Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale Research Articles

Enhancing Relapse Prevention: Examining the Impact of Experiential Avoidance, Integrative Self-Knowledge, and Basic Psychological Needs in Substance Use Treatment.

The harmful effects of drug relapse have always been one of the major challenges in addiction treatment. The present study aimed to predict drug relapse in addicted men under treatment based on experiential avoidance, integrative self-knowledge, and basic psychological needs. The present study was a correlational one. The statistical population included all addicted men in Choubindar prison in Qazvin in 2021, among whom 200 individuals were selected randomly. Then, the participants filled out the Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ), Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK), and Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Data were analyzed using stepwise regression via SPSS software (version 25). The results of the study demonstrated that some of the components of experiential avoidance including distraction, distress endurance, behavioral avoidance, and distress aversion could account for 14.0% of the variance of the relapse in the addicts (P<0.05). Moreover, the obtained results considering the reflective self-knowledge component and the overall score of integrative self-knowledge could explain 15.0% of the variance in relapse in the addicts. Among the basic psychological needs, communication could predict 3.8% of the variance in relapse. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that through addiction treatment and prevention of relapse programs, psychologists reduce drug relapse in addicts by decreasing distractions and behavioral avoidance, increasing distress endurance, enhancing self-knowledge, and improving efficient relationships.

The mediating role of mentalization and integrative self-knowledge in the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy.

Since intimacy is a fundamental human need within social relationships, and recognizing that a fear of intimacy correlates with various negative consequences, it becomes crucial to examine the origins and factors that contribute to addressing this issue. This research aimed to investigate the mediating roles of mentalization and integrative self-knowledge in the link between childhood trauma and the fear of intimacy. Conducted as correlational descriptive research, our study incorporates a total sample of 303 adult women and men participants aged 20 to 50 in Tehran using the convenience sampling method. They completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Mentalization Scale (MentS), and the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK). To analyze the research data at the descriptive level, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used, while path analysis tested our hypotheses in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Fit indices were used to check the model's fit, and the mediation test was performed using the bootstrapping method. The fit indices revealed an excellent fit of the model with the data (χ2 = 1.51, χ2/df = 1.51, p = 0.219; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.99; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99). Results indicate mentalization fully mediates the childhood trauma-fear of intimacy relationship (β = 0.14, p < 0.01). However, the indirect relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy through integrative self-knowledge was insignificant. The results also showed that the path coefficient from mentalization to fear of intimacy was negative and significant (β = -0.41, p < 0.001), while the path coefficient from integrative self-knowledge to fear of intimacy was not significant (β = -0.02, p > 0.05). Based on the current findings indicating the complete mediation of mentalization and the insignificance of the mediation of integrative self-knowledge, we can deduce that enhancing the capacity for mentalization holds promise in effectively addressing intimacy-related issues. Overall, the study suggests mentalization effectively predicts the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy. This, in turn, may mitigate the detrimental effects of challenging childhood experiences on an individual's ability to engage in intimacy and cultivate emotional closeness.

Self-Worth and Self-Knowledge in Iranian Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery: A Comparative Study

Prior research has reported a psychological impairment in patients seeking cosmetic surgery. However, the role of other variables such as contingencies of self-worth and self-knowledge has been ignored. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine new psychological structures, contingencies of self-worth, and self-knowledge among patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Eighty patients (47 female and 33 male; mean age = 28.98, SD = 8.32; 40 seeking cosmetic surgery and 40 seeking surgical treatment) were randomly recruited from the Shahid Motahhari clinic in Shiraz, Iran. The patients completed the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale, Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. The results showed that, compared to the surgical treatment group, self-worth in patients seeking cosmetic surgery was found to depend on their appearance and the approval of others. Further, the self-knowledge in patients seeking cosmetic surgery was lower than that of patients seeking surgical treatment. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two groups in vitality, depression, anxiety, and stress. It can be concluded that patients seeking cosmetic surgery have lower self-knowledge and their self-esteem depends on their appearance and the approval of others.

The Relationship Between Integrative Self-Knowledge, Mindfulness, Self-Control, and Mental Health Parameters

Background: Self-regulating is a set of processes that controls or alters individuals’ behavior, emotion, and performance. We aimed to evaluate the relation between three components of self-regulating including integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, self-control, and some variables of mental health and self-conscious emotions. Methods: A total of 233 Iranian university students voluntarily enrolled in the study. Seven questionnaire forms including Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISKS), Attention Awareness Scale (MASS), Short Self Control Scale (SSCS), Costello &amp; Comrey's Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (RSES), Authentic Pride Scale (APS), and other as sham scale (OAS) were distributed to participants. The correlation between self-regulating variables, mental health, and self-conscious emotions were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Results: We found a negative correlation between self-regulating variables, depression, and anxiety. Our data also revealed that self-esteem positively related to integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and self-control. Among self-conscious emotions variables, authentic pride had a positive correlation with self-regulating variables whereas feelings of shame appeared a negative relationship with them. Conclusion: Integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and self-control as self-regulating components correlated to mental health and self-conscious emotions.

Exploring the mediating role of integrative self‐knowledge in the relationship between mindfulness and well‐being in the context of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an effective program for improving well-being. A growing body of studies is exploring the mechanisms mediating its beneficial effects. Integrative self-knowledge (ISK) is the construct of focus in this study. The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of ISK in the relationship between improved mindful observing (MO), non-judging inner experience (NJ), and well-being following an MBSR program with an Iranian sample. Participants (n =118) enrolled in MBSR and completed depression, anxiety, stress (DASS), Bartone Symptoms Checklist (BSC), Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and ISK scale before and after the program. Results showed significant reductions in BSC, DASS, and improvements in MO, NJ, and ISK at the end of the program. Mediation analyses revealed that changes in ISK significantly mediated the relationship between changes in MO and NJ and symptoms (MO indirect effect on DASS: β=0.11, confidence interval [CI] [0.003, 0.29]; NJ indirect effect on DASS: β=0.12, CI [-0.16, 0.45]; MO indirect effect on BSC: β=0.08, CI [0.001, 0.27]; NJ indirect effect on BSC: β=0.09, CI [0.01, 0.22]). Improvements in MO and NJ may provide a pathway to cultivating ISK in MBSR, which may lead to enhanced well-being.

Dimensional investigation of individual differences in personality disorder traits based on the three-dimensional model of personality self-regulation

The aim of the present study is to conduct a dimensional investigation of personality disorder traits based on the three-dimensional model of personality self-regulation (TDMPS). This model includes the following three basic elements for self-regulation: self-control, self-knowledge/mindfulness, and self-compassion. A total of 432 university students completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Self-Control Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. By controlling for demographic (age and gender) and psychopathological variables, the results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that the dimensional scores for schizotypal, narcissistic, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders were characterized by deficiencies in mindfulness; antisocial personality disorder was characterized by deficiencies in self-control; paranoid personality disorder was characterized by deficiencies in mindfulness and self-compassion; histrionic personality disorder was characterized by deficiencies in mindfulness and self-control; avoidant and dependent personality disorders were characterized by deficiencies in self-knowledge and self-compassion; and finally, the dimensional scores of borderline personality disorder were characterized by deficiencies in all variables. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that personality disorders are, at least partly, separable based on TDMPS.

A bias of self-reports among repressors: Examining the evidence for the validity of self-relevant and health-relevant personal reports.

Studies have shown that repressors tend to respond to self-report tools in a positive fashion which distorts the findings of studies based on questionnaires. The present study aimed to examine the way repressors respond to "Self-relevant" scales (which assess variables related to adaptive self-function) in comparison to "Health-relevant" scales (which assess physical and psychological health). Iranian university students (N = 271) responded to the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (to differentiate between repressors and self-assured individuals), Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale, Self-control Scale, Integrative Self-knowledge Scale and Self-compassion Scale (to measure self-relevant variables), Bartone Symptoms checklist and the Depression and Anxiety Subscales of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Subscale (DASS-21) (to measure health-relevant variables). Based on responses to the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory, 101 participants fell into two groups, including repressors and self-assured individuals, and their data were further analysed. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no difference in repressors' scores in health-relevant scales compared to the self-assured group (healthy individuals), but they reported higher scores in adaptive self-relevant scales compared to the self-assured individuals. This study provides new evidence that compared to self-assured individuals, repressors differ in the way they respond to self-relevant versus health-relevant scales.

Integrative Self-Knowledge and Marital Satisfaction

ABSTRACT Married Iranian couples (N = 210) responded to the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale along with a measure of marital satisfaction, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Big Five, and an index of interpersonal problems. Integrative self-knowledge correlated positively with marital satisfaction, positively with all but the extraversion Big Five traits, and negatively with three indices of interpersonal problems. Integrative self-knowledge also mediated a number of personality relationships with marital satisfaction. Spouse-ratings of personality confirmed the adaptive implications of integrative self-knowledge for marriage. Linkages with questionnaire response styles supported the description of integrative self-knowledge as a measure of both self-insight and self-development. Results confirmed the potential of integrative self-knowledge for studying self-regulatory processes and suggested that the enhancement of self-knowledge may be a useful goal in efforts to strengthen marriages.

Mindfulness and integrative self‐knowledge: Relationships with health‐related variables

This study examined how mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge were related to health-related issues. Men in general population (n = 103) and coronary heart disease samples (n = 101) completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale, the Type 2 subscale of the Interpersonal Reactions Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Anxiety and Depression Scales. In both samples, there was a moderate positive correlation between mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge and they were negatively correlated with all health-related variables. However, only integrative self-knowledge explained independent variance in health-related variables. Specifically, in both samples, the relationship between mindfulness and health-related variables was mediated by integrative self-knowledge. Mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge are related domains of self-awareness that are associated with a range of health-related variables. These relationships are robust across samples drawn from general population and patients with coronary heart disease. The finding that integrative self-knowledge explained additional variance in the health-related variables after the contribution of mindfulness had been accounted for suggests that reflective self-awareness in integrative self-knowledge may make a unique contribution to the explanation of individual differences in health variables.

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale

The aim of this research is to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Integrative self -knowledge Scale (ISKS; Ghorbani, Watson, & Hargis, 2008). Participants were 396 university students (277 were female and 119 were male) from Sakarya University. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three dimensional model was well fitted and Chi-Square value (x2=108. 38, df=49, p=0. 00) which was calculated for the adaptation of the model was found to be significant. The goodness of fit index values of the model were RMSEA=.055, NFI=.97, CFI=.98, IFI=.98, RFI=.96, GFI=.96, and SRMR=.041. The internal consistency coefficients of three subscales were .74, .77, and .83, respectively. The overall internal consistency coefficient of the scale was .86. The corrected item-total correlations of ISKS ranged from .37 to .67. Overall findings demonstrated that this scale had high validity and reliability scores and that it may be used as a valid and reliable instrument in order to assess self-knowledge levels of individuals.

Integrative Self-Knowledge and the Harmony of Purpose Model in Iranian Autoimmune Patients

Teleological coherence theoretically underlies healthy immunological and psycho-neural responses to stress and should be lacking in autoimmune patients. An Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale served as a plausible psychological measure of teleological coherence in Iranian Autoimmune, Non-Autoimmune, and Healthy Student groups. Participants also responded to measures of perceived stress and to the Levels of Self-Criticism Scales, Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Autoimmune patients displayed the lowest Integrative Self-Knowledge, highest perceived stress, and greatest evidence of psychological disharmony. Integrative Self-Knowledge correlated negatively with perceived stress and psychological disturbances and partially mediated the relationship of perceived stress with interpersonal problems. Integrative Self-Knowledge may usefully clarify the psychosomatic dynamics of autoimmune patients.

The Relation of Perceived Parenting with Integrative Self-knowledge

This study investigated the relation of perceived parenting (including involvement, autonomy support and warmth dimensions) with integrative self-knowledge. 352 students aged 18-20 (142 boys, 210 girls) completed the Perception Of Parents Scale (Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) and Integrative Self-Knowledge scale (Ghorbani, Watson, & Hargis, 2008). The results indicated that perceived autonomy support and warmth were positively associated with integrative self-knowledge. Also, perceived autonomy support and then warmth (especially of the mother) can predict changes of integrative self-knowledge. It can be concluded that the person's autonomy support is one of the most effective factors in developing the self-knowledge.

Self-Knowledge and Narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with Empathy and Self-Esteem

Self-knowledge is a Muslim psychological ideal, but social theory suggests that the dynamics of narcissism and self-esteem may challenge the stability of Muslim society. In Iranian university students, an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale displayed relationships with narcissism, self-esteem, and empathy that reflected relative mental health; and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory included factors that pointed toward adjustment as well as maladjustment. Evidence that narcissism predicted positive forms of self-functioning was more obvious in men than in women. Outcomes further confirmed that self-knowledge is as an adaptive process in Iran and that narcissism and self-esteem may have noteworthy implications for understanding Muslim society.

Relationships between Self- and Peer-reported Integrative Self-knowledge and the Big Five Factors in Iran

An Integrative Self-Knowledge (ISK) Scale measures tendencies to engage in a cognitive process of uniting past, present, and desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole. In the present project, 288 Iranian university students responded to the ISK and Big Five scales and rated their dormitory roommates on these characteristics as well. These procedures most importantly revealed a positive correlation between self- and peer-reported ISK. Self-reported ISK also predicted higher levels of self-reported Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience, and this pattern of relationships appeared with the peer-report data as well. In these results and also in correlations of the self- with peer-report scales, associations of ISK with greater Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience were especially noteworthy. This study confirmed the validity of the ISK scale and the adaptive behavioral significance of what it measures.