as well as positioning in the market of consulting and intellectual services. Knowledge maps of educational institutions and research teams are of particular research interest, since there is no characteristic business desire to protect knowledge from transfer and reproduction in this field.The result of the study is a typology of knowledge maps, which helps to identify patterns, structures and elements necessary for the development of knowledge bases in universities. The authors based on the results of a pilot study give examples of specific maps. Based on an analysis of existing approaches to the typology of knowledge maps and Bloom’s taxonomy, a hierarchical model reflecting different levels of understanding when interpreting and using knowledge maps was developed. The main research methodology relies on fairly well developed and widely used in the world practice knowledge engineering methods – knowledge extraction, structuring and formalisation. A separate analysis of potential consumers (or stakeholders) of knowledge maps was carried out based on stakeholder theory.Conclusions. The article discusses the methodological aspects of the development and features of the practical application of knowledge maps in higher educational institutions. Knowledge analysis makes it possible to develop the organizational “memory” of a university, collecting strategic knowledge and identifying critical knowledge, and generally enriches the knowledge structure. Knowledge maps as a category of special visual tools used to analyze the knowledge and competencies of university lecturers can improve the process of managing employee competencies, management decision making, and thereby reducing cognitive load. Such maps increase the image and marketing performance of a university in the educational services market, and make the professional landscape of knowledge more transparent.

Problems and design strategies for elderly housing

In article describes the choice of methods for caring for the elderly and the comfort of living spaces are closely linked to aging-friendly design. Aging leads to a decline in physical functions, resulting in numerous obstacles in life. Therefore, the article analyzes the activity of housing for the elderly, taking aging-friendly design as a starting point. The development status of elderly housing needs in management, safety, social interaction, respect, and other aspects are examined. Design strategies conducive to aging, in terms of lighting, ventilation, detailed environment, public spaces, and intellectual services, are proposed. This aims to enhance comfort, safety, and livability in housing for the elderly and ensure the quality of life for older people. With the rapid growth in demand for elderly care, the vacancy rate in elderly housing reaches 50%. Due to changes in social and family structure, most elderly people live alone and lack security. Elderly homes have become ideal places for them. Currently, most care facilities lack professional management, and the services provided are too uniform. This leads to a weak sense of identity, with resources remaining underutilized. For semi-disabled individuals, standardized conditions do not always meet their expectations for rehabilitation care, medical services, and spiritual comfort. Elderly people face behavioral disorders affecting sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Declines in the five senses, including speech impairments, mobility difficulties, and physiological disorders, lead to psychological needs such as socialization and self-realization. Aging-friendly design is based on the physiological and psychological cognitive characteristics of elderly people. It aims to create an environment that meets their needs and ensures effective care for them. The aim of the study is to analyze the problems associated with designing buildings for the elderly and to determine strategies for creating a supportive design that considers the needs and characteristics of the target audience. The work is aimed at improving the comfort, safety, and quality of life of elderly people by providing them with an appropriate living environment.

ІНФРАСТРУКТУРА ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ: РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ПОСЛУГ

The paper discusses of elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informativelydigital intellectual product. Evolution of scientific fundamental and empiric developments of the infrastructure was exposed. The economic relations concerning intellectual services how condition of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was grounded in represented its scientific determinations. Authorial determination of content of infrastructure of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was offered. The infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was outlined how a result of barriers out of reproduction of actors of its appropriation. Was circumscribe the elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product, namely: organizational rules (for the funds of assistance to crediting, associative consulting firms, association of resources of private business and state), normatively-legal laws (in relation to businessincubators, technological and scientifically-research parks), traditions and patterns of economics (centers of transfer of technologies, its commercialization and National organ of intellectual property). Delivery of intellectual services, what aimed to decreasing of transaction costs into the infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product, was exposed. Was found out the varieties of intellectual services, what assistance of extended reproduction of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in the socio-economic clusters of his actors, namely: financing of researches, consulting, tuition and retraining of specialists (in the cluster of creators), unification of creation of intellectual product, saving and commercialization of legitimate intellectual product (in the cluster of producers), the transfer of technologies, support of the foreign patenting and assistance to commercialization of inventions (in the cluster of mediators-entrepreneurs). Further researches must be goal-seeking to the modeling of measures of regulation of functions of elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product. Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of development of local types of industrial activity in Ukraine with the high degree of scientific accompaniment on the newest technological basis.

On the Question of the Demand for Professional Postgraduate Studies in Russia: Analysis of Data on the Thesis Defenses in Technical Sciences

Modern Russian postgraduate school is institutionally oriented towards the reproduction of the personnel potential for science and higher education. Since the career trajectories of a significant part of PhD graduates go beyond the academic labor market, the scientific and pedagogical community is discussing the prospects for the development of the so-called professional postgraduate studies in Russia, which should provide targeted training of highly qualified personnel for knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy and the sphere of intellectual services. The discourse on professional postgraduate studies is focused on the possibility of adapting the effective practices of foreign universities, and, unfortunately, is currently not supported by quantitative data on the demand for such a format of postgraduate training in Russia. The purpose of this study is an empirical analysis of the demand for professional postgraduate studies in the field of technical sciences. Using data on PhD graduates who successfully defended dissertations in technical sciences in 2019 as an example, for the first time a quantitative assessment was made of the prevalence of practice-oriented dissertations, the authors of which are employees of organizations in the knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy. The empirical basis of the study was the publicly available data on the defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in Russia in 2019 (N=1663). For a detailed analysis, dissertation materials were selected, which contained information about postgraduate studies and the place of employment of dissertators (N=715). As a result of the study, parameters were determined that characterize the degree of prevalence in Russia of practice-oriented dissertations on various disciplinary groups of technical sciences, including: the proportion of PhD graduates employed outside the academic sphere; the proportion of dissertations thematically related to the professional activities of their authors; prevalence of preparation of dissertations on the basis of enterprises of the real sector of the economy; differences in socio-demographic characteristics and publication activity of PhD graduates working on dissertations at universities and in science-intensive business organizations. On the basis of the analysis, a conclusion is made about the expediency of developing professional postgraduate programs in the field of engineering and technology aimed at staffing the innovation sphere, as well as legitimizing the special requirements for these programs and practice-oriented dissertations prepared during their implementation.

Transparency Claims, Intellectual Services and Consumer Contracts: A Case of Consumer Over-Protection and Under-Protection?

Abstract The paper examines the development of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the consequences of (non-)transparency claims in consumer contracts in the case of the supply of intellectual (legal) services. In its recent decision (Case C-395/21, D V), the CJEU was confronted with the consequences of the unfairness of the remuneration term contained in a legal services contract. The Court’s analysis of the non-transparency (and unfairness) of core terms under Articles 4 para 2 and 5 UCTD and its consequences under Article 6 UCDT raises a variety of questions. Specifically, the D V case illustrates the difficulties of the CJEU in striking an adequate and effective balance between consumer protection on the one hand and the right of the business party (lawyer) to her/his counter-performance (the remuneration) for the legal services on the other hand. This, in a nutshell, is because the unfairness of the term led—like most mortgage loan agreements denominated in foreign currency—to the invalidity of the whole price-setting mechanism, depriving the supplier of his/her remuneration in its entirety. Against this backdrop, the paper will address the troublesome relationship among the unfairness of core terms encompassed in consumer contracts providing intellectual services, restitutionary remedies and judicial revision of the unfair terms, alternatively leading to situations of consumer over-protection and under-protection. First, the paper will highlight why this case law poses new challenges for both consumer and national law and why it should be treated differently from – or, at least, in confrontation with – the recent CJEU’s case law concerning the mortgage loan agreements saga. Secondly, the paper395 will argue that the denial of remuneration of the supplier—even though complying with the aim to restore the legal and factual situation in which the consumer would have been in the absence of the unfair term—could entail consumer over-protection issues, since the performance could not be returned; this situation could potentially lead to clashes with overarching general principles (such as the principle of proportionality). Lastly, the exclusion of a judicial revision in the sense of a judicial estimate could be detrimental for the consumer if the quantification of the supplier’s remuneration would be impossible without such a judicial estimate. In that case, the invalidity of the unfair term and of the contract in its entirety could expose consumers to unjust enrichment claims, thus frustrating the CJEU’s aim of preventing judicial estimates of a fair charge and undermining the principle of legal certainty, as interpreted by the European Court. In this sense, such an orientation will trigger a situation of consumer under-protection. In the final analysis, the paper will address some of the possible systemic implications of the CJEU’s case examined. The paper will further suggest that, in order to prevent both situations of over-protection and under-protection of consumers, we should rethink the mechanisms of the transparency assessment under the UCTD – in particular, when essential terms are concerned and neither the restitution nor the remuneration of the services provided is possible or consistent with EU Consumer Law.

Development of E-Service Provision System Architecture Based on IoT and WSNs for Monitoring and Management of Freight Intermodal Transportation.

The problems of developing intelligent service provision systems face difficulties in the representation of dynamic aspects of cargo transportation processes and integration of different and heterogeneous ICT components to support the systems' necessary functionality. This research aims to develop the architecture of the e-service provision system that can help in traffic management, coordination of works at trans-shipment terminals, and provide intellectual service support during intermodal transportation cycles. The objectives concern the secure application of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to monitor transport objects and context data recognition. The means for safety recognition of moving objects by integrating them with the infrastructure of IoT and WSNs are proposed. The architecture of the construction of the e-service provision system is proposed. The algorithms of identification, authentication, and safety connection of moving objects into an IoT platform are developed. The solution of application of blockchain mechanisms for the identification of stages of identification of moving objects is described by analysing ground transport. The methodology combines a multi-layered analysis of intermodal transportation with extensional mechanisms of identification of objects and methods of synchronization of interactions between various components. Adaptable e-service provision system architecture properties are validated during the experiments with NetSIM network modelling laboratory equipment and show their usability.

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНІ ПОСЛУГИ: СУТНІСТЬ КАТЕГОРІЇ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

This article aims to deepen the academic understanding of the essence of the intellectual services category and considers the features of its development in modern conditions. The intellectual services contribute to the creation, exchange, and dissemination of information and knowledge to ensure the enterprise’s resilience and competitiveness in the long term perspective. The authors proposed to identify intellectual service as the process and result of the value transfer in the form of a service that has several specific features due to the use of the set of professional knowledge and information and aimed to realize qualitative changes and benefits by the consumer of the service. The authors identified the accumulating, cooperating, integrative, systemic, identifying, supporting, and stimulating functions of intellectual ser-vices. The process of interaction between the customer and the contractor in the process of providing intellectual services is considered. The features of development of the intellectualservices market in conditions of limited resource capabilities are characterized is examined. Among the main barriers to the development of the intellectual services market, the following barriers were identified and investi-gated, particularly: insufficient number of specialists; the use of unified solutions that do not take into account the specifics enterprise; insufficient quality of the received intellectual product; insufficient prevalence of intellectual services within the Ukrainian market; the complexity in providing support to intellectual services after its providing; and difficulties in setting the fair final price of intellectual ser-vice. The authors identified the role of government to develop the appropriate conditions within the intellectual services market as well as provide some recommendations for its future development

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА ЕКОНОМІКА: АСПЕКТИ РОЗВИТКУ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ІНТЕРЕСІВ

The article analyzes the key aspects of the development and implementation of national economic interests. The main features that separate the information economy from the traditional system are outlined, namely: information and knowledge become new factors of social production; the growing theme of the increase in the volume of information, which exceeds the rate of GDP growth; dominance in the GDP structure of hightech industries and intellectual services; high level of capitalization of companies due to intangible (intellectual) assets; transnationalization of the global economic space through the spread of informatization processes and network cooperation. Attention is focused on the fact that the basis of the development of the information economy is high technology, which is produced by the electronic industry and forms a specific sphere of services, the key elements of which development are: the scientific and educational community and organizations that produce new knowledge and information; economic entities that will disseminate the latest knowledge and information by providing search, selection and replication services. An analytical review of the main variants of the interpretation of the category "national economic interests" was carried out. The proper definition of national economic interests in the conditions of the formation of the information economy is provided as a coordinated set of interests of all residents of the country, which are aimed at ensuring economic progress, safety and a high level of quality of life of the population based on the spread of innovative, information technologies and new knowledge in all areas of material and non-material production and social life. The main forms of realization of national economic interests in the conditions of the development of the information society are outlined, including: ensuring a high level of development and dynamism of innovative modernization; digital "networking" of all key forms of human activity; clustering of existing economic systems; cloud transformation of information space; introduction of artificial intelligence technologies. It has been proven that deepening knowledge about the regularities of the formation and implementation of national economic interests in the information economy is a necessary step on the way to a balanced and competitive development of the national economy, achieving a reliable level of information security of economic entities.

АСПЕКТИ ЦИФРОВОЇ КОНВЕРГЕНЦІЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В УМОВАХ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ДІЛОВОЇ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ

The important challenge of the digital economy from a business management perspective, in the context of digital transformation, is the development of digital platforms and the formation of innovative business ecosystems based on them. These ecosystems not only change the ways of organizing and conducting economic and labor activities but also disrupt existing production business models. The application of an ecosystem approach contributes to a comprehensive analysis of the development of an innovative business ecosystem, including the evaluation of infrastructure, new forms of relationships, and economic interests of stakeholders within the digital transformation of the economy, scientific and production cooperation, especially in the conditions of the high-tech and intellectual services market, as well as the processes of creating, accumulating, and transmitting new knowledge. In this context, platforms become a kind of "building blocks" of the digital economy, as they "attract" external resources, investments, and innovations from other companies to develop complementary products and services. The paper explores aspects of the phenomenon of «platformization» related to the widespread use of digital platforms as new business models. The digitization of all areas of life in an information-networked society is a mandatory attribute of the social and economic development of the country and its regions. The processes of active implementation of digital technologies, new for sustainable economic growth of states, represent new factors for ensuring leadership and competitiveness in the global market, and, most importantly, create conditions for effective interaction of innovation-active participants based on partnership relations, shaping an innovative business ecosystem. The main conditions for the emergence of platforms at the boundaries of companies forming a business ecosystem, a dynamically developed community of actors creating new values through both interaction and competition, are discussed in the paper. The paper presents the process of information exchange among participants in the digital platform within the innovative business ecosystem. The technological and compositional capabilities of the digital platform transform them into a format of innovative development, ensuring quick adaptation to changes in business conditions. The paper proposes a methodological approach to monitoring global trends in digitization, based on identified mature, sectoral, breakthrough, cross-cutting, and technological trends, as well as business trends. The authors suggest an algorithm for implementing the main stages of the procedure for monitoring global trends in digitization and platformization. A methodology for assessing the level of digital maturity is proposed based on determining the level of development of digitization and platformization of the innovative business ecosystem. The authors of this work propose a conceptual methodological model for the formation of an innovative business ecosystem. The paper presents a basic algorithm for calculating the economic effect and efficiency of implementing a digital platform. Recommendations for improving ecosystem management in the conditions of economic platformization are also provided.

ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ПОДГОТОВКЕ СТУДЕНТОВ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ВУЗОВ К ИНЖИНИРИНГОВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПО СОЗДАНИЮ НАУКОЕМКИХ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The article presents the scientific results of the research carried out by the authors on the problem of teaching students of technical universities to create/develop intellectual property objects. Objects of intellectual property, unlike other types of property, have an intangible basis, are created on the basis of the latest knowledge of world science and technology. The main resource for creating objects/products of intellectual property are engineering and reengineering developments of scientists, engineering specialists and inventors to create science-intensive and high-tech technical, including transport objects of new generations, competitive on the world market and recognized as official state patents by departments in the aggregate of their distinctive properties from analogues and prototypes by objects of intellectual property. According to the Patent Law of the Russian Federation, objects of intellectual property are: objects of copyright, typology of integrated circuits, objects of industrial property and know-how. In turn, the industrial property cluster includes: technology patents, inventions, devices, utility model patents, industrial design patents, trademark certificates, computer programs and computer databases. It is extremely important that intellectual property as a commodity has its own value in the market of intellectual services and is an object of intangible assets of an enterprise/company. Authors-developers and enterprises/firms/corporations and the state as a whole are interested in creating intellectual property objects, since it makes a large contribution to the gross domestic product. Since it is impossible to teach how to create objects of intellectual property in a short time, the process of forming such a specialist must begin at the stage of professional training at a university.

Evaluation of the cost-benefit method in the feasibility analysis of the Pelješac Bridge construction

In the context of the construction of road infrastructure facilities, there is no doubt that the construction of new roads leads to an increase in the quality of transport services. A new road fosters the development of settlements through which it passes, and indirect benefits are achieved through new investments. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a method involves consideration of a project’s financial returns, and most data on project costs and benefits are obtained through a relatively detailed financial analysis. Any independent variable reflected in the change results in a set share in project analysis; it is a critical variable and must be evaluated as reliably as possible. The implementation of a historical capital project in the Republic of Croatia has been highlighted in this paper – the construction of the Pelješac Bridge. Based on the transport criterion, the research has shown significant advantages achieved by bridge construction in the surrounding and wider area. The positive effects of demographic, economic, and social parameters are multiplying. The economic effects of bridge construction are highly favourable since, on the one hand, they are expressed as benefits in terms of savings on the costs of all activities from primary to quintary. On the other hand, they represent multiplications regarding the use and revitalisation of employment and natural resources. In accordance with the expected faster economic growth, the offer structure will cause a change in the relations within service activities in the direction of strengthening investments, intellectual services, tourism with all of its accompanying activities, etc. In the case considered, non-measurable benefits have not been quantified, although, independently from the CBA, their feasibility is fundamental. Nota bene, this primarily refers to the political component in strategic decision-making, such as the integration of regions, i.e., the achievement of the state territory integrity.

Correlation study between triathlon development and participation

Different factors condition sports development and participation. Existing research has shown that an individual's attitude toward sports involvement is mostly influenced by personal factors, although sports participation may also influence sports development. This study proposes to examine whether the Ideal-Type Model of Integrated High Performance and Mass Sports Development (ITM) and the classic model of planned behaviour (TPB) theory reinforces the development of triathlon and the main motives for people to participate in a triathlon. A model based on the traditional ITM and TPB models was presented. Three hundred six valid questionnaires were gathered online in southern China to create the sample. The data were encoded, cleansed, and analysed preliminarily using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). In addition, the suggested model and assumptions were verified and validated using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method and Smart PLS 3.0 software. The proposed model presents a statistical validity that proves that 1) talent search and development, advanced athlete support, training centres, competition systems, intellectual services, partnership with supportive agencies, balanced and integrated funding, and mass and elite sport structures positively influence southern China's triathlon development.

Economic and Social Advantages and Limitations of Working from Home in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia

The authors of this study analyzed the economic and social advantages and limitations of working from (at) home in four countries of the Western Balkans - Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was carried out by applying an electronic survey on appropriate samples of 408 respondents from Serbia, 201 from Montenegro, 221 from North Macedonia and 201 from Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the research, a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions with answers in nominal form was created. The questions referred to several economic and social advantages and limitations of working from (at) home, starting with whether the respondents would recommend working from (at) home, the advantages of this work, the guidelines about establishing this type of business, whether to involve family members, what are the basic rules for a successful business from (at) home and performance evaluation, office organization, appearance and dress code, whether to engage in full-time or part-time work, the level of confidence of the owner in the business and earnings from year to year, the strategies used for this purpose, the most common problems and strategies for overcoming them, as well as practical advice to future entrepreneurs. In general, respondents from all four countries showed significantly more positive than negative attitudes toward working at (from) home, although there are noticeable and significant differences between countries. The main motives for working from home are flexible working hours and good earnings for all respondents. The respondents emphasized the importance of a well-designed business plan, but most have stereotypical strategies regarding the increase in performance. Also, they denied the importance of ergonomic rules for success, and in case of failure, they expect support and help from relatives and friends. There is a significant dose of ambivalence in business planning, making decisions about permanent or additional activities, and providing advice to others among the respondents. The main reasons should be sought in decreased and low-accumulative jobs (trade, providing of intellectual services, etc.) due to very limited initial investments. Respondents from Montenegro have the most psychosocial problems when working from (at) home and struggle with reconciling professional and family obligations with the least support from family and relatives. Respondents from North Macedonia are somewhat similar to them, although they are better positioned towards their families. The most successful and satisfied are the respondents from Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is the youngest population that is relatively mostly represented in the IT sector. Respondents from Serbia are most similar to respondents from Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of satisfaction, as well as in closeness to family members, relatives, and friends.

What Augmented Reality Would Face Today? The Legal Challenges to the Protection of Intellectual Property in Virtual Space

AbstractAugmented Reality (AR) refers to a display of a real-world environment whose elements are augmented by one or more layers of text, data, symbols, images, or other graphical display elements. AR technology is always associated with online games. Beyond online gaming, AR has become part of daily life and affects every aspect of how society interacts with technology. In retail and marketing, AR and other virtual technologies play a very important role in saving costs. AR is also used in the education and medical sector, also in preventing crime. AR is even further used for humanitarian activities to reach remote areas affected by natural disasters and save human lives. Considered a new technology, the commercialization of AR may bring incredible business opportunities as well as potential legal risks. In the context of Intellectual Property (IP), AR systems and services can embody a variety of forms of IP. Meanwhile, the operation of AR systems in virtual spaces is creating issues about how to deal with data breaches and privacy. By using doctrinal methods, this paper will explore the legal challenge of AR in the context of IP protection in the virtual space and investigate the potential liability caused by the failure of AR systems from the Indonesian legal perspective.Keywords: Augmented Reality; Intellectual Property; Legal; Virtual Space.

Medical Tourism: Implications for India

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), an outcome of Bretton Woods Conference, was a trade pact to pursue the objective of free trade in goods. The 8th Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations launched in Punta Del Este in 1986 went well beyond trade in goods and extended to trade in areas like intellectual property, investment and services, resulting in agreements such as TRIPS, TRIMS and GATS. GATS, The General Agreement on Trade in Services, internationalized trade in services and gave a momentum to international trade in services, including healthcare services. The Agreement specifies the four modes of supply of services, one of these being consumption abroad. In this mode a consumer who needs services moves to the country offering the service as in the case of a student going overseas for higher education or a person seeking medical treatment in a foreign country. The GATS gave a boost to medical tourism in some Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and India.This Paper after distinguishing medical tourism from health/wellness tourism, traces the growth of medical tourism in Asian countries and points out the factors contributing to this growth. It then specifically highlights the reasons why India has become the preferred destination for medical tourism. What follows is a critical analysis of the opportunities and challenges posed by medical tourism for India. It concludes by opining that internationalization of healthcare services in India should not be at the cost of health injustice to the Indians, especially for those who need health justice the most!

Three modes of inclusion of people with intellectual disability in mainstream services: mainstreaming, differentiation and individualisation

This paper examines the adjustments made to include people with intellectual disabilities in mainstream services. Drawing on in-depth interviews with both people with intellectual disabilities and mainstream service managers in four urban regions in Australia, the paper points to three modes of practice that are operationalised, to different degrees, when people with intellectual disabilities seek access to mainstream services: a commitment and adjustments to support inclusion of a wide range of marginalised people (diversity and inclusion ethos); adjustments to support inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities more specifically (differentiated adjustments); and, personal support for service users with intellectual disabilities. We argue that these three modes, at the service level, correspond in complex ways with three broader approaches to social inclusion: mainstreaming, differentiation and individualisation. Rather than contradictory modes of inclusion, our analysis suggests these approaches should be understood as complementary. Points of interest Some mainstream services that value ‘inclusion’ make adjustments to their service in order to better include people from different marginalised groups. Such adjustments have mixed outcomes for people with intellectual disability, whose specific needs are not always met. Some mainstream services operate separate activities for users with intellectual disability. This helps them manage behavioural and communication challenges, and can help people with intellectual disability experience a sense of belonging. But separate activities also limit opportunities for full inclusion in the mainstream. Often people with intellectual disability require their own personal support to be able to use mainstream services. Some mainstream services rely on such personal support as their main strategy to include people with intellectual disability. Other mainstream services work collaboratively with personal supporters to promote inclusion.

Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of the Formation and Functioning of the Sector of Intellectual Services During Digital Transformation in the Conditions of the Neo-Economy

The actual aspects of functioning the modern economy service sector are considered in the article. According to the results of the analysis of the scientific publications, the features of high-tech and highly professional intellectual services are defined. Methodology concept models of the service market and information space in the globalization system of the world economy are proposed. In the context of the topic chosen by the author, it is formulated that the service in the conditions of the digital transformation of the economy is a relation of social labor in the form of its non-commodity exchange and as a directly useful process of labor activity of a natural or legal entity. The methodological concept models of the formation of the information space, its structure in the system of globalization of the world economy, as well as the structure of the service market in the conditions of the neo-economy are proposed. The characteristics of the digital economy in the conditions of the global information space and in the era of neo-economics are provided. The theoretical background of the digital transformation of high-tech and highly professional intellectual services in the conditions of the information space has been carried out. The links between the information network economy and digitalization tools and techniques of the intellectual service sector are identified. The following conclusions regarding the qualitative changes of the new economy in the conditions of the global information space are formulated: the degree and speed of using the achievements of the information revolution in the conditions of the development of the service market have a decisive influence on the pace of social economic growth; the development of the digital economy in the conditions of the information space ensures the realization of the potential of the new economic system and forms a new global ecosystem; the sector of highly professional intellectual services is characterized by fragmentation and the absence of established definitions, but allows for analytical and practical research related to the assessment of the impact of digital technologies on the information and network economy.

Boosting the Strategy of Innovation-Driven Development: Intellectual Property Services in China’s Universities

This study investigates 23 China’s universities which set up the first batch of national intellectual property service centers from three dimensions of service contents, service methods and service basis. It is found that there exist such problems as improper setting of service columns, lack of systematic service contents, insufficient service initiative, lack of tool and resource recommendation ability and lack of institutional norms. Users have different demands for intellectual property services in the four main research stages of topic selection, project implementation, project conclusion and achievement management. On the basis of the current situation and user needs, this study constructs an intellectual property service framework around the research lifecycle. The follow-up development suggestions are put forward, so as to provide reference for the orderly development of intellectual property services in China’s universities.