Intellectual Conflicts Research Articles

Small-volume blood sample collection tubes in adult intensive care units: A rapid practice guideline.

This Intensive Care Medicine Rapid Practice Guideline (ICM-RPG) provides an evidence-based recommendation to address the question: in adult patients in intensive care units (ICUs), should we use small-volume or conventional blood collection tubes? We included 23 panelists in 8 countries and assessed and managed financial and intellectual conflicts of interest. Methodological support was provided by the Guidelines in Intensive Care, Development, and Evaluation (GUIDE) group. We conducted a systematic review, including evidence from observational and randomized studies. Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we evaluated the certainty of evidence and developed recommendations using the Evidence-to-Decision framework. We identified 8 studies (1 cluster and 2 patient-level randomized trials; 5 observational studies) comparing small-volume to conventional tubes. We had high certainty evidence that small-volume tubes reduce daily and cumulative blood sampling volume; and moderate certainty evidence that they reduce the risk of transfusion and mean number of red blood cell units transfused, but these estimates were limited by imprecision. We had high certainty that small-volume tubes have a similar rate of specimens with insufficient quantity. The panel considered that the desirable effects of small-volume tubes outweigh the undesirable effects, are less wasteful of resources, and are feasible, as demonstrated by successful implementation across multiple countries, although there are upfront implementation costs to validate small-volume tubes on laboratory instrumentation. This ICM-RPG panel made a strong recommendation for the use of small-volume sample collection tubes in adult ICUs based on overall moderate certainty evidence.

Green growth: Intellectual property conflicts and prospects in the extraction of natural resources for sustainable development

Considering the global issues of resource depletion and climate change, the need for sustainable development is more significant than ever. This study focuses on China and examines the complex dynamics of green growth and natural resource exploitation through the prism of intellectual property conflicts and prospects to strike a balance between sustainable development and economic growth from 2000 to 2020. Advanced econometric techniques are essential to this research, such as the Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) test, the Cross-sectional Im, Pesaran, and Shin (CIPS) test, and the Cross-sectionally Augmented Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model. The study clarifies how important it is for intellectual property rights to spur innovation in environmentally friendly resource extraction techniques. It also evaluates the impact of taxes on the energy sector on China's energy transition rate, weighing the need for economic growth against environmental protection. This study thoroughly explains the opportunities and challenges related to intellectual property in green growth. It also offers important insights and strategies for academics, industry stakeholders, and policymakers who navigate the intricate landscape of sustainable resource exploitation.

Redes sociales y cirugía

During the last years, social media use has increased in the surgical community. Social media in surgery has created new challenges such as surgical education, patient privacy, professionalism, and the difference between the private and public virtual life. Facebook, YouTube or WebSurg are some of the main social media in the surgical field. Nevertheless, Twitter is the most common and relevant media for surgeons. Some Twitter Hashtag such as #SoMe4Surgery or #colorectalsurgery went viral and had a significant influence in the surgical community. Some of the uses of social media in surgery are education of younger surgeons, surgical research, and relationship between surgeons. However, not everything in social media is positive. Some negative issues of social media use in surgery are, for example, lack of privacy, intellectual property conflicts, conflicts of interest and mistakes in the published information. In this article, the main social media, the use of these media, the advantages and the possible risks and negative issues of social media are discussed.

Mefistofeles à rebours. Komentarz do Koszmaru Iwana Karamazowa

The article is an attempt to formulate a philosophical interpretation of the figure of Ivan Karamazov’s “devil” or to explicate the theoretical and conceptual connotations associated with the demonic motif in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov. The reasoning follows the line: the author of the novel – the hero of the novel – the figure of the devil. The questions explored in the article are related to the duality of Ivan, a character depicted in the novel (this issue is discussed within a broader anthropological context), to the conceptual and – most importantly – ideological background for “Ivan Karamazov’s nightmare”, to the intellectual and ethical conflicts unfolding in him, and finally to the ambiguous relationship between Christianity and socialism (theological and political contexts).

Social media and surgery

During the last years, social media use has increased in the surgical community. Social Media in surgery has created new challenges such as surgical education, patient privacy, professionalism, and the difference between the private and public virtual life. Facebook, YouTube or WebSurg are some of the main social media in the surgical field. Nevertheless, Twitter is the most common and relevant Media for surgeons. Some Twitter Hashtag such as #SoMe4Surgery or #colorectalsurgery went viral and had a significant influence in the surgical community. Some of the uses of social media in surgery are education of younger surgeons, surgical research, and relationship between surgeons. However, not everything in social media is positive. Some negative issues of social media use in surgery are, for example, lack of privacy, intellectual property conflicts, conflicts of interest and mistakes in the published information. In this article, the main social media, the use of these media, the advantages and the possible risks and negative issues of social media are discussed.

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION TO GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND FINANCIAL BOOST: A DECADE IN REVIEW (2013-2023)

The study, "Technology and Innovation to Growth of Entrepreneurship and Financial Boost: A Decade in Review (2013-2023)," critically explores the intersectionality of technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship, delineating their collective impact on financial growth and economic enrichment over the past decade. Through an exhaustive examination of empirical data, literature reviews, and holistic case studies, this paper presents a nuanced analysis of the transformation and evolution of the entrepreneurial landscape within the context of the burgeoning advancements in technology and innovation management strategies. The investigative journey commences with an insightful delineation of the objectives and research questions aimed at understanding the multifaceted dynamics between technological proliferation, innovative applications, and entrepreneurial growth. Subsequently, a meticulous review of literature unveils the underpinning theoretical frameworks and foundational concepts, elucidating the symbiotic relationship between technology and entrepreneurship. Concepts such as the diffusion of innovations, disruptive technologies, and stakeholder theory are explored to comprehend the profound impacts on entrepreneurial ventures and their concomitant challenges and opportunities. The study further delves into the empirical exploration of the evolution of the entrepreneurial landscape from 2013 to 2023, offering a granular perspective on the diverse technological trends, market fluctuations, and innovative breakthroughs that have characterized this period. The challenges and risks associated with technology and innovation in entrepreneurial settings are highlighted, including discussions on market competition, technological obsolescence, intellectual property conflicts, and ethical considerations, providing a balanced viewpoint on the manifold aspects of entrepreneurial progression. Diverse real-world case studies of companies such as Tesla Inc., Beyond Meat, Square Inc., and Zoom Video Communications offer tangible manifestations of the intricate interplay between technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship. These cases exemplify the varied approaches and adaptive strategies employed by enterprises to navigate challenges, leverage opportunities, and effectuate significant market transformations and societal impacts. These serves as exemplary models of resilience, adaptability, and visionary leadership in the face of uncertainties and market dynamics. In conclusion, the study synthesizes the gleaned insights to project future directions in entrepreneurship, emphasizing the imperatives of sustainability, inclusivity, and ethical conduct. The study posits that the future of entrepreneurship will be marked by enhanced emphasis on social impact, environmental considerations, and the integration of emerging technologies. The recommendations outlined in the study advocate for strengthened ecosystem support, fostering of collaboration, and promotion of responsible and ethical business practices to cultivate a conducive and equitable entrepreneurial environment. This comprehensive exploration contributes significant insights to the academic discourse on technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship, offering valuable implications for practitioners, policymakers, and academia, thereby enriching the understanding of the dynamic interdependencies between these pivotal domains.
 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Technology, Innovation, Financial, Economic Growth, Transformation.

Religious Disaffiliation From Orthodox Judaism: Social, Psychological, and Intellectual Factors Related to Exiting

Studies investigating disaffiliation from Orthodox Judaism typically utilize samples composed of disaffiliated individuals, without a comparison group of affiliated individuals for reference. This research investigation measured 21 social, psychological, and intellectual experiences in disaffiliated and affiliated Orthodox Jewish individuals primarily in the United States to determine which factors were predictive of disaffiliation, a type of religious change. Experiences were measured with Yes/No questions and a Likert rating scale to indicate the extent to which respondents believed each factor contributed to their disaffiliation. Participants were 730 individuals who grew up practicing Orthodox Judaism and had either stopped or continued practicing (disaffiliated N = 387; affiliated N = 343). Based on regression analysis, factors predictive of disaffiliation were: (1) emotional abuse, (2) feelings that Orthodoxy is restrictive, (3) diagnosis of/treatment for a psychological disorder, (4) poor secular education in school, and (5) intellectual conflicts regarding Orthodox Judaism or questioning God. When rating each factor’s contribution to their disaffiliation, exiters most frequently reported moral or social conflicts with Orthodox Judaism, intellectual conflicts regarding Orthodox Judaism or questioning God, and feelings that Orthodoxy is restrictive. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of religious exiting and draw out the factors uniquely predictive of disaffiliation in this population.

Intravenous vitamin C therapy in adult patients with sepsis: A rapid practice guideline.

This Rapid Practice Guideline provides an evidence-based recommendation to address the question: in adults with sepsis or septic shock, should we recommend using or not using intravenous vitamin C therapy? The panel included 21 experts from 16 countries and used a strict policy for potential financial and intellectual conflicts of interest. Methodological support was provided by the Guidelines in Intensive Care, Development, and Evaluation (GUIDE) group. Based on an updated systematic review, and the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation approach, we evaluated the certainty of evidence and developed recommendations using the evidence-to-decision framework. We conducted an electronic vote, requiring >80% agreement among the panel for a recommendation to be adopted. At longest follow-up, 90 days, intravenous vitamin C probably does not substantially impact (relative risk 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94 to 1.17; absolute risk difference 1.8%, 95% CI -2.2 to 6.2; 6 trials, n = 2148, moderate certainty). Effects of vitamin C on mortality at earlier timepoints was of low or very low certainty due to risk of bias of the included studies and significant heterogeneity between study results. Few adverse events were reported with the use of vitamin C. The panel did not identify any major differences in other outcomes, including duration of mechanical ventilation, ventilator free days, hospital or intensive care unit length of stay, acute kidney injury, need for renal replacement therapy. Vitamin C may result in a slight reduction in duration of vasopressor support (MD -18.9 h, 95% CI -26.5 to -11.4; 21 trials, n = 2661, low certainty); but may not reduce sequential organ failure assessment scores (MD -0.69, 95% CI -1.55 to 0.71; 24 trials, n = 4002, low certainty). The panel judged the undesirable consequences of using IV vitamin C to probably outweigh the desirable consequences, and therefore issued a conditional recommendation against using IV vitamin C therapy in sepsis. The panel suggests against use of intravenous vitamin C in adult patients with sepsis, beyond that of standard nutritional supplementation. Small and single center trials on this topic should be discouraged.

The implications and effects of ChatGPT on academic scholarship and authorship: a death knell for original academic publications?

ABSTRACT ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence large language model, took the world by storm in November 2022. Its launch was met with excitement, and it garnered over 1 million users within the first five days of its release, surpassing social media giants like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and even the top search engine, Google. Having been trained on volumes of data, ChatGPT has displayed the ability to produce human-like responses to questions. Concerns have been raised among members of the academic and research community regarding the ethical usage of ChatGPT and language models in education and academic/scientific research. This paper examines the development and rise of ChatGPT and similar AI tools, their pros and cons, their impact on academic research and possible intellectual property conflicts. It concludes that ChatGPT and language models are here to stay and makes recommendations for its ethical usage to prevent and detect plagiarism and protect intellectual property rights.

Intellectual conflicts of interest among cardiology and pulmonology clinical practice guidelines.

Intellectual conflicts of interest (COI), like financial COI, may threaten the validity and trustworthiness of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). However, comparatively little is known about intellectual COI in CPGs. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of intellectual COI and corresponding management strategies among cardiology and pulmonology CPGs. We conducted a retrospective document review of CPGs published by cardiology or pulmonology professional societies from the United States, Canada, or Europe from 2018 to 2019 available via the Emergency Care Research Institute, Guidelines International Network, or Medscape databases. We assessed the percentage of authors with an intellectual COI, defined as i) authorship on a study reviewed by the CPG, ii) authorship of a prior editorial related to a CPG recommendation, or iii) authorship of a prior related CPG. Management strategies assessed included use of GRADE methodology, inclusion of a methodologist, and recusals due to intellectual COI. Outcomes were assessed overall and compared between cardiology and pulmonology CPGs. Among the 39 CPGs identified (14 cardiology, 25 pulmonology), there were a total of 737 authors, of whom 473 (64%) had at least one intellectual COI. Among all CPGs, a median of 67% (Interquartile Range 50%-76%) of authors had at least one intellectual COI, and COI was more prevalent among cardiology compared with pulmonology CPGs (84% vs 57%, p<0.001). There was variable use of management strategies among the CPGs, including use of GRADE methodology (64% of CPGs), inclusion of a methodologist (49%), and recusals due to intellectual COI (0%). Intellectual conflicts of interest appear to be highly prevalent and under-reported among cardiology and pulmonology CPGs, which may threaten their validity. Greater attention to and improved management of intellectual COI by CPG-producing organizations is needed.

The filed of biography in the Ismaili Literature.

Talking about digital text or digital literature is a controversial conversation because of the intellectual differences and conflicts that the topic carries, and a great controversy taking place in the critical and literary arena. Which carries in itself the features and characteristics of digital technology, to reveal a new aspect of creative experimentation and identification between what is technological and what is literary, despite the distance of the two fields from each other, but the digital creator was able to produce a hybrid text that bears the characteristics of the two fields, and this text in turn is directed towards The digital receiver who possesses a privacy comparable to the privacy of the creator and the text together, which opens a window for us towards worlds and labyrinths that transcend all impossible and transcend all limits

Polygamy: An Early American History by Sarah M. S. Pearsall

Reviewed by: Polygamy: An Early American History by Sarah M. S. Pearsall Lindsay M. Keiter Polygamy: An Early American History. By Sarah M. S. Pearsall. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2019. 415 pages. Cloth, ebook. Sarah M. S. Pearsall's sweeping analysis of plural marriages, Polygamy: An Early American History, digs deep into conflicts over marital practices throughout the North American continent and the British Atlantic from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries. Polygamy, she shows, has long been misconstrued in the past and present as being about lust and sex. Like any form of marriage, polygamy was about power, both public and private, giving intimate decisions and behaviors political significance. She argues that in a variety of contexts, "plural unions marked status for men, and to a lesser degree [the] wives in them, and women's work palpably supported and augmented men's status" (140). She demonstrates how theological and intellectual conflicts over polygamy, well before the emergence of Mormonism, were central to debates about the structure and strength of both righteous households and enlightened nations. Her diverse examples of plural marriage practices in early America collectively demonstrate how the imposition of monogamy was—and is—a legacy of colonialism. This is a remarkable work of synthesis, encompassing an enormous geographic and chronological sweep. Pearsall makes creative use of a wide variety of sources to flesh out the stories of people whose voices were recorded in fragments, if at all, thereby centering the perspectives and experiences of the women and men deliberately marginalized in the historical record. Pearsall often compensates for the scarcity of direct testimony by creatively mining other sources, as when she devotes multiple pages to analyzing phrases about love and lust in Algonquin dictionaries to contextualize what polygamy may have meant for Makheabichtichiou, an Algonquian leader, and his three wives. As a whole, Pearsall's effort to question the "inherited and too often unquestioned structures of marriage, gender, and sexuality," as well as "notions of simple progress" (294), results in a beautifully and sensitively written book. The first three chapters explore conflicts between Indigenous people and European colonizers in the seventeenth century. Ironically, the effects of colonialism—labor reorganization and demographic disaster—made plural marriages more important as symbol and strategy for Indigenous political elites. Pearsall begins in New Spain, considering how plural marriage "was a symbol, a practice, and a rallying cry" (23) in both the 1597 Guale Rebellion in Florida and the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico. In the 1630s, she then travels to the chillier climes of French Canada, where, to the delight of Jesuits, Makheabichtichiou—"'capitaine' of la Petite Nation" [End Page 418] (50)—enthusiastically embraced Christianity, renouncing the customs the Jesuits condemned, save one. The missionaries' hopes were blasted by Makheabichtichiou's refusal—or inability—to renounce two of his three wives. Though polygyny was a political choice that enhanced men's power, Pearsall argues that Makheabichtichiou's hands were tied when two of his wives refused to be baptized or to leave his household, revealing how "even a powerful leader was still constrained by larger structures of households, economies, and kinship" (71). Pearsall next moves eastward to consider how, amid the upheaval of King Philip's War, Mary Rowlandson's captivity narrative offers "a remarkable window onto Native practices of plural marriage and domestic life" (104). Rowlandson's captor Weetamoo (sachem of the Pocasset) was the third wife of the Narragansett sachem—a choice that "suggests a level of diplomatic desperation, as well as a possible willingness to sacrifice herself for her people" (105). Weetamoo was a critical ally of Metacom, also known as King Philip, and she was his sister-in-law twice over (Weetamoo's first husband was Metacom's brother, and Metacom married Weetamoo's sister). Within this context, polygamy emerges as a tactic of political alliance and survival in a society under enormous strain, and "Weetamoo's flashpoints of fury [toward Rowlandson] illuminate the cracks that threaten to split her world apart" (105). Thus, in these very different contexts, Pearsall argues convincingly that polygamy was not a static practice but was instead shaped by the demographic disaster and labor reorganization that resulted...

The digital poem between the poles of creativity and reception

Talking about digital text or digital literature is a controversial conversation because of the intellectual differences and conflicts that the topic carries, and a great controversy taking place in the critical and literary arena. Which carries in itself the features and characteristics of digital technology, to reveal a new aspect of creative experimentation and identification between what is technological and what is literary, despite the distance of the two fields from each other, but the digital creator was able to produce a hybrid text that bears the characteristics of the two fields, and this text in turn is directed towards The digital receiver who possesses a privacy comparable to the privacy of the creator and the text together, which opens a window for us towards worlds and labyrinths that transcend all impossible and transcend all limits

Sociological concepts and issues A study in conceptual construction

This study aims to shed light on sociolinguistics, which is one of the most recent and fertile sciences, and its importance due to its attempt to realize what modern linguistics has overlooked, which is the context in which language issued, as well as knowledge of how language interacts with its surroundings? Considering the external factors that affect the use of language, the most prominent of which is society. It is also concerned with studying the linguistic problems that afflict peoples, who live at the mercy of Diglossia, Bilingualism ,multilingualism and other linguistic phenomen are sulting from political and intellectual conflicts that try to obliterate Her personality, and her heritage survey, and sociolinguistics works to develop linguistic plans to preserve peoples' culture and thought from extinction through linguistic planning.

Awake proning in patients with COVID-19-related hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: A rapid practice guideline.

This rapid practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the use of awake proning in adult patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19. The panel included 20 experts from 12 countries, including one patient representative, and used a strict conflict of interest policy for potential financial and intellectual conflicts of interest. Methodological support was provided by the guidelines in intensive care, development, and evaluation (GUIDE) group. Based on an updated systematic review, and the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) method we evaluated the certainty of evidence and developed recommendations using the Evidence-to-Decision framework. We conducted an electronic vote, requiring >80% agreement amongst the panel for a recommendation to be adopted. The panel made a strong recommendation for a trial of awake proning in adult patients with COVID-19 related hypoxemic acute respiratory failure who are not invasively ventilated. Awake proning appears to reduce the risk of tracheal intubation, although it may not reduce mortality. The panel judged that most patients would want a trial of awake proning, although this may not be feasible in some patients and some patients may not tolerate it. However, given the high risk of clinical deterioration amongst these patients, awake proning should be conducted in an area where patients can be monitored by staff experienced in rapidly detecting and managing clinical deterioration. This RPG panel recommends a trial of awake prone positioning in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19.

The Fear of Relativism

The central thesis of this article posits that Dilthey’s theory of worldviews initially leans towards historical relativism but ultimately reverts to an unsuccessful ahistorical solution involving the classification of universal types of worldviews. To substantiate this thesis, I will elucidate how Dilthey’s position emerged amidst the intellectual conflicts of materialism, Neo-Kantianism, and its relationship to historicism. Focusing on Dilthey’s seminal work, ‘The Types of Worldview’ (1911), I will explore how, in response to the constraints of his era and a prevailing fear of relativism, Dilthey ultimately adopts an ahistoricist approach, as exemplified in his brief exchange with Husserl. In conclusion, this article contends that Dilthey’s hermeneutics represents a partial foray into a genuinely historicist philosophy but falls short of fully justifying historical, objective knowledge.

Un passé qu’il faut dépasser. «Guerres des mémoires» et «traumas culturels» de la transition roumaine

"In addition to social, political and economic traumas that are inherent to democratization and that are common to all postcommunist societies from Central and Eastern Europe, the Romanian society has confronted, since the 90s, the effects of some “cultural traumas” (J. C. Alexander), in particular resulting from the intellectual conflicts of memory related to the communist past. By disturbing the main cultural and historical identity “referents” that provide the basis of the “cultural identification” process (A. Mucchielli), as well as social cohesion, cultural traumas constructed by the Romanian elites after 1989 have compromised their own purposes and gave birth to a series of social, cultural and identity crises responsible for the nostalgia of the communist “golden age” and the social anomie. Keywords: cultural trauma, cultural memory, conflicts of memory, collective identity, democratization "

At the crossroads of fertility and metabolism: the importance of AMPK-dependent signaling in female infertility associated with hyperandrogenism.

What biological processes are linked to the signaling of the energy sensor 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mouse and human granulosa cells (GCs)? The lack of α1AMPK in GCs impacted cell cycle, adhesion, lipid metabolism and induced a hyperandrogenic response. AMPK is expressed in the ovarian follicle, and its activation by pharmacological medications, such as metformin, inhibits the production of steroids. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is responsible for infertility in approximately 5-20% of women of childbearing age and possible treatments include reducing body weight, improving lifestyle and the administration of a combination of drugs to improve insulin resistance, such as metformin. AMPK signaling was evaluated by analyzing differential gene expression in immortalized human granulosa cells (KGNs) with and without silencing α1AMPK using CRISPR/Cas9. In vivo studies included the use of a α1AMPK knock-out mouse model to evaluate the role of α1AMPK in folliculogenesis and fertility. Expression of α1AMPK was evaluated in primary human granulosa-luteal cells retrieved from women undergoing IVF with and without a lean PCOS phenotype (i.e. BMI: 18-25 kg/m2). α1AMPK was disrupted in KGN cells and a transgenic mouse model. Cell viability, proliferation and metabolism were evaluated. Androgen production was evaluated by analyzing protein levels of relevant enzymes in the steroid pathway by western blots, and steroid levels obtained from in vitro and in vivo models by mass spectrometry. Differential gene expression in human GC was obtained by RNA sequencing. Analysis of in vivo murine folliculogenesis was performed by histology and immunochemistry, including evaluation of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) marker. The α1AMPK gene expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in primary GCs obtained from women with the lean PCOS phenotype (n = 8) and without PCOS (n = 9). Silencing of α1AMPK in KGN increased cell proliferation (P < 0.05 versus control, n = 4), promoted the use of fatty acids over glucose, and induced a hyperandrogenic response resulting from upregulation of two of the enzymes involved in steroid production, namely 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) and P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) (P < 0.05, n = 3). Female mice deficient in α1AMPK had a 30% decrease in their ovulation rate (P < 0.05, n = 7) and litter size, a hyperandrogenic response (P < 0.05, n = 7) with higher levels of 3βHSD and p450scc levels in the ovaries, and an increase in the population of antral follicles (P < 0.01, n = 10) compared to controls. Primary GCs from lean women with PCOS had lower α1AMPK mRNA expression levels than the control group (P < 0.05, n = 8-9). The FastQ files and metadata were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at EMBL-EBI under accession number PRJEB46048. The human KGN is a not fully differentiated, transformed cell line. As such, to confirm the role of AMPK in GC and the PCOS phenotype, this model was compared to two others: an α1AMPK transgenic mouse model and primary differentiated granulosa-lutein cells from non-obese women undergoing IVF (with and without PCOS). A clear limitation is the small number of patients with PCOS utilized in this study and that the collection of human GCs was performed after hormonal stimulation. Our results reveal that AMPK is directly involved in steroid production in human GCs. In addition, AMPK signaling was associated with other processes frequently reported as dysfunctional in PCOS models, such as cell adhesion, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Silencing of α1AMPK in KGN promoted folliculogenesis, with increases in AMH. Evaluating the expression of the α1AMPK subunit could be considered as a marker of interest in infertility cases related to hormonal imbalances and metabolic disorders, including PCOS. This study was financially supported by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and the national programme « FERTiNERGY » funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The authors report no intellectual or financial conflicts of interest related to this work. R.K. is identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. R.K. alone is responsible for the views expressed in this article and she does not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. N/A.

Use of Induction Therapy Post Heart Transplantation: A Heart Transplant Rapid Recommendations

<h3>Purpose</h3> Induction therapy provides, when the risk of allograft rejection is the highest, early intense immunosuppression. Whether to use induction therapy, and the choice of optimal regimen remains controversial. Our goal is to develop a clinical practice guideline for the use of induction therapy (IT) in the heart transplant (HT) setting. <h3>Methods</h3> We recruited a worldwide multidisciplinary panel free of financial and intellectual conflicts of interest made up of three patient partners, five cardiologists, two surgeons, one nurse practitioner, one pharmacist, two guideline methodologists, and one systematic reviewer. This panel will use the GRADE framework and follow the standards for trustworthy guideline development, in compliance with Institute of Medicine and the Guideline International Network. Through consideration of balance between benefits and harms, quality of the evidence, and patient's values and preferences, the panel will make strong or weak recommendations for or against the use of the currently available IT agents. The panel has held its first meeting at which it finalized the guideline question as: Which aspects of IT should be used in adult HT recipients in the early post-operative period? The panel determined that to answer this question, knowledge of the impact of IT on the following outcomes is critical: all-cause mortality, re-transplant, rate of treated rejection (cellular and antibody-mediated), graft dysfunction (heart failure symptoms), infections and need for dialysis. The panel assessed the following as further important outcomes: length of hospital stay, post-surgical bleeding, risk of cancer, and quality of life. The panel's assessment of outcome importance was similar whether the time-frame was early (within the first-year) or late post-transplant. The panel will meet two further times during a timeframe of 6 months: once to review the evidence synthesized by the systematic review and a second time to develop recommendations including their direction and strength for or against the use of specific aspects of IT. <h3>Endpoints</h3> Our recommendations will be based on the perspective of patients. We have already begun a systematic review and network meta-analysis on all agents used for IT. The results of this review will inform our panel in making their final recommendations by February 28^th, 2022.

Disenchanted Wanderer: The Apocalyptic Vision of Konstantin Leontiev by Glenn Cronin

Reviewed by: Disenchanted Wanderer: The Apocalyptic Vision of Konstantin Leontiev by Glenn Cronin Alexandra Medzibrodszky (bio) Glenn Cronin, Disenchanted Wanderer: The Apocalyptic Vision of Konstantin Leontiev (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021). 261 pp., ills. Bibliography. Index. ISBN: 978-1-5017-6018-1. This is a new English-language intellectual biography of Konstantin Leontiev (1831–1891), a thinker and writer whose place in Russian intellectual history remains ambiguous and controversial. Previous attempts to pinpoint his ideas on a larger intellectual map have produced a variety of expressive labels. Nikolai Berdyaev called him a "Russian Nietzsche," Sergei Trubetskoy–a "disappointed Slavophile," Andrzej Walicki–an "integral reactionary," and his disciple Father Iosif Fudel simply referred to him as a "lonely thinker." Cronin correctly notes that the intense interest in Leontiev's thought in postcommunist Russia has not been matched with the same level of attention in the West. This is even more surprising because Vladimir Putin "championed Leontiev as a prophet of the true Russian culture" and "Russia under Putin still gives the West much to puzzle over" (Pp. 7–9). While Leontiev alone will not be enough to understand Russia under [End Page 303] Putin, the book is indeed a timely reevaluation of Leontiev and it is the first comprehensive study of his life and ideas in English since Stephen Lukashevich's psychoanalytical book published back in 1967.1 Leontiev was hardly an "ivory tower" thinker, as underscored by the three milestone events in his life that proved fateful for his intellectual development. In 1849, he started to study medicine at Moscow University. After graduating early, he joined the army as a doctor during the Crimean War. His medical training must have made him particularly predisposed to social organicism in his studies of civilizations. Another important turning point in Leontiev's life came in 1864 when he joined the Asiatic Department of the Russian foreign ministry. He spent the next ten years in various posts across the Ottoman Empire, including Istanbul and Thessaloniki, and was fascinated and impressed by the Ottoman world. This period in his life not only provided him with rich source material for various opinion pieces and literary works but also helped him crystallize his biological-aesthetic guiding principle–"unity in variety"–which strongly influenced his conceptualization of historical process. The third decisive moment came in 1871 when Leontiev fell seriously ill with cholera. In desperation, he prayed to the Virgin Mary for a cure and promised to visit the monastery on Mount Athos, a sacred site of Eastern Orthodoxy, if he recovered. In Leontiev's account, his condition immediately started to improve and he miraculously survived the illness. The existential dread and spiritual crisis had a pronounced impact on his worldview. In his last years he settled near the Optina Pustyn monastery, a spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy. He died in 1891 in another important monastery, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, a couple of months after taking monastic vows. The book offers a well-written, easy-to-follow introduction to Leontiev for specialists in Russian history and nonspecialists alike: it is organized chronologically, following the main events in his life while also reconstructing the main intellectual contexts, influences, and conflicts of his time. Writing an intellectual biography is challenging as it requires a delicate intertwining of the protagonist's intellectual development with his personal life and with the larger political, cultural, and historical contexts. Cronin aptly identifies the major turns and defining influences in Leontiev's intellectual biography and discusses his life and ideas. [End Page 304] The book's thirteen chapters are grouped into three parts. The first part focuses on Leontiev's early years as a doctor and diplomat until the time of his near-death experience in 1871. Discussing Leontiev's literary works and criticism penned at that time, Cronin convincingly demonstrates that Leontiev's rejection of the primacy of the moral over the aesthetic made him an instant outsider in the Russian cultural milieu. This position went against the dominant ethically and utilitarian currents of literary criticism propagated by Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Nikolay Dobrolyubov. Literary analysis in the book follows George Ivask's pronouncement that in all Leontiev's "novels we find...