Intellectual Property Rights In China Research Articles

Evaluation of Iron Chlorin e6 disappearance and hydrolysis in soil and garlic using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet-visible detection

Iron Chlorin e6 (ICE6), a star plant growth regulator (PGR) with independent intellectual property rights in China, has demonstrated its efficacy through numerous field experiments. We innovatively employed salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with HPLC-UV/Vis to detect ICE6 residues in water, soil, garlic seeds, and sprouts. Using methanol and a C18 column with acetonitrile: 0.1% phosphoric acid mobile phase (55:45, v:v), we achieved a low LOQ of 0.43 to 0.77 μg kg−1. Calibration curves showed strong linearity (R2 > 0.992) within 0.01 to 5.00 mg kg−1. Inter-day and intra-day recoveries (0.05 to 0.50 mg kg−1) demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy (recoveries: 75.36% to 107.86%; RSD: 1.03% to 8.78%). Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) analysis aligned UV/Vis spectra and indicated ICE6's first-order degradation (2.03 to 4.94 days) under various environmental conditions, mainly driven by abiotic degradation. This study enhances understanding of ICE6's environmental behavior, aids in risk assessment, and guides responsible use in agroecosystems.

Research on the "Binary Structure" of Digital Collectibles: Supervision and Protection from the Dual Perspective of NFT Digital Assets and Intellectual Property Rights in China

Chinas NFT digital collectibles are a new type of digital asset with Chinese characteristics based on policies, technologies, platforms, and consumer demands. The transaction process involves a large amount of intellectual property rights and interests transfer content. Based on reading and sorting out archives and the intellectual property law, this paper draws the binary structure characteristics of digital collectibles, with a view to making more accurate judgments on the legal attributes of digital collectibles, to maximize the legal protection regarding different intellectual property rights of authors and buyers under different links and contract provisions of digital collectible transactions. At the same time, it aims to contribute to the regulatory compliance and judicial practice of the NFT commerce, promote the development of the digital economy, stimulate the digital collectible market, enhance cultural identity, etc., and eventually providing reference for relevant research on digital collectibles.

The Practical Effectiveness of the Singapore Mediation Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in China's Cross-Border E-commerce and Lessons Learned

Objective: This study aims to thoroughly assess the impact of the Singapore Mediation Convention (SMC) on intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement within China's e-commerce industry. The focus is on key indicators: dispute frequency, resolution efficiency, and stakeholder trust. Using Python and libraries like pandas, numpy, and seaborn, a quantitative analysis is conducted on twelve monthly observations, comparing pre and post-SMC implementation to quantify observed changes.
 
 Methods: For this research, a robust quantitative framework is deployed, leveraging Python and essential libraries. The approach involves a comparative analysis of data collected before and after SMC implementation. The twelve-month sample size ensures comprehensive representation. This method enables a nuanced understanding of SMC's impact on dispute frequency, resolution efficiency, and stakeholder trust.
 
 Results: Findings show a noticeable reduction in disputes and shorter resolution times post-SMC implementation, indicating positive impacts. Stakeholder trust has significantly risen, reflecting increased confidence in the industry. These quantitative outcomes collectively affirm the SMC's efficacy in fostering a secure and trustworthy environment for IPR enforcement in China's e-commerce landscape.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the positive influence of the Singapore Mediation Convention on IPR enforcement in China's e-commerce. Reduced disputes, improved resolution efficiency, and heightened stakeholder trust showcase the SMC's instrumental role. Beyond addressing IPR challenges, these findings emphasize the broader impact of mediation conventions in cultivating an environment conducive to thriving e-commerce activities.

Analysis and optimization of injection characteristics and comprehensive performance of low GWP refrigerant HP-1 in high temperature heat pump systems

In the context of low-GWP refrigerants becoming a research hotspot, the environmentally friendly refrigerant HP-1 with independent intellectual property rights in China has demonstrated significant advantages in fields such as data centers and 5G base stations. However, there are few applied studies in the field of high-temperature heat pumps (HTHPs), therefore, in this study, HP-1 was utilized in HTHP system and this process was combined with the injection technology. It has been proven to be an effective approach for performance improvement. The injection characteristics of HP-1-based HTHP were analyzed and optimized with a focus on safety, stability, and efficient operation. The application advantages of HP-1 were compared and analyzed in terms of thermodynamic performance and Total Equivalent Warming Impact. The results indicated that there were three types of characteristic injection pressures based on system performance, corresponding to the maximum coefficient of performance (COP), the lowest electronic expansion valve inlet refrigerant temperature, and the lowest exhaust temperature of the compressor. Further, the corresponding control equations for injection pressure were obtained. Based on the safety injection pressure, the optimal COP under injection pressure could effectively improve the COP of the system by 2.1–5.2 %, and the exhaust temperature also increased by 6.1–10.1 %. When the temperature of the heat source was 50 °C and the target heating temperature was 120 °C, the heating capacity of HP-1 increased by 10.8 % compared with that of R245fa, the COP of the system increased by 2.7 %, and the volume heating capacity increased by 10.3 %. Moreover, the emission reduction effect of HP-1 was significant, and the carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 15.4–39.1 %. The analysis shows that HP-1 exhibits better performance and environmental characteristics than HFC-245fa. This study is of guiding significance to improve the thermodynamic performance of HTHP, for the safe and efficient operation and energy saving and emission reduction in the industrial field.

Exploring the Path of Data Intellectual Property Protection in the Context of the Digital Economy

The digital economy's rapid growth has ushered society into a new era, where data holds immense significance. In the field of legal academia, data can be seen as an important carrier of intellectual property rights in a legal sense. Therefore, the research on the path and models of intellectual property protection for data in the context of the digital economy has become a focus of domestic and foreign scholars. This paper aims to address the issues of limited avenues and low effectiveness in the protection of data intellectual property rights in China. Through the definition and comparison of the concepts of data and intellectual property rights in academic terms, this paper analyzes and compares the data protection models in various countries worldwide with the actual data protection situation in China, and summarizes the findings. Furthermore, the paper proposes specific measures for the protection of data intellectual property rights in China, such as establishing clear standards for certifying data compilation works and enacting specialized legislation for data protection. These proposed regulations help to alleviate the current challenges in data intellectual property rights protection to a certain extent.

Advances in Studies of Chiglitazar Sodium, a Novel PPAR Pan-Agonist, for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Chiglitazar sodium is a new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan-agonist with independent intellectual property rights in China. It can treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and regulate metabolism by modestly activating PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ to improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose, and promote fatty acid oxidation and utilization. Chiglitazar sodium has a significant insulin-sensitizing effect and is advantageous in reducing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, particularly at the 48 mg dose in patients with concomitant high triglycerides in terms of blood glucose and triglyceride level control.

Impact of Chinese IPR In the ICT Sector – Assignations, Licensing and Protection

The world has entered the era of universal Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): everyone is a creator of knowledge production and their intellectual property. In recent years, China has placed greater emphasis on intellectual property: the burgeoning cultural industry has brought the concept of intellectual property to the forefront of people's minds, especially in information and communication technologies, which are closely linked to everyday life. We will start by understanding the history of Intellectual Property Rights in China. Once the basics are understood, the authors will detail Chinese patent law, its coverage, and case evaluation primary. The third part describes the three main sources of IPR disputes. In the fourth part, the authors present systematic recommendations for improving the quality of China's IPR system from an ICT perspective.

How to Regulate the Infringements of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products-An Empirical Study on Judicial Documents in China.

Under the background of China's strategy of becoming a powerful agricultural country, geographical indications (GIs) of agricultural products, as an important intellectual property right to enable Chinese agriculture to develop with high quality, have a strong effect of strengthening and promoting agriculture. However, there are a large number of infringements of GIs among agricultural products in judicial practice, which not only greatly damage the economic and social values of GIs of agricultural products, but also bring huge food safety hazards to consumers and hinder the overall protection of intellectual property rights in China. On this basis, this paper, with the help of a quasi-case research method, integrates the facts of relevant cases, the focus of disputes, the application of law, and other case elements to realize the case similarity judgment based on the legal argumentation model. With the help of the retrieval tool of "Peking University Magic Weapon", this paper provides statistics on the civil cases of infringement of GIs of agricultural products in China from 1 January 2014 to 31 July 2022 and sets different retrieval conditions for two searches. After two screenings, 245 valid samples were obtained, and the judicial patterns of infringement disputes over GIs of agricultural products in China were systematically sorted out from the distribution of plaintiff and defendant, the distribution of infringement types, the basis of adjudication, and the standard of compensation. It was found that the plaintiff types showed double simplification, the infringement types took edge infringement as the basic form, and the general trademark provisions occupied the main position in legal applications. Then, the main litigation points, such as the dispute over the identification of GIs of agricultural products, the dispute over the use of geographical names, and the dispute over tort liability, are summarized, so as to dig out the characteristics of the implicitness of infringement, the expectation of implementation, and the concreteness of aspects. On this basis, the regulatory path of the infringement of GIs of agricultural products is put forward, such as introducing procuratorial public interest litigation, multi-agents cooperating to implement all-round supervision, and reasonably determining the amount of damages.

Expert consensus on icotinib as adjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Clinical studies have established the clinical application of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) adjuvant targeted therapy. Compared with chemotherapy, the high efficiency and low toxicity of targeted therapy increases the survival benefit of patients. Icotinib was the first EGFR-TKI with independent intellectual property rights in China and the third EGFR-TKI to be marketed in the world. In order to summarize the experience of icotinib and other EGFR-TKIs in the adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and further standardize and guide the clinical application of icotinib, experts from the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care and the Guangdong Association of Thoracic Diseases have organized an expert consensus on the adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with icotinib, which is expected to provide clinicians with evidence-based medical evidences for postoperative targeted drug using.

Research Progress on Changing laws In Chemical Constituents of Seeds Chinese Medicines from Before and After Concocting

Seed Chinese medicines concocting is a traditional pharmaceutical technology with independent intellectual property rights in China. After years of development and evolution, it has formed a profound cultural heritage in China. This paper analyzes the research status of chemical mechanism in the concocting of seed Chinese medicines, and finds that a large number of chemical reactions usually occur during the process of seed Chinese medicines concocting, resulting in fundamental changes in efficacy. Moreover, there are still many problems in the process of research on the changes of chemical components before and after the concocting of seed Chinese medicines, such as the lack of rationality of quality standards, the lack of specificity of index standards, the lack of clarity of functional components, and the difference in quality assurance of origin. In the follow-up, the academic and related fields should further increase the theoretical research and clinical trials on the changes of chemical components before and after the concocting of seed Chinese medicines, so as to provide effective guidance for the rational clinical application of Chinese herbal medicines.

An institutional view on the leverage of external patent law expertise and patenting performance: Insights from China

Drawing on the institutional setting in China, this study examines how firms seek legal resources and their effects on patenting performance in a weak and transitional intellectual property regime. We illustrate that due to weak protection of intellectual property rights in China, firms rely on external legal resources, which are found to be positively related to patenting performance in terms of the capability of external patent law expertise, but negatively related in terms of knowledge diversity. The marginal effect of the level of external patent law expertise on patenting performance is positive when research and development (R&D) investment is low and negative when it is high, illustrating the negative interaction between R&D investment and the level of external patent law expertise. Furthermore, institutional pressure and support moderate the effect of the level of external patent law expertise on patenting performance. This study advances the understanding of the impact of patent institutions on patent strategies in transition economies and provides novel implications for policy and patent management.

Punitive damages for intellectual property infringements in China – A cross-jurisdictional analysis

China’s Civil Code provides for a system of punitive damages. In particular, it affirms the content of punitive damages for intellectual property rights. An analysis of the punitive damages regime for intellectual property rights in China aims to introduce to the reader legal elements for the entitlement of punitive damages, methods of quantification as well as existing problems found in the implementation of relevant provisions in China. A comparison is made between the concept of punitive damages under both common law and civil law jurisdictions with the example of the U.S. and Germany, and some recommendations are provided for foreign rights holders and the Chinese legislators regarding the implementation of punitive damages.

Intellectual Property Rights in China-A Literature Review on the Public's Perspective.

Despite significant advances in terms of the adoption of formal Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, enforcement of and compliance with IPR regulations remains a contested issue in one of the world's major contemporary economies—China. The present review seeks to offer insights into possible reasons for this discrepancy as well as possible paths of future development by reviewing prior literature on IPR in China. Specifically, it focuses on the public's perspective, which is a crucial determinant of the effectiveness of any IPR regime. It uncovers possible differences with public perspectives in other countries and points to mechanisms (e.g., political, economic, cultural, and institutional) that may foster transitions over time in both formal IPR regulation and in the public perception of and compliance with IPR in China. On this basis, the review advances suggestions for future research in order to improve scholars' understanding of the public's perspective of IPR in China, its antecedents and implications.

Analyzing the Trademark Protection Index of China and Pakistan: A Comparative Study

The protection of trademarks has been considered a significant issue and a big challenge both for underdeveloped and developed nations. This study aims to shed light on important issues regarding trademark protection in two major countries, i.e. China and Pakistan. In the previous studies, emphasis was given on innovation and patents, but less focus was paid on trademarks. Like other components of intellectual property assets, the role of trademarks is much more important in all types of firms across the whole economy. A ten years’ comparative analysis of the trademark protection index of China and Pakistan have been conducted in this study using secondary data from the website. In this study, secondary data was collected from the International Property Rights Index (IPRI) portal. Furthermore, this study elaborates on some salient loopholes affecting the lack of compliance of intellectual property rights in China and Pakistan, considering the current era of this century. The findings of this study suggest that the legal systems of China and Pakistan needs reforms and need to be adopted similar type of practices implemented in Western economies and developed nations. Finally, some recommendations related to trademarks reforms have been discussed at the end of this paper.

Network Security System Design of Big Data Platform in Tai'an of Health Based on IPV9 Technology

Abstract At present, IPv4 is the core of the Internet. When it was designed, security protection was hardly considered. Therefore, the Internet has many security loopholes, which cause information leakage or even breakdown. Compared with IPv4, IPv6 has been improved in terms of security, but IPv6 packets are not encrypted and verified by default, and the problem of network layer being attacked is still unresolved. So, the Internet based ipv6 is still faces the risk of data being monitored and tampered, which cannot effectively prevent malicious attacks. China Decimal Network Standard working group developed the future network system, which adopts the zero-trust security mechanism of verification before communication. Big Data Platform in Tai’an of Health is responsible for the unified management of all medical and health institutions in the platform, and for the management, communication and maintenance of all data. Therefore, the establishment of the network security system of this platform should pay more attention to effective, scientific and comprehensive requirements. In this paper, the Future Network (IPV9) with independent intellectual property rights in China and its encryption technology are introduced, and the network security system of Big Data Platform in Tai'an of Health is designed, and the corresponding simulation test is carried out, which achieves the expected effect. The design of network security system of Big Data Platform in Tai'an of Health based on IPV9 can play a certain role and reference value in solving network security problems in Big Data Platform of Health.

Extraterritorial Experience with Intellectual Property Punitive Damages

The punitive damages system originated in the United Kingdom and has been widely developed in the United States. In view of the serious problem of intentional and repeated infringement of intellectual property rights in China, the Civil Code and relevant laws in the field of intellectual property rights have fully introduced a punitive compensation system. However, the application time of punitive damages for intellectual property rights is short, and various problems still exist in judicial practice. Through learning and drawing on the experience of the application of punitive damages for extraterritorial intellectual property rights, we hope to provide a reference for China’s judicial practice. Through comparative law research, it is clear that the principle of prudence and modesty, reasonableness and proportionality of intellectual property punitive damages in China should be followed. The subjective application of the elements shall satisfy the subjective recklessness standard. The objective application requirements shall meet general and dynamic rules. The amount of damages shall be subject to the system of presumption and nominal loss.

Development of magnetic refrigeration materials andtechnology

Magnetic refrigeration technology based on magnetic phase transition has great application potential in solid refrigeration due to its advantages of energy saving, high efficiency, environmental protection, stability and reliability. It has great significance for realizing the transformation and upgrading of refrigeration industry. Magnetic refrigeration technology has gotten certain achievements in materials and systems after decades of research and accumulation. Many magnetic refrigeration materials with practical value have been developed, and a variety of high-efficiency refrigeration system structures have been designed, which promoting the application process of magnetic refrigeration technology. This paper introduces the thermodynamic principle of magnetic refrigeration, the research progress of magnetic refrigeration materials and technology. Several kinds of magnetocaloric materials with promising application prospects were emphatically introduced. Room temperature magnetic refrigeration materials mainly include Gd-based, La-Fe-Si and Mn-based materials etc., among which La-Fe-Si series of materials with independent intellectual property rights in China is considered to be one of the most promising magnetic refrigerant materials. Afterwards low temperature magnetic refrigeration materials mainly include binary, ternary, quaternary rare earth intermetallic compounds and rare earth metal oxides. It describs the magnetic refrigeration technology and its research progress of room temperature and low temperature and analyzes the structures and characteristics of different types of magnetic refrigeration systems. The development trend of magnetic refrigeration materials and technology future is also prospected at the end of this paper.

On the Comprehensive Introduction and the Construction of Legislation of Punitive Compensation system for Intellectual Property Rights in China

On the Comprehensive Introduction and the Construction of Legislation of Punitive Compensation system for Intellectual Property Rights in China

Understanding attitudes towards intellectual property from the perspective of design professionals

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are meant to protect and promote creativity and innovation. Regardless of the increasing role of IPR in advancing innovations, the corresponding IPR system in the creative industries is still underdeveloped and facing many challenges, especially in developing countries such as China. For example, designers may wittingly or unwittingly violate IP in their design activities, and piracy is a grave concern for the creative industries in China, which may lead to severe revenue drains. To facilitate the development of an IPR system in the creative industries in China, it is essential first to understand what factors may determine the attitudes of design professionals towards IPR in China. A qualitative contextual interview study, conducted with 49 Chinese designers and design managers, revealed different levels of IPR awareness (e.g. what constitutes IPR and how IPR can be protected), and the perceived effectiveness of IPR law enforcement (i.e. weak law enforcement vs vigorous law enforcement), and how different ethical beliefs and ethical climates can have a distinctive impact on attitudes towards IPR. Moreover, our study found that Chinese design professionals exhibit different motivations for their design work. Such motives in design can stimulate different levels of IPR awareness, and these could have an indirect impact on attitudes towards IPR. Based on these findings, a theoretical model is proposed, which incorporates several factors identified from the contextual interview study. Our theoretical model can serve as a baseline model and provide theoretical foundations for future empirical studies on people’s attitudes towards IPR.

남북한 지식재산권의 협력 및 발전 방안 고찰－중국과 대만의 지식재산권 협력에 대한 시사점을 중심으로－

남북한 지식재산권의 협력 및 발전 방안 고찰－중국과 대만의 지식재산권 협력에 대한 시사점을 중심으로－