Value Of Intellectual Property Research Articles

Intellectual Property Commercialization Policy to Expand Financing Options for Indonesian Creative Economy Businesses

This study aims to develop alternate strategies for completing the creative economy Intellectual Property collateral financing policy so that it may be implemented in Indonesia. The methods used descriptive qualitative research with SWOT analysis to analyze the implementation of Intellectual Property-based financing schemes' supporting and inhibiting factors. The preparation of alternative strategies based on the SWOT matrix produces nine strategies. The nine alternative strategies produced were evaluated and tested using four practical policy analysis criteria: Effectiveness, Efficiency, Legality, and Administrative Robustness. Three primary recommendations emerged from testing alternative approaches: first, a plan to fortify industry regulations related to financial services, which will serve as a model for financial institutions implementing credit provisions based on Intellectual Property collateral and expediting the realization of financing products backed by Intellectual Property Rights. Second, a plan to standard Intellectual Property valuation formula or economic value of Intellectual Property and establish an ecosystem for the Intellectual Property market to promote more consistent Intellectual Property valuations and third, managing credit risk through joint ventures with insurance companies, the debtor will pay the insurance costs that allow the Bank or Financial Institutions to transfer risks to third parties if the Intellectual Property value declines.

A Systematic Review of Literature on Intellectual Property and the Creative Industry in Africa Using Scopus

The shift of the world to a knowledge economy, mainly driven by Intellectual Property (IP), calls for research dissemination through scholarly publishing to promote the protection and commercialisation of IP. In Africa, innovations such as mobile payment systems, drones, and development in the fields of renewable energy, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence have become key drivers of economic growth and development. However, many African countries have yet to know and appreciate the value of IP to their economies. The benefits of IP may be fully realised through proper awareness and understanding of IP using scholarly publications. The study sought to examine the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa in order to create awareness and understanding of the breadth and scope of IP and IPRs. Content analysis was conducted on Scopus using descriptive informetrics. The Scopus database was used to ascertain the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa. The researcher used the search string TITLE, ABSTRACT, KEYWORD and also applied Scopus “Analyse Search Results”, which facilitated in-depth analysis of the documents according to the key indicators (the year of publication, territory or country, source, author, institute/ affiliation, types of document, subject areas and sponsors). The analysis revealed that there were very few documents published each year on IP and the creative industry published in Africa. Although documents on IP and the creative industry in Africa were published through three document types, there was a diversity of the subject areas in which research on IP and the creative industry in Africa was found. Of the available research, most authors were affiliated with institutions in Africa, but only one of the journals belonged to an African country, and of all the sponsors, only four belonged to an African country. There was very little research on IP and the creative industry published in Africa, although IP is applicable to different disciplines. Africa needs to improve its science and technology capacity, research facilities and funding, and understanding and awareness of IP. Scholarly publishing on IP and the creative industries would be more pronounced if supported by local sponsors and journals instead of relying on scholars and institutions affiliated with countries outside Africa.

Unleashing India's inventive capital: intellectual property as loan collateral

ABSTRACT India's knowledge economy thrives on innovation, but financing such ventures requires alternatives to traditional tangible asset-based collateral. This paper explores the potential of intellectual property (IP) as a viable option. While challenges in valuation and enforcement exist, IP holds significant value. It is argued that IP acts as a two-pronged signal for lenders. Strong IP portfolios indicate a borrower's creditworthiness, while the potential loss of valuable IP discourages defaults. However, India's regulatory framework presents hurdles. Streamlining legal procedures, empowering financial institutions to assess IP value, and establishing centralised registries for recording security interests are crucial first steps. Risk mitigation strategies are equally important. Government-backed risk-sharing programmes and promoting IP insurance can incentivise banks and protect all parties. Finally, educating businesses about IP financing opportunities unlocks this avenue for securing funding. By addressing these challenges, India can create a robust environment for IP-based collateral, thereby fuelling economic growth and technological progress.

Метод расчета ставок роялти на основе Big Data и Fuzzy Logic

The article by an expert from the Intellectual Property Valuation School and the Experimental Economics Laboratory of CEMI RAS is devoted to the development and application of the "LABRATE ROYALTY PRO" method for calculating royalty rates, based on Big Data analysis and Fuzzy Logic. Using the serial case of "Rikor Electronics" as an example, the problem of determining a fair (market) royalty rate, dependent on three key indi-cators — Licensor's Share (LS), Return on Sales (ROS), and EBIT Margin (EM) — has been addressed. Tradi-tional methods based on production or cost profitability do not correlate with sales revenue indicators, necessitat-ing adaptation to Russian realities and international practices. The article provides a detailed algorithm for calcula-tion, based on the analysis of companies' financial indicators, industry statistics, and the use of Big Data and Fuzzy Logic technologies. Examples from judicial practice confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in ensuring objective and fair decisions on determining royalty rates, the value of trademark usage rights, and com-pensation calculations. Special attention is given to the importance of precise and clear descriptions of the re-search objects and source data.

IP, limited release and premium consumption: evidence from Generation Z

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of IP (Intellectual Property) on the intention for premium consumption of Generation Z, and to construct a theoretical model of IP on the premium consumption of Generation Z. Based on the results of the study, it provides better marketing suggestions to merchants, and is an expansion of previous research on the consumption behavior of Generation Z.Design/methodology/approachThis paper contains two empirical tests and one experimental analysis. First, this study crawl over 5,000 pieces of Generation Z’s consumption data from Poizon, an e-commerce platform and exclusive trending community for Generation Z. Second, this study designs a two-group online experiment to collect 292 valid data from members of the Generation Z. The authors use Stata software for multiple linear regression, t-tests, and ANOVA to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results of the data analysis show that IP has a significant positive effect on the premium consumption intention of Generation Z, and the limited release strategy positively moderates the effect. Self-image congruence and social identification play mediating role in the influence of IP on Generation Z’s premium consumption.Originality/valueFirst, this study finds a link between IP and commodity premiums, which is the first study to explore the effect of IP on commodity price changes. Second, this study is the first to examine the marketing science value of IP using a combination of empirical tests and experimental analysis. These fill research gaps. Finally, the mechanism of IP’s influence on Generation Z’s premium consumption is revealed, enriching the literature on Generation Z’s consumption behavior.

Study on the Current Situation, Dilemma and Way Out of International Intellectual Property Disputes of Hubei Enterprises

With the steady advancement of economic globalization and the rapid development of knowledge economy, the international market value of intellectual property is increasing day by day, and it has become a new weapon of competition between countries. How to avoid the risk of foreign-related intellectual property disputes and how to rationally use intellectual property rights to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises has become a hot issue. Through case search and investigation, Hubei enterprises as a whole have strong willingness to respond to lawsuits, but their efficiency needs to be improved. On the economic level, the author thinks that we should increase fiscal and tax subsidies, establish enterprise alliances, and set up special funds; At the consciousness level, we should strengthen the publicity and training, and comprehensively improve the awareness of intellectual property protection of foreign-related enterprises in Hubei Province; At the institutional level, we should build a good IP link service platform and improve supporting laws and regulations; Improve the international competitiveness of Hubei enterprises from multiple angles.

"Recent Trends in Mergers and Acquisitions," with a special focus on the sub-topics "Interplay Between Corporate M&A and IPR Laws" and "Corporate M&A and the Digital Economy."

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) have long been a dynamic and ever-evolving facet of the corporate landscape, with a profound impact on the global business environment. The interaction between Corporate M&A and IPR Laws represents a complex and multifaceted landscape. As businesses continue to recognize the value of intellectual property, transactions involving patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets have gained prominence. Recent trends reveal a shifting landscape where IPR considerations are becoming increasingly central to M&A strategies. The abstract discusses how IPR due diligence, valuation, and protection have become integral components of M&A deals. It examines the legal, economic, and strategic implications of the interplay between M&A and IPR, emphasizing the need for meticulous analysis and strategic planning in this domain. In tandem, the Digital Economy has emerged as a transformative force in the corporate world. The second sub-topic underscores how Corporate M&A is adapting to the digital age. With the proliferation of technology companies, the digital transformation of traditional industries, and the rise of e-commerce, M&A activity is characterized by a surge in deals related to digital assets, data-driven acquisitions, and disruptive technologies. This abstract analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by this new landscape, emphasizing the importance of digital due diligence, regulatory compliance, and the integration of tech-savvy talent. Additionally, it explores how emerging digital business models, such as platform-based marketplaces and blockchain technologies, are shaping M&A strategies.

Exploring how IP marketing (media marketing) influences consumer shopping psychology through quantitative and empirical analysis.

As the concepts of intellectual property and media marketing have gained popularity, media marketing has gradually become an integral part of intellectual property marketing, and its use has become more widespread. However, the field of intellectual property marketing (media marketing) has become confused and faces challenges such as loss of uniqueness and weak consumer connections. Existing research efforts have focused on marketing strategies for branded intellectual property, but have neglected the important perspective of consumer psychology and behaviour. In this study, we use the AISAS model to segment digital marketing and delve into consumer psychology and behavioural factors that influence intellectual property marketing (media marketing). This exploration covers intellectual property content at the attention stage, intellectual property value at the interest stage, emotional trust at the search stage, mental consumption at the purchase stage and fan interaction at the sharing stage. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the data using SPSS and AMOS, and integrated a consumer attitude questionnaire. The final findings confirm that intellectual property content, value, emotional trust, spiritual consumption and fan interaction all positively influence consumer psychology and behaviour. In addition, we make consumer-centric recommendations to extend the life cycle of intellectual property and promote sustainable brand development.

Методический подход к обоснованию ставки роялти в проектах нефтегазовых компаний

Intellectual property (IP) is the result of the creative work of inventors. The implementation of intellectual property and non-property rights is regulated by Russian law. One of the important components of intellectual property (IP) management is its commercialization. It is possible to assess the value of IP through an objective analysis of projects and their parameters, including financial components. Commercialization of IP is carried out through the mechanisms of alienation and disposal by companies of their intellectual assets in order to obtain commercial benefits. One of the ways to dispose of rights is to conclude license agreements on granting the right to use protected intellectual property. The validity of a license agreement depends on the presence in the compensated license agreement of a condition on the amount and procedure for paying remuneration. Payment of remuneration may be provided in the form of one-time payments (lump payment), periodic interest deductions (royalties) or in another form. Payments in the form of royalties are most in the interests of the right holder. The calculation of the royalty rate is methodologically not regulated at the legislative level and is the most controversial issue when concluding license agreements. The development of methodological approaches to determining the royalty rate makes it possible to increase the justification of the costs of project implementation. The article describes the existing methodological approaches to the calculation of a fair royalty rate, analytical tools for determining standard royalty rates, and the values of recommended royalty rates in the oil and gas industry.

How small companies capture value from their intellectual property: a qualitative study

Innovative small companies often struggle to profit from their intellectual property (IP) due to various constraints, a challenge that remains under-researched. In our analysis of seven Canadian firms, we illuminate the ways these businesses maximize IP value. In doing so, we proposed a nuanced, resource-based view (RBV) framework. This framework reveals that small business managers first evaluate resource deficiencies for specific IPs. Following this, they pinpoint and implement compensating strategies linked to organizational resources, distinct IP forms, and networks. Consequently, small firms can harness the full potential of IP by adeptly evaluating resource gaps and applying appropriate compensatory measures. Moreover, this study underscores that the value that small firms derive from IP depends on their capability to resolve deficiencies with effective strategies. These insights not only advance our understanding of IP value capture processes in small firms but also offer actionable guidance for businesses and policymakers aiming to bolster innovative ecosystems.

Assessment of intellectual property objects and its role in making informed management decisions

Aim. To determine the characteristics and specificity of intellectual property management of a modern organization and on this basis to form an understanding of the role of its assessment in making sound management decisions.Tasks. To reveal the essence and managerial basics of intangible assets as key assets of modern organization; to prove the value of intellectual property and its assessment from the position of modern management and business; to compare the currently used approaches to intellectual property assessment from the point of view of their advantages and disadvantages as well as their role in management decision making; to suggest the directions of using the results of intellectual property assessment in the process of functioning and development managementMethods. The methodological basis of the study was the conceptual concepts of the theory of managerial decision-making and property theory, which allowed the authors of the article to use a system of general scientific methods and approaches to the study. When writing the article, the textual analysis of scientific publications and provisions of current regulatory documents in the field of determining the value and market evaluation of intangible assets, the comparative analysis of key methods of evaluation of intellectual property objects with an indication of the shortcomings of each of them, the calculation method, tabular data presentation, as well as the construction of groupings and generalizations were used.Results. The essence of intangible assets was revealed, which is manifested in the fact that they act as a factor that significantly increases the competitiveness, market value and financial performance of the enterprise. This makes special demands on the management of intellectual property as a key asset of a modern organization. The value of intellectual property and its assessment in terms of making important managerial and business decisions that affect the success of the organization is argued. This is expressed primarily in the growth of market capitalization of companies-owners of intellectual property. The approach[1]es to the assessment of intellectual property applied today are compared: income-based, comparative and cost-based, which allowed to identify their advantages and limitations, to determine the prospects of using different combinations of approaches and methods of assessment in making managerial decisions. The directions of using the results of the intellectual property assessment in the process of managing the sustainable development of the organization under the current conditions of economic instability and increased likelihood of risks, which actualizes the need for organizations to have reliable information about the fair value of intangible assets.Conclusions. As a result of the analysis of publications and normative regulations, as well as the performed research of the specifics of intellectual property management at the contemporary stage of economic development, the authors have made a conclusion about the increasing role of its assessment, providing a reliable base for making reasonable managerial decisions by the management of organization. The assessment of intellectual property objects within the framework of presented in the article managerial approaches should provide a sustainable innovative development of modern organizations and increase their strategic competitiveness.

Valuation method of intellectual property pledge financing based on income interval analysis and risk adjustment coefficient

This study has developed a new method to valuate intellectual property for pledge financing. First, based on interval theory and the relevant calculation rules, the income interval model is and then used to calculate the interval values of intellectual property. Second, based on the change structure of risk indicators, the AHP and set-valued statistics are utilized to calculate the risk adjustment coefficient. Third, the point value of intellectual property is calculated with its values at an interval scale and risk adjustment coefficient. The values of intellectual property at an interval scale provide the two parties negotiating pledge financing with a reference range of loan amounts. The risk adjustment coefficient becomes a crucial indicator for measuring value evaluation risk. The point value of intellectual property specifies how much the bank loan amount can deviate from the values of intellectual property at an interval scale. The method creates a multi-indicator system to valuate intellectual property for pledge financing, which lowers the risk of intellectual property pledge financing to a significant extent and facilitates its operation. Moreover, the method has been proven to be efficient in practice.

Suitable contract instruments and intellectual property valuation methodologies for industry-university collaboration

We propose and evaluate contractual- and Intellectual Property (IP) instruments in support of research collaboration partnerships between universities and the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME)-industry, and more specifically in the South African context. Interviews were conducted with executives from 11 South African originated SMME’s in the high-technology industry. The findings of this study and potential solutions were then verified and validated with SMME’s, large multinational industry and universities (in South Africa and international) and can be considered as good practice principles to assist in industry-university collaboration (IUC). One aspect that was reported with high occurrence, is the matter of IP valuation, as it can often create further barriers in IUC. The question regarding how to value the IP and any rights relating thereto (IPR’s), is attended to in this study and shared experiences from industry and universities provide insights in the considerations and principles to be used when entering discussions regarding IP valuation.

Theoretical and methodological principles of evaluating the market value of intellectual property objects

The purpose of the article. The purpose of this study is the formation of scientific and methodological provisions and practical recommendations for determining organizational and economic dominants, which become one of the main driving forces for ensuring the effective assessment of the market value of intellectual technologies. Analyses results. Theoretical and methodological issues of valuation of intellectual property objects are considered. The fundamental principles of IP valuation have been formed and substantiated, which are closely correlated with the accuracy and objectivity of the assessment. For a better understanding of the significance and scope of use of the principles proposed for practical use, their totality is divided into three characteristic groups: the principles of observing the interests of the right holder of intellectual technology, observing the interests of the consumer, observing the laws of the market economy. Two basic components of the value assessment of an intellectual product have been determined - analytical and calculation - a competent combination of which allows to form a scientifically based assessment result. It has been proven that, in addition to the market value, other values of the value of the object of intellectual property are used in scientific circulation: investment, insurance, collateral, installation, investment, and so on. The structure of the life cycle of an intellectual property object is proposed, which includes six stages. The economic characteristics of each stage of the life cycle are provided. The definition of each type of value was formed and the dependence of their value on the stage of the life cycle of the intellectual product, the value of which is estimated, was proved. With the use of the collective expert assessment procedure, specific quantitative results of calculations of various types of value at the stages of the life cycle of an intellectual product were obtained, which are based on the ratio of the market value of the intellectual product and other types of intellectual property value. Practical recommendations are provided on the possibilities of using the developed methodological recommendations to determine the prospects of possible consumption of an intellectual product at each stage of its life cycle. Conclusions and directions for further research. The conducted research allows to evaluate the methodological and scientific-theoretical essence of intellectual property valuation from new positions. The assessment of the value of intellectual technologies, taking into account the stage of their life cycle, is a necessary condition for effective commercialization, that is, their introduction into the process of market commercialization (buying and selling) or use in one's own production and economic activity with the aim of increasing its efficiency. It should be noted that the issues of estimating the value of intellectual property objects and their commercialization are quite complex and require further research to form their reliable methodological and methodical base. Most of the proposals presented in the article are extraordinary, they are proposed for the first time and require further processing, clarification and development, especially in the practical aspect. Therefore, the authors associate the prospects of further research with the systematization of the conducted research, a more detailed consideration of factors, their connection with the industry (economic sphere) of basic use and the further development of conceptual provisions, which are only initially indicated by the authors in this article.

Challenges and opportunities for inclusive value chains of niche forest products in small island developing states: Canarium nuts, sandalwood, and whitewood in Vanuatu

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct group of nations with unique development challenges, such as skill shortages, lack of economies of scale, high transport and energy costs, poor infrastructure, small domestic markets with a heavy reliance on a few distant external markets, and limited opportunities for private sector growth. A development strategy based on natural resources where local and regional producers can secure some level of intellectual property value has been recommended for Pacific SIDS to break out of commodity and low value-added trade. This paper explores the potential for developing niche forest product value chains that are inclusive of small-scale producers in the island nation of Vanuatu. Using existing academic and grey literature and on- site research for three forest products, the paper describes the current situation with the industry and then proposes inclusive value chains (IVC) that improve on the business-as-usual scenario. Our results indicate that although market analyses confirm the potential for smallholders to benefit from participating in niche product value chains, difficulties inherent in sourcing from smallholders, which are aggravated in SIDS, must first be overcome. Problems such as small production volumes in numerous dispersed plots with difficult access, high transport costs, low technical know-how, difficulties in accessing inputs and finance, unreliability of supply in terms of quality and quantity, and lack of reliable information about the resource base hinder IVC development. Increased vertical and horizontal coordination within the value chains address many of these issues, but in the Pacific context, some forms of coordination may be more feasible than others. The Pacific region does not have a strong cooperative tradition, so temporary horizontal coordination, long-term agreements, and contracts between producers, processors, and buyers may be necessary to make IVCs for niche island products achievable.

A multi-criteria decision framework for IP valuation method selection: “Valuation case” matters

This paper explores the applicability of IP (Intellectual Property) valuation methods in the university TTOs context by using multi-criteria decision-making frameworks. The IP valuation methods are evaluated for their usage in university IP and Startup valuation, patent or patent-pending technologies, and different Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Data was collected through in-depth structured interviews and a Delphi survey with 17 experts. By descriptive analysis of responses and consensus rates, we proposed a combined multi-criteria decision-making model of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for university Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) to be utilized in selecting appropriate IP Valuation methods. Findings reveal that more than one method should be used to make well-supported estimates for patent value. DCF method is the most suggested method. Income methods are most favourable on University IP, Startup's IP, non–patented or patent-pending, TRL 1–6 technologies. Findings can help valuation practitioners, especially from TTOs, design roadmaps for IP valuation.

The Influence of the Pandemic on Decisions Occuring During the Last Few Years

The notion that present value of cash flows is often improperly estimated in financial models concerning capital improvements and abandonments is a fundamental problem in decision analysis in management and associated decisions and affects estimation of and valuation of intellectual property. Previous studies indicate the usefulness of estimation theory in financial in financial accounting. During the Covid Pandemic of the past few years decisions by governmental and health authorities in the United States and the World were often dictatated during the Pandemic by short-term political influences which included disinformation by some who wished to rake advantage of the misuse of the health Pandemic for political gain and/or financial power and short-term financial gain. Previously this was show to be true as the media with the aid of self-promotional activities by many who were attempting this kind of gain. Furthermore the Pandemic in the United States and other nations is receding in drfamatic ways and many restrictions of the Endemic era are nolonger in use. This was the result of Mask restrictions and increasing but not universal vaccine programs many states and nations.

Business-to-business co-creation management practices for intellectual property value: Insights from Saudi Arabia

Managing intellectual property (IP) value appropriation remains a central challenge for business-to-business (B2B) networks due to B2B co-creation prospects for improved value-in-exchange and value-in-use for co-creation beneficiaries. This article aims to explore the management practices of B2B networks that enhance IP value from B2B co-creation. Using semi-structured interviews with sixteen IP management experts from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the article proposes an integrated model of management strategies and guidelines for B2B co-creation with respect to IP value. The model posits that at the intra-organisational level, the main enabling processes for value appropriation are building communication skills, implementing hiring processes, and developing management systems for negotiations, talents, and intellectual assets, respectively. This level benefits from priorities placed on selecting strategic partners and fostering learning cultures for knowledge, technology, and venture co-creation processes. For the inter-organisational level, the proposed enabling processes are pursuing research funds and creating optimum designs for technology development and market positioning, respectively. Priorities at this level involve aligning complementary resources, developing clear agreements, and utilising supportive capabilities for technology and market co-creation.

Research on intellectual property financing mode of technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises

Intellectual property financing is a new way to effectively alleviate the financing difficulties of technology-based SMEs. Intellectual property securitization and intellectual property pledge financing complement and promote each other, which is conducive to broadening the financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises, improving the environment for innovation and development of market entities, and promoting a virtuous cycle of innovation resources. China has gradually paid more attention to intellectual property protection and its transformation, promoted the development of intellectual property financing through continuous improvement of existing laws and regulations, and improved the professionalism of assessment institutions. Improving the information disclosure system, establishing a diversified capital investment mechanism based on the realization of intellectual property value, and comprehensively promoting the transfer and transformation of intellectual property rights are of great significance to guiding the transfer of financial capital to high-tech industries, promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the cultivation and development of strategic emerging industries.

RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE APPOINTMENT OF CUSTOMS EXPERTISE IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE CORRECT CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS UNDER HS

The article considers the importance of the quality of questioning when appointing a customs examination, the procedure and rules for posing such questions, assessing their correctness, shows the algorithm for the correct formulation of the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination. The necessity of updating the methodological recommendations for posing questions to the expert is emphasized, since even the best methodological recommendations are useless if they are not applied in practice. Based on this, the expediency of introducing an appropriate training course and training for customs officials authorized to appoint commodity customs examinations and studies, in particular in the field of valuation of intellectual property, is shown. It is shown that when appointing a customs examination by a customs official, the expert should be assigned a specific task and set the range and content of issues on which the examination should be carried out. At the same time, it is not allowed to raise questions: that go beyond the competence of the expert (this may be grounds for refusal to conduct an examination); for the explanation of which no special expert knowledge is required; are of a legal nature; which may relate to the object of study due to its properties. The algorithm and the sequence of raising the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination, which allows to assess its correctness in accordance with the criteria established by law, which contain a prohibition on the absence of a certain (clear) semantic content in the question, or possible ambiguity (the possibility of interpretation) of the essence of the question, are analyzed. The necessity of formulating qualitative questions in compliance with the theory of their formulation and taking into account the specifics of the questions, taking into account the grounds for their occurrence, as well as the nature of the information the absence of which is indicated by the question (the so-called “whether-question” and “what-question”) is proved. The conclusion is made that in order to prevent problems in the interaction of customs authorities and expert institutions in the process of organizing and conducting customs examinations, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of questioning when appointing examinations and to comply with the rules for asking questions to the expert.