Intellectual Aspects Research Articles

The Emotional and Intellectual Aspects of Protest Music

Within the context of community organizing, protest songs have historically functioned to educate, motivate, and raise consciousness by affecting listeners both emotionally and intellectually. Such songs can be used in the classroom much as they have been used in practice: to simplify, concretize, and reinforce specific ideologies, and to foster group solidarity. Social work educators can add an emotional component to their classrooms and enhance student learning by teaching historical struggles, protests, and forms of oppression through song. Additionally, by teaching about the ways in which protest music has influenced specific movements and organizations, educators can provide students with opportunities to experience this music as a potential tool for community organizing.

Calvin Brainerd Cady: Thought and Feeling in the Study of Music

Calvin Brainerd Cady (1851-1928) was an influential American music educator who developed a theory of music education that emphasized the unification of children's thoughts and feelings. Focusing on the development of artistic music-conception (the ability to hear music in the mind), Cady taught music's intellectual and emotional aspects simultaneously. Cady demonstrated the effectiveness of his theory through successful music education practices at John Dewey's laboratory school and at his own Music-Education School. Cady was a significant reformer who pioneered several new activities and principles that became standard practices. His practical theories and effective practice influenced many music educators and the course of American music education history. His unification of thought and feeling in the music curriculum is still relevant to current and future music education practices.

An Intelligent Data-Acquisition and Control (IDAC) system for energy conversion laboratory

The range of experiments that a typical undergraduate energy conversion laboratory facility can support does not adequately prepare power engineering students for the digital-computer oriented power system industry. Traditional approach to experimentation involves manually reading several meters, logging data, performing necessary calculations and plotting results. In order to correct this problem, an Intelligent Data-Acquisition and Control (IDAC) system is implemented for the energy conversion laboratory at Penn State University, Harrisburg. Using the IDAC system, data gathering and analysis becomes automated. Students are therefore able to devote the bulk of their time to the intellectual aspects of the project.

Strangers, Guests, or Clients? Visitor Experiences in Museums

ABSTRACTThis article discusses how museums relate to their visitors. It introduces three interpretive categories to summarize the ways that museums view their visitors: as Strangers, Guests, or Clients. Strangers: This attitude arises when the museum maintains that its primary responsibility is to the collection and not to the public. Guests: From this point of view, the museum wants to “do good” for visitors primarily through “educational” activities. Clients: In this attitude the museum believes that its primary responsibility is to be accountable to the visitor. This article suggests that social trends will force museums to treat visitors as clients. Institutions will then acknowledge that visitors have needs, expectations, and wants that the museum is obligated to understand and meet. Also discussed are four major categories of experiences that individuals find most satisfying in museums: (1) Social experiences center on one or more other people, besides the visitor; (2) Object experiences give prominence to the artifact or the “real thing”; (3) Cognitive experiences emphasize the interpretive or intellectual aspects of the experience; and (4) Introspective experiences focus on the visitor's personal reflections, usually triggered by an object or a setting in the museum. The categories are based on empirical research conducted in different Smithsonian museums. The article concludes with a brief discussion of museum settings, or “servicescapes,” that support or detract from the experiences of visitors.

Memorias de titulación en el marco de la producción en sociología hoy

In the context of a reflexivity and auto-observation process in social sciences, the present article seeks to analyze the features that characterize the production of undergraduate thesis in sociology at Universidad de Chile. With this purpose, it approaches the problem of how to situate the professional habilitation works in the context of general sociological production, along with identifying tendencies that might be the reflex of the discipline’s intern developing and its institutional, politic and social changes. It’s suggested that undergraduate thesis constitute key publications for the research of scientific communications, insofar as they involve intellectual aspects of the science system, along with the academicals units’ own organizational and cultural dynamics. Their analysis also reflects that the tendencies in undergraduate thesis production show a lower relation with a multiparadigmatic development of sociology, than with the theoretical and pragmatic adjustment criteria, consistent with progressive work agendas, situated according to the interests of interns, academics or undergraduate students. Keywords : Reflexivity in social science - sociology - undergraduate thesis - subjects and contents.

The Kongolese Saint Anthony, Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706 by John K. Thornton

BOOK REVIEWS141 defense of personal and Church rights," but not in a specifically Catholic political party. Regrettably, the full text of neither encyclical appears in an appendix. The author interprets the papal statement against specifically Catholic parties to mean that the Church had removed itself from politics when nothing could be further from the truth. The book cries out for the kind ofmicro-historical analysis pioneered in Mexico by Luis González y González where a scholar writes the history of a small town or area. Only through that kind of technique could a scholar attempt to understand the "mentality" of devout Catholics when faced with the possible destruction of the only institution that gave meaning to their lives. Instead, the author makes no attempt to analyze why the faithful marched and wrote and joined conservative groups and ran for office. There is no discussion of the relationship between local priests and their flocks, nor is much written about women's contributions to the cause. The second problem appears near the end of the work when Professor Sherman attempts to give the conservatives more power over Mexican politics than they deserve by coming to conclusions about the events from 1939 to 1941 from a single perspective. During those years, President Franklin Roosevelt and many others believed it essential to ensure Mexican loyalty should the United States enter the war in Europe on the Allied side. Beginning in 1939, the United States made a concerted effort to court Mexico in a variety of ways from coparticipation in art exhibits to easing up on demands that Mexico repay the former owners of the oil industry it had expropriated in 1938. In exchange, first President Cárdenas and then President Avila Camacho easily saw the benefits of a steady drift to the right that has continued, almost uninterruptedly, until the present. Ultimately these failures weaken the work, depriving it of the depth of analysis needed to sustain its arguments and transforms a promising study on a neglected subject into a catalogue of events. Barbara A.Tenenbaum Hispanic Division Library ofCongress African The Kongolese Saint Anthony, Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706. By John K. Thornton. (NewYork: Cambridge University Press. 1998. Pp. viii, 228. $49.95 clothbound; $15.95 paperback.) The kingdom of Kongo was the only major African polity to adopt a Catholic identity from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Many scholars have assumed that the Kongolese appropriated only the trappings of this identity, and they have taken the Antonian movement, with its rejection of orthodoxy, as a notable proof of the superficiality of Kongolese Catholicism. After much sharply focused research, Professor Thornton reassesses the whole episode. 142book reviews The documentary sources for this period of Kongo history are relatively abundant; the problem, as in so much of African history, is that these sources were almost entirely produced by aliens, in this case Capuchin missionaries from Italy and a few Portuguese accounts from Angola. By drawing on the insights of anthropologists and linguists, and by carefully using oral traditions, Thornton is able to reconstruct the political, social, and even intellectual world of Dona Beatriz and her contemporaries. It is a most impressive study. The author dissects the multiple internal rivalries which beset Kongo, and he vividly portrays the suffering caused by the warfare and violence ofthe late seventeenth century. By placing these developments within the context of the Atlantic slave trade, he demonstrates the global significance of the Antonian movement, and much of his social analysis and description is of wide comparative importance for the study of precolonial Africa. Besides these achievements, he opens up the intellectual aspects of Beatriz's career at a far deeper level than previous studies. He begins by insisting that Beatriz did not seek to lead an anti-Christian movement. As a member of the lesser nobility, she had close contacts with Kongo teachers and interpreters. She knew the principal Catholic prayers and probably acquired a fair acquaintance with the catechism as taught by these teachers. Even at the height of her confrontation with the Capuchins, she never renounced this basic Christian identity. Her iconoclasm and her emphasis on the fundamental importance...

Intellectual Capital Management Strategy: The Foundation of Successful New Business Generation

This paper describes a process that integrates business, technology and intellectual capital strategy to identify and exploit business opportunities. It then discusses how business, technology and intellectual capital strategy are linked. The authors introduce a competitive strategy process (or model) which they call Strategy Integration Analysis (SIA). Two examples of the application of SIA by two different technology‐based firms are provided which emphasize the intellectual capital and technology aspects.

Historical Films: Scofflaws and the Historian-Cop

In attempting to map the limits and boundaries of historical representation in Hollywood feature films based on actual events, Robert Brent Toplin has raised a number of significant questions for historians and others concerned with the ethical and intellectual aspects of historical filmmaking. I am going to quarrel with much that he has to say, so first I want to acknowledge the importance of his furthering the debate on issues that have implications for both the historical discipline and for public understanding of the past. As editor of a scholarly work on American movies, film review editor for the Journal of American History, and himself a participant in making dramatized historical films for public and cable television, Toplin is one of a handful of historians qualified both by study and practice to speak expertly on a subject on which we all have opinions. He writes in a succinct and accessible style that makes the book suitable for adoption in undergraduate courses that use films to explore historical methodologies and interpretations. His own methodology stresses that films as subjects for historical analysis are more than simply moving images on a screen. He speaks of looking behind and around (p. xii) the works themselves, by which he means, first, gathering information about the production history of a film, and second, placing it in the political and social context of its creation and reception. While he supports this emphasis by noting that certain strands of film studies ignore both aspects, one might make clear that it has been a standard in cinema history for some time. Indeed, the historians who contributed to John E. O'Connor and Martin A. Jackson, eds., American History/American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image (1979), practiced it nearly two decades ago. After a general introduction, Toplin offers cases studies of eight films paired in four different subsets of historical representation. Mississippi Burning (1988) and JFK (1991) are analyzed as works that mix fact and fiction. Sergeant York (1941) and Missing (1982) are treated as films attempting to draw

NAFTA: OPPORTUNITIES FOR U.S. COMPUTER INDUSTRY

The North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA) purports to eliminate barriers to free trade among the North American nations of Canada, the United States and Mexico. The vehicles to this end are the phaseout of tariffs and accords concerning intellectual property rights, land transportation, and aspects of the environment. Full implementation is scheduled to take place by January 1, 1998 (Ernst and Young, 1991). One of NAFTA's prime advantages for the United States is the possibility of new business opportunities. Major questions arising from these advantages are: which country contains the better opportunity? Moreover, how is this determined? Based on collected data, certain environmental factors and subfactors were most important in assessing the business potential of each country. These factors, along with corresponding subfactors, are market potential (market size, competition); political; social (education, crime); cultural (language); and economic (exchange rate, transportation, labor, tariffs). A discussion of these factors on Mexico and Canada follows.

Problems and perspectives of clinical biochemistry training, and the example of Italy

Even though Laboratory Medicine is a firmly established science, the taxonomy of its various branches differs not only between countries but also within the same country, largely because of conflicting interests and views. Two criteria can be used to define Laboratory Medicine: (l) it encompasses the life sciences such as biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology and other scientific disciplines as applied to clinical practice, and (2) it involves solving clinical problems and making related decisions applied to preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic aspects of medicine. Thus, Laboratory Medicine is an integrated science that is clinically oriented, but it depends upon the basic sciences for its operational and intellectual aspects. The education and training of Clinical Biochemistry professionals can be either multidisciplinary, which is the traditional approach, or interdisciplinary whereby the `student' undergoes a ‘structured’ complementary training. Again, there is much debate as to the pitfalls and benefits of each approach. We suggest the interdisciplinary educational approach can better incorporate the rapid turnover of knowledge and the continuous changes in the various lines of activity that are characteristic of Laboratory Medicine, thereby providing a unifying mechanism by which Laboratory Medicine can enter unequivocally into the scenario of Medical Sciences. In this article, the situation in Italy is taken as an example of the different opinions and philosophies that should be accommodated to reach a training system acceptable to both sides of the debate.

New report examines solid‐Earth sciences

“Solid‐Earth Sciences and Society,” a report developed to assess the current status, opportunities, and priorities within the Earth sciences, is now available from the National Academy Press. Developed by the National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, the report concentrates on solid‐Earth processes and their influence on and interactions with society.The 346‐page report presents a new approach to studying Earth processes in which Earth is viewed as an integrated, dynamic system rather than a collection of isolated components, and it relates the intellectual aspects of Earth science to current issues, including resource development, waste disposal, environmental protection, natural hazards reduction, and land use.

The quadrate mind—A philosophical perspective: A response to Galanter

Eugene Galanter writes of “the quadrate mind” because he takes “the structure of intellect to be divided into four (more or less) independent components: talking, drawing, planning and vuluing” (p. 285, italics in original). He sees these, moreover, as “intrinsic” or innate mental competencies. It is important, educationally, to identify these four components, because “the primary function of schooling in the academic sense is aimed at enhancing the innate capabilities” (p. 298). I see nothing but difficulties in all this. First, a point of clarification. When Calanter says the mind is quadrate he does not mean that mental phenomena in general are four-fold, only that intellectual mental phenomena are four-fold. But what is it to say the latter? It is to say that there are four intellectual skills or competencies which are “necessary and perhaps sufficient to represent the structural matrices of the child’s mind” (p. 289). I am not sure that this makes things clearer. For the following two reasons. First, given that we are talking about intellectual or cognitive aspects of the mind, rather than affective or conative aspects (and assuming one can divide things up in this way), why focus only on intellectual skills? Belief, for instance, is generally taken to be a cognitive phenomenon, but to believe something is not to perform a skill. ‘This issue apart, and accepting that we are concerned only with skills, what are we to make of the claim that the four skills are “necessary and perhaps sufficient”? This is a crucial question. If they are merely a necessary part of the intellect, then all sorts of other competencies could be necessary, too. If so, why pick out thes~fo~r! Things would be neater if they were not only necessary but sufficient, for then the claim would be that these four competencies alone constituted the intellect, at least at some fundamental level. This, too, would make sense of the expression “the quadrate mind.” The difficulty here, however, is that there seem to be other intellectual competencies besides these four-to do, for instance, with perceiving, with various forms of imagining (e.g., imaging, supposing) or more generally of thinking (practical thinking may be included under Galanter’s “planning,” but theoretical reasoning and contemplating seem to lie outside it). Mental phenomena are multifarious and complex. So are more strictly cognitive phenomena. Why, then, does Galanter concentrate just on four

Aspects of monitoring developments in structural materials R&D

The monitoring of developments in advanced materials technology is a complex task which engages a broad spectrum of competences. The paper examines the intellectual and organizational aspects in a national policy perspective, focusing in particular on developments in structural materials R&D. After a brief explanation of the concept of monitoring, the main cognitive and institutional features for the monitoring enterprise are explored. It is suggested, in conclusion, that effective monitoring of domestic and international developments requires highly ‘distributed’, through well-integrated, multi-level efforts, where government agencies perform the functions of network catalysts and supplementary, high-level technology scanners. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.

Understanding the Language of Argument and the Methods of Science

In order to teach about the language of argument and the grounds for belief - validity, credibility, truth - in science, a course designed to critically assess the soundness of the bolide hypothesis of dinosaur extinctions was offered to freshmen and sophomores, most of whom possessed little background in the sciences. By studying what is not reliably known, these undergraduates gained an unconventional but realistic perspective of the intellectual aspects of the scientific enterprise. Throughout the term, students were taught how to think, how to write, and how to talk competently and confidently, as well as how to formulate and to evaluate arguments. A variety of provocative teaching techniques (Table 3) engaged students in active rather than merely passive learning. Using controversial topics currently under debate in the scientific community in combination with teaching about reasoning and argument is a powerful, underutilized pedagogical technique for introducing undergraduates to the intellectual me...

Hommage à Cheikh Anta Diop, 1923–1986

The concept of black Egypt was introduced by Cheikh Anta Diop in 1952 and developed in 1954 in his book Nations nègres et culture. Reacting to the prevail- ing Eurocentrism, he wanted to write a new world history to show the enormous contribution of blacks which had been obscured subsequently by the slave trade and colonialism. Accusing the Greeks of vulgar plagiarism, Cheikh Anta Diop did not accurately treat the relationship between creation and borrowing. He thought that there was a genetic relationship between ancient Egypt and the African languages. A nationalist and Afrocentrist, he became wedded to the intellectual aspects of civilization and opened avenues of research on a number of problems. His great contribution lies in projecting a new view of world history in which blacks play a crucial role.

I.T. Education for humanities students: The Lampeter approach

In 1984, a new course, Information Studies, was introduced at Saint David's University College, Lampeter. This project attempted to provide an academic course of study into the application and implications of Information Technology (I.T.). The course was offered to students as a full Bachelor of Arts, Part One, option course and could be chosen as one of the three subjects studied in Year One of the Bachelor of Arts degree course. Several factors made the enterprise unusual. Firstly, Lampeter has only faculties of Arts and Technology. Students are offered a range of subjects from the arts, social sciences, divinity and theology and there was no expectation by students for a technology course. Secondly, most of these students had not previously followed advanced courses in science or technology. By adopting a methodical approach to the development of Information Studies it was intended to tailor the course as closely as possible to the original concept and to the needs of the students. The content of the course has therefore reflected the current developments in I.T., and student activity has been that which will increase useful knowledge and skills for the students. In addition, because of the unusual factors noted above, serious consideration was given to the organization and presentation of the course. In order to compensate for the “insecurity” generated by technical topics in general, and computers in particular, particular sensitivity was maintained by the lecturers and tutors who presented the course. Nevertheless, Information Studies had to cater for beginners without losing its credibility as a degree subject while attempting to maintain both the practical and the intellectual aspects of the course. This has allowed students to learn new skills of I.T. and at the same time apply these to their knowledge and understanding of other fields. The project was a working research activity. As with the most educational developments it did not have the luxury of a controlled environment and so a scheme of “Action Research” was planned. This involved analysing, evaluating and modifying the programme continuously. Analysis of student's coursework and written examination results has shown that the student scores in Information Studies are not significantly different from their marks in other Part One degree courses, nor is there any significant difference between the performance of female and male students.

State, society and calvinism: Parsons and Merton as seen from abroad

The contemporary assessment of the works of Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton includes among others three volumes written by authors from abroad.* These works attest to the world-wide penetra? tion, since the end of World War II, of American sociological theory. At the same time, within the United States, sociological theory is experiencing a crisis of confidence of its own. The studies under evaluation here provide us with an angle of refraction allowing us to see our theory as others see it. Talcott Parsons and the Capitalist Nation State is a work that grew out of William Buxton's "radicalization of the early 1970V (p.ix). The journey that led this Canadian scholar to the work of Talcott Parsons and to the writing of this book was guided by a passionate interest in "how domination has been exercised and how it could be challenged and transformed" (p.ix), a passion not uncharacteristic of Buxton's generation of youthful radicals, some of whom aspired to domination for themselves. In contrast to the latter aspirants, a few of whom are now so thoroughly academicized that their concern is with "bringing the state back in" (as if it ever went anywhere), Buxton's quest for political knowledge led him first to Oxford University, then the London School of Economics, later to the Free University of Berlin and, finally, to Talcott Parsons. Par? sons, according to Buxton, addressed the problem of the ordering of the American nation-state almost exclusively and obsessively; more-over, he described the role that sociologists and political scient? ists might play in the guidance of it. Buxton's analysis of the political and intellectual aspects of Par? son's work, shows us how Parsons' liberal Calvinist values were transferred into both a sociology and a form of public philosophy for American society. Guided by a deep sense of responsibility for the

From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China

From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China

From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China

From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China

Utility product patent protection for plant varieties

There is considerable discussion in both United States and international circles regarding the appropriate means of protecting the intellectual property aspects of plant varieties. At issue is whether plant varieties should be protectable by utility (industrial) patents or by special plant protection statutes. More specifically, the question is 'should utility product patents be granted for plant varieties?' The question was answered in the affirmative in the United States on September 18, 1985, when the Patent and Trademark Board of Patent Appeals and Inter- ferences in the case of