Intellectual Disabilities Who Research Articles

Postural Balance in Boys With Intellectual Disabilities Who Participate in Soccer Training.

The aim of this study is to investigate the postural balance in children with intellectual disabilities who participate in soccer training compared with their sedentary peers. Two groups of boys with intellectual disabilities aged 8-10years participated in this study: a soccer group (n = 12) and a sedentary group (n = 12). Postural balance was assessed using a force platform under 4 different conditions: open eyes, and closed eyes, on firm and foam surfaces. The Timed Up and Go Test, 10-m Walking Test, and Four-Square Step Test were also conducted. The soccer group had significantly lower (P < .05) center of pressure values compared with the sedentary group, on both firm and foam surfaces, but only under the open eyes condition. They were significantly faster (P < .05) in the Timed Up and Go Test, 10-m Walking Test, and Four-Square Step Test compared with their sedentary peers. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups on the sit-to-stand and turn-to-sit phases of the Timed Up and Go Test. Soccer participation may have a positive effect on postural balance in boys with intellectual disabilities. These findings may have implications for the development of exercise programs to improve postural balance and reduce the risk of falls in this population.

Utilization and Staff Perspectives on an On-Demand Telemedicine Model for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Who Reside in Certified Group Residences.

Non-emergent medical problems that arise when a usual provider is unavailable can often result in emergency department or urgent care visits, which can be particularly distressing to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (PIDD). On-demand, synchronous telemedicine may be a promising supplement when immediate care from usual sources is unavailable. Prior research demonstrated that high-quality telemedicine can be effectively delivered to PIDD. The aim of this article is to describe the utilization and staff perspectives on the implementation of the Telemedicine Triage Project (TTP), an innovative model that provides telemedicine consultations for PIDD who reside in state-certified group residences and present with an urgent but non-emergent medical concern when their usual provider is unavailable. Call frequency data for calendar years 2020 and 2021 were reviewed. The study team conducted semi-structured interviews, with 19 key informants representing organizational- and agency-level leadership and staff. The interview data were analyzed using a protocol-driven, rapid qualitative methodology. Telemedicine consultations increased from 7953 in 2020 to 15,011 calls in 2021, and call volume peaked between 10 am and 1 pm. Key informants reported high satisfaction with TTP; universal benefits and a few barriers to implementation; and strong interest in maintaining the program beyond the grant period. Over the first 2 years of its implementation, the TTP program was widely utilized and proved extremely feasible and acceptable to staff. This model is a promising and highly feasible way to provide equitable access to telemedicine for PIDD by addressing barriers to and disparities in access to health care that affect PIDD.

The State of Forensic Literature on Persons with Intellectual Disability Who Sexually Offend.

Persons with intellectual disability charged with sexual crimes (PWID/SC) pose a unique challenge for the forensic psychiatrist. They represent a heterogeneous group whose motivations and pathology range from a simple lack of adaptive functioning to more complex comorbid paraphilic disorders. Although there is a growing body of literature on the risk assessment and treatment of PWID/SC, there is a relative lack of guidance and research on the evaluation of these individuals throughout the legal processes that follow being charged with a sexual crime. To address this deficit, this article reviews the literature germane to several key aspects of this process. We first review the current understanding of intellectual disability and sexual pathology. We identify landmark legal decisions that may relate to PWID/SC. We then review the literature related to PWID/SC and competency assessments, defenses involving mental disease or impairment, sexually violent predator evaluations and court-mandated pharmacotherapy. We aim to both bring attention to this unique forensic population and highlight areas for further research and exploration.

Chronicity of Challenging Behaviors in Persons with Severe/Profound Intellectual Disabilities Who Received Active Treatment During a 20‐Year Period

AbstractBackgroundEvidence of the chronicity of challenging behaviors in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorder while receiving active treatment over long periods is limited. Analysis of the chronicity of these behaviors and the corresponding intensity of treatment has important implications for clinical practice and provision of services.Specific AimsThe aim was to examine chronicity of challenging behaviors in individuals with ID receiving residential treatment over a 20‐year period addressing the following questions: (1) What is the prevalence of challenging behaviors requiring a Behavior Support Plan (BSP) within the population of the facility during the study? (2) Is there a significant decline in frequency of challenging behaviors of these persons with ID over time? (3) Is there a significant decrease in intensity of intervention targeting challenging behaviors of these persons with ID over time?MethodsThe treatment records of 216 persons with ID were examined to identify individuals for whom challenging behaviors required a Behavior Support Plan. The chronicity of five categories of challenging behavior and associated treatment interventions over a 20‐year period was analyzed through repeated measures analyses.FindingsA significant decline was found for the frequency of Physical Aggression, and Physical Disruption over 20 years, but not for Self‐Injury, Verbal Disruption, and Program Refusal. There was a corresponding significant reduction of intervention intensity for Physical Aggression and Physical Disruption, however, the need for interventions persisted over time for all challenging behaviors.DiscussionResults demonstrate that rates of challenging behaviors are chronic, but remain relatively low in the repertoire of persons with ID. Parallel findings on interventions suggest that comprehensive treatment programs are needed to maintain low rates of these challenging behaviors with implications for provision of services for persons with ID, as well as planning and policy implications for managing challenging behaviors.

Treatment Intensity: Considering Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Who Have Complex Communication Needs

Treatment intensity is an aspect of communication intervention that has received limited empirical attention. In this article, we discuss key parameters of treatment intensity related to individuals with complex communication needs who use augmentative and alternative communication. We advocate for an examination of treatment intensity along with learner and intervention characteristics that may moderate or mediate treatment intensity. In addition, we discuss the influence that contextual fit/treatment acceptability may have on intervention success. We also discuss the challenges created by a number of interacting variables that make determining optimal dosage for groups of individuals difficult. Finally, treatment intensity is briefly discussed in terms of its possible influence on maintenance and generalization.

Policy Implications, Eligibility, and Demographic Characteristics of People With Intellectual Disability Who Access Self-Directed Funding in the United States.

This study identifies factors (state of residence, personal characteristics, and living situation) associated with access to self-directed funding (SDF) for adults with intellectual disability in the United States. Data from 10,033 participants from 26 states in the 2012-2013 National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey were analyzed. We examined state, age group, residence type, disability diagnoses, mental health status, and type of disability support funding used. Availability of SDF for people with ID varied by state and aligned mostly with state-by-state policy data on SDF eligibility and availability. The results of a logistic regression analysis demonstrated that access to SDF was lower in older adults and higher for people who lived in their parents' or relatives' home, an independent home, and with certain personal characteristics. Potential influences from policy and practice, and approaches to increase access to SDF are discussed.

Using Wearable Biosensor Technology in Behavioral Assessment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disabilities Who Experience Anxiety

Using Wearable Biosensor Technology in Behavioral Assessment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disabilities Who Experience Anxiety

A Case of a Boy with Developmental Disorder and Intellectual Disability Who Wanted to Stay in the Unborn World

A Case of a Boy with Developmental Disorder and Intellectual Disability Who Wanted to Stay in the Unborn World

Double Sexual Standards: Sexuality and People with Intellectual Disabilities Who Require Intensive Support

More than four decades after the onset of deinstitutionalization in the Nordic countries, people with intellectual disabilities in Iceland are still being prevented from engaging in intimate and sexual relationships. There are changing attitudes towards sexuality based on people’s rights to live free sexual rights. However, because people with intellectual disabilities often require daily support, they commonly lack opportunities for privacy and safe sexual expression and relationships. In this article, we present findings from qualitative research about the sexuality of Icelandic people with intellectual disabilities who require intensive support and communicate with non-spoken language. The aim is to demonstrate how the sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities who require intensive support is shaped by socio-cultural sexual scripts and the support they receive in every-day lives. Participant observations were carried out in the homes and daily lives of 25 individuals, demonstrating their reduced opportunity to make decisions. This can affect how they communicate their identity or the image of masculinity or femininity. As a group, they have limited access to education, work, and leisure and thus few resources to draw upon when forming their own sexual scripts. Therefore, they commonly rely on other people’s sexual scripts, for example those of staff and family. We discuss the pathologization of sexual behaviors and how the sexual expressions of women with intellectual disabilities have remained hidden. The findings also describe the inabilities of social and legal systems in dealing with sexual abuse among people with intellectual disabilities who require intensive support. We suggest that people with intellectual disabilities who require intensive support are seldom consulted about issues relating their personal lives, such as menstruation suppression or who assists them with personal care. We conclude by arguing that it is of vital importance to respect people’s self-determination and language.

Men With Intellectual Disabilities Who Have Offended Sexually.

We review extant and new research focusing on assessment and treatment of men with intellectual disabilities (ID) who have offended sexually. New research findings are applied and integrated with classic assessment and treatment approaches, providing an overview of evidence-based practices. New research has explored healthy sexuality among people with intellectual disabilities, including making evidence-based sexual information cognitively accessible for people with ID. Research has begun to include men with ID in studies of actuarial risk assessment and dynamic treatment needs and identify forms of sexual deviation. New research has identified the need for access to treatment materials better tailored to clients' cognitive level, as well as understanding normal sexuality among people with ID. The recent research further develops our understanding of men with ID who offended sexually and demonstrates similarities between men with and without ID who have offended sexually. The new research findings provide evidence-based support and guidance for clinicians working with this set of clients and suggest optimism for more positive outcomes as studies from across the globe are focusing on working with men with ID who have offended sexually.

지적장애 자녀와 지적장애 어머니가 포함된 가정을 위한 양육지원 실행연구

지적장애 자녀와 지적장애 어머니가 포함된 가정을 위한 양육지원 실행연구

Significates that Underlie the Concept of “Adult with an Intellectual Disability Who Works”: Analysis from an Approach Using Natural Semantic Networks in Students of Commercial Engineering

Significates that Underlie the Concept of “Adult with an Intellectual Disability Who Works”: Analysis from an Approach Using Natural Semantic Networks in Students of Commercial Engineering

Supporting People with Intellectual Disability Who Have Experienced Abuse: Clinical Psychologists' Perspectives

AbstractWhile sexual and other forms of abuse constitute significant problems with people with intellectual disability (ID), there is limited evidence to guide psychologists working with this population. The research involved a qualitative, interview‐based study of six clinical psychologists' views on supporting people with ID who experienced abuse. Four topics relating to service provision were explored using thematic analysis (Braun &amp; Clark, 2006). Five overarching themes were identified. These were (1) therapeutic adaptations and creativity, (2) invalidation and exclusion, (3) too many “catch all” approaches, (4) absence of supports, and (5) mixed attitudes in approaching abuse. In the absence of a sufficient evidence base, there is great variance in therapeutic supports offered to individuals with an abuse history. A number of issues, such as the importance of supervision, the potential for acquiescence, and the need for greater definition of the role of psychologists and staff are discussed.

Effect of an Occupation-Based Program for Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Who Are Incarcerated

Article originally published in the Annals of International Occupational Therapy. Annals of International Occupational Therapy, 3(4), 175–184. English. Published online Sept 23 2019. https://doi.org/10.3928/24761222-20190910-01

Characteristics of Secondary Age Students With Intellectual Disability Who Participate in School-Sponsored Extracurricular Activities

This study investigated the relation between grade level, support needs, and use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and the participation of secondary age students with intellectual disability in school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Participants were special education teachers with at least one student with an intellectual disability on their caseload who participated in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity ( N = 498). Data were collected using an online questionnaire sent to members of a national listserv for transition professionals. Teachers reported students participated in a variety of extracurricular activities within the categories of sports/fitness, school clubs, special events, and performing arts. The majority of students participated in activities for less than 3 hr per week and did not participate in activities that only included students with disabilities. Support needs and use of AAC were related to the type of extracurricular activities in which students participated, the amount of time students spent in extracurricular activities each week, and the extent to which students participated in extracurricular activities that only included students with disabilities. Grade-level differences were nonsignificant, except in relation to activities that only included students with disabilities.

Educative Approach for a Child With Profound Motor and Intellectual Disabilities Who Needed Concentrated Medical Care: Finger Movements, Heart Rate, and Cerebral Blood Flow

Educative Approach for a Child With Profound Motor and Intellectual Disabilities Who Needed Concentrated Medical Care: Finger Movements, Heart Rate, and Cerebral Blood Flow

The Difference between Performance Levels on the Adaptive Behavior Scale for Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities Who are included in Public Schools Compared to Those Enrolled in Special Education Centers in Amman Governorate

The study aimed at identifying the differences in the levels of adaptive behavior among students with intellectual disabilities in public schools and students in special education centers. The population of the study consists of students with mild intellectual disabilities in public schools, and students with minor intellectual disabilities in special education centers. The sample consists of (50) included students at schools, and (50) students enrolled in special education centers. To achieve the purposes of the study, the adaptive behavior teachers’ image (6-15 years) was used. It was localized to its Jordanian image by (Al Ali, 2010), and it has the required psychometric features.dThe results showed that the performance level on the Adaptive Behavior Scale of included students in public schools from their teachers’ point of view was average. The level of performance of students in special education centers on the same scale was low. The study also found that there were significant statistical differences at the level (0.05≥ α) for the performance of students on the scale according to variable type school, where the difference was in favor of public schools when compared to the centers in the total degree In all domains, with the exception of "health and safety" and "leisure and play management" where the difference was in favor of special education centers. Keywords: Adaptive Behavior, People with mild Intellectual Disabilities, Public Schools, Special Education Centers. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-30-01 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life in People With Intellectual Disabilities Who Discontinue Long-Term Used Antipsychotic Drugs for Challenging Behaviors.

Health-related quality of life in people with intellectual disabilities can be affected by challenging behaviors and side effects of antipsychotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of discontinuation antipsychotic drugs on health-related quality of life, including data from 2 discontinuation trials: an open-label trial of various antipsychotic drugs and a double-blind trial of risperidone. In both studies, antipsychotics were discontinued in 14 weeks, with steps of 12.5% of the baseline dosage every 2 weeks. Health-related quality of life was measured at baseline and at 16 weeks, and 40 weeks after baseline, by means of the RAND-36 (domains on physical well-being, role limitations caused by physical or emotional problems, vitality, pain, mental well-being, social functioning, general health, and changes in health). Participants who had completely discontinued antipsychotics according to the scheduled discontinuation and were still free of use at 40 weeks were compared with those who had incompletely discontinued. Physical well-being showed an increase in the group that had achieved complete discontinuation. Social functioning showed a decrease in the group that incompletely discontinued, which recovered at follow-up. Mental well-being decreased at 16 weeks but recovered at follow-up, regardless of complete or incomplete discontinuation. To conclude, discontinuation of antipsychotics had a positive effect on physical well-being when complete discontinuation was possible. When complete discontinuation was not possible, there was a negative effect on health-related quality-of-life domains. However, none of the unfavorable effects were irreversible.

Risk Assessment of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities Who Exhibit Sexual Behavior Problems or Sexual Offending Behavior

ABSTRACTAdolescents with intellectual disabilities are known to engage in various sexual behavior problems or sexual offending behaviors. This article provides a review of important aspects of risk assessment within the context of a broader, more comprehensive and holistic assessment of these individuals. Pertinent risk and sexual interest assessment tools are identified along with their strengths and limitations. Issues that are often unattended to are addressed, including consideration of the behavioral implications of the young person’s diagnosis and level of cognitive functioning, need for sexual knowledge and sexual interest assessment, and issues related to making a mental health diagnosis. Recommendations for future research are also offered.

Autonomy and People with Intellectual Disabilities Who Require More Intensive Support

In this article we explore the personal autonomy of people with intellectual disabilities who require more intensive support. The authors draw on qualitative research in Iceland carried out in the homes of 24 individuals. It is demonstrated how their personal autonomy can be defined, evaluated and enhanced in their daily lives. The conclusions show that to be able to respect personal autonomy of the participants those who support them need to view them as socially embedded, where personal autonomy is formed in relation to other people. To do that we refer to the idea of relational autonomy with support, advocacy and enablement being regarded as key elements for personal autonomy to flourish. By using this approach it is possible to note a positive change regarding respect for the personal autonomy of people with intellectual disabilities who require more intensive support. Considerable advances can still be made, however, in enhancing personal autonomy in their daily lives.