Integration Policy Research Articles

Stigmatization and perceptions of Venezuelan migrants in Peru in the context of Venezuela’s political and economic crisis

This study analyzes the social and individual stigmatization toward Venezuelan immigrants in Peru within the context of the largest migratory movement in Latin America, driven by the political, economic, and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. The study employs a qualitative approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews with a diverse sample of 24 participants from major Peruvian cities, including Lima, Arequipa, Cusco, and Trujillo. These in-depth interviews provide insights into the complexity of perceptions toward Venezuelan migrants, ranging from stigmatizing views driven by associations with economic threats and criminality to more positive perceptions that acknowledge the migrants’ adaptability and economic contributions. The findings reveal that while negative stereotypes perpetuate social exclusion and pressures for cultural assimilation threaten the preservation of migrant identities, there are also narratives highlighting resilience and successful integration. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing intercultural education programs, promoting labor integration policies, and collaborating with the media to combat stigma. It concludes that addressing these challenges through a multidimensional, human-rights-based approach can foster greater social cohesion and better integration of migrants, benefiting both the migrant population and Peruvian society.

Social reproduction and contestation of racialized Roma exclusion: The role of civil society organizations in the Czech Republic

ABSTRACT Anti-Roma racism remains a persistent concern in numerous European countries. Despite sustained efforts by both the European Union and national governments over the past two decades to promote Roma inclusion, the effectiveness of these integration policies has largely been perceived as inadequate. This has been evident in the widespread exclusion experienced by Roma communities. Focusing on the Czech Republic, this article moves from examining state policies to the actions of civil society. In this context, the article explores the role played by Czech civil society organizations (CSOs) in both challenging and perpetuating racialized Roma exclusion. Building on Bourdieu’s concept of social habitus, this article expands it to a racialized social habitus framework. Through online interviews with CSOs and ethnographic fieldwork in four Czech cities, it explores the complex interplay between integration policies, civil society, and the racialized exclusion of the Czech Roma. The article illuminates how these organizations simultaneously contest and reinforce racialized perceptions of the Roma, thereby enriching scholarly dialogue on the complex dynamics of race and racism within civil society.

Research on Macao Study Tour Policy and Cross-strait Cultural Construction on the Macao Local Government Cultural Industry—Taking the “Ten Thousand Persons Plan”

The development of Macao's study tour policy is closely related to the cultural industry. Its evolution has enriched cultural experience, promoted exchanges, and driven the coordinated development of the cultural tourism industry from "national education" to "national education + tourism". This study uses intergroup contact theory to thematically analyze 28 respondents' views on cross-strait relations and cross-strait culture. The results show that the study tour can promote exchanges between young people in Mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan Region; it can also directly meet the ideal conditions for intergroup communication mentioned by Allport, and have a positive impact on mainstream ideology and national identity. However, the government can create a cross-strait study tour circle. This circle can provide a better platform for strengthening indirect contacts between different regions. It makes up for the lack of direct contact conditions (spatial distance). This study fills the gap in the literature on enhancing cultural integration, identity construction, and cultural policy impacts among cross-strait youth through study tours, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the cultural relations between mainland China, the Macao SAR, and Taiwan region.

Strategies for Strengthening Network Capacity in the Implementation of Food Security Policies at the Local Level in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze network management strategies in the interactive governance perspective in the implementation of food security policies in North Luwu Regency, Indonesia. The complexity of food security issues requires effective collaboration and interaction among various actors in the policy network. Using a qualitative approach with an explanatory case study design, this research examines seven indicators of network management strategies: network (de-)activating, constitutional reform, (de)coupling games, changing incentives, changing internal structure and position of actors, changing relations, and management by chaos. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, involving relevant stakeholders from government agencies, farmer organizations, and private sector partners. The findings reveal that the application of network management strategies facilitates interaction among network actors and contributes to the success of interactive governance in implementing food security policies. Network (de-)activating involves the engagement of new coalitions and resource mobilization to strengthen cooperation and interaction. Constitutional reform through changes in rules and resources helps develop coordination mechanisms and strengthen policy integration. (De) coupling games demonstrate the separation of strategies carried out by various actors to support a holistic approach in achieving food security. Changing incentives through incentive interventions can increase motivation and active participation of actors in realizing food security. Changing relations indicate changes in cooperative relationships and actor roles to enhance effective collaboration. Management by chaos through the application of principles of flexibility, adaptability, and the ability to manage uncertainty can strengthen interactive governance in facing complex and dynamic challenges. This study recommends strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration, developing a structured incentive system, enhancing the capacity of farmer organizations, and optimizing the use of information technology to improve the success of interactive governance in food security policy implementation.

The environmental and social opportunities of reducing sugar intake

Sugar is the largest agricultural crop by mass and has seen a rapid increase in consumption around the world. There are widespread public health efforts to curb sugar intake through targeted policies given its association with noncommunicable diseases. Although curbing sugar intake aligns with sustainable diets that meet essential environmental and health targets, such a shift may be challenging from a political economy perspective. Utilizing sugar for other purposes such as the production of microbial protein, biofuels, and bioplastics, or using sugar lands to grow other food items, or rewilding could provide health and environmental win–wins that could be more politically palatable. Here, we explore several potential scenarios to illustrate the option space from which national and international stakeholders could choose locally appropriate pathways for alternative utilization of sugar or its lands. While beneficial, such alternative pathways would require the integration of environmental, economic, and health policies to provide a smoother diet transition that reduces stakeholder tensions. Given the trade in sugar as a commodity crop, international approaches that compensate sugar producers for avoided production or incentivize them for redirecting sugars to other uses will be needed. Such approaches could borrow concepts from Just Transition Partnerships that have been applied to energy system transitions in ensuring a transition for major exporters of sugar cash crops across low- and middle-income nations.

Emerging trends and key themes in public financial management: A bibliometric analysis from 1977 to 2024

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the literature on public financial management (PFM), aiming to identify key trends, influential publications, and emerging themes. Using data from Web of Science and Scopus, the study examines the evolution of PFM research from 1977 to 2024. The findings reveal a significant increase in PFM research output, particularly after 2010, with countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and China contributing the most publications. Central themes such as financial management, transparency, and accountability remain prominent while emerging topics like gender budgeting, health insurance, and blockchain technology reflect shifting priorities in the field. The study employed performance analysis and science mapping techniques to assess the structure and dynamics of PFM research. The analysis highlights key focus areas, including fiscal decentralization and sector-specific management, and identifies gaps in the existing literature, particularly regarding interdisciplinary and international collaboration. The results suggest that while PFM remains rooted in traditional governance and financial control, there is a growing emphasis on modern, innovative solutions to address contemporary challenges. This study’s insights provide a roadmap for future research, emphasizing the importance of transparency, technological integration, and inclusive financial policies. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis contributes to understanding PFM’s evolving landscape, offering scholars and policymakers a clearer perspective on current trends and future directions in the field. Future research should focus on expanding interdisciplinary approaches and exploring the practical impacts of emerging PFM trends across different regions.

Governance Frameworks for Renewable Energy Development: Energy Transition and Public Governance

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate governance frameworks for renewable energy development, with the aim of understanding how effective governance can facilitate the energy transition and contribute to sustainable development. Theoretical Framework: This research draws on key theories in public governance and energy transition, focusing on regulatory mechanisms, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of renewable energy policies. Concepts from energy security and sustainable development underpin the analysis. Method: A comprehensive literature review and case study analysis were conducted. The study design includes an examination of regulatory and policy mechanisms, stakeholder involvement, and institutional structures across various regions. Data collection was based on case studies from different countries, analyzing the challenges and successes in renewable energy governance. Results and Discussion: The results revealed the critical role of policy coherence, long-term stability, and stakeholder engagement in the successful implementation of governance frameworks. Key challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, grid integration, and public acceptance were identified. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the theoretical framework, offering insights into the relationships between governance and energy policy outcomes. Research Implications: The study provides practical and theoretical implications for policymakers and energy practitioners. It underscores the need for coherent, stable, and inclusive governance frameworks that can address barriers and promote the integration of renewable energy into national energy systems. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by offering an in-depth analysis of governance frameworks and their role in the renewable energy transition. It highlights best practices and offers valuable lessons for stakeholders engaged in energy governance.

Countering Radicalization in the North Caucasus

Abstract By the mid-2010s, a significant decrease in the number of jihadists in the North Caucasus, in addition to internal ideological differences, was facilitated by fundamental factors: the lack of mass support in local Muslim communities, the anti-terrorism activities of the state, its informational and ideological support, and the policy of post-conflict integration. The number of supporters of the Caucasus Emirate decreased due to the split after the 2014 Olympics in Sochi; in 2015, the Caucasus Emirate officially ceased its activities, and after 2017, the flow of radical Islamists leaving Russia and joining ISIS stopped—violent extremism has begun to de-escalate in the region. To reduce ethnoreligious extremism and strengthen the integration of Muslims into Russian society, the federal government adopted a multi-level deradicalization strategy, including anti-terrorism operations and a large-scale policy of co-optation and support for moderate Russian Muslim leaders and their traditional communities.

The land tenure and environmental policies nexus: policy integration and spatial planning in Benin

ABSTRACT This article examines the dynamics of integration between land tenure and environmental policies in Benin. This country is characterised by growing vulnerability to the effects of climate change and is marked by a long history of extraversion and dependence on international aid. This article contributes to the theoretical debate on the integration and coordination of environmental and climate policies by showing that cross-cutting policy objectives can hardly be achieved by State sectoral institutions alone, which are largely dependent on international development aid. It successively analyses the different agendas for rural and urban land issues, the incomplete institutionalisation of a Ministry of the Environment, and finally the growing development, supported by international aid, of a more targeted approach to spatial planning, which is more inclusive of land and environmental issues, but which remains focused on urban areas. The article concludes with a discussion of the structural difficulties encountered by international donors and the Beninese government in reaching agreement on cross-cutting issues, and the sectoral autonomies that contribute to the dynamics of inertia and limit the integration of these issues into bureaucratic routines.

North-East India: A ‘Gateway’ to Enhanced Connectivity with East and Southeast Asia

North-East India, situated at the crossroads of South, East, and Southeast Asia, is poised to become a vital ‘gateway’ to foster seamless connectivity and cooperation between India and the ‘Asia-Pacific’ region. The region’s strategic location makes it a crucial player in India’s foreign policy, particularly through the ‘Act East Policy’ aimed at strengthening ties with ‘East’ and ‘Southeast Asia.’ With its geographical proximity to Southeast and East Asian markets, North-East India has immense potential for increased investment under the ‘Act East Policy,’ making it an attractive hub for trade, commerce, and connectivity. The region’s connectivity infrastructure, including roads, railways, airports, and ports, is being upgraded to facilitate seamless trade and people-to-people contacts. This improvement in connectivity is expected to boost regional economic growth, enhance India’s Act East Policy, and foster ASEAN-India cooperation. This paper explores North-East India’s potential as a ‘gateway’ to enhance connectivity with ‘East’ and ‘Southeast Asia,’ highlighting its geo-strategic significance, economic opportunities, and cultural connections, and assessing its role in shaping India’s foreign policy and regional integration. The paper also investigates the government’s initiatives and projects to facilitating connectivity with ‘East’ and ‘Southeast Asia.

The genesis of entropy in the conditions of the digital economy and socio-economic relations: globalization challenges and opportunities for sustainable development

The article traces the genesis of entropy in the minds of the digital economy and social economic developments, which stems from the rapid digitalization and accelerated globalization of current economic systems. The author has conducted research to highlight how digital transformations bring increased insignificance, creating new challenges for traditional models of management and social interaction. In the article, special attention is paid to the analysis of the legacy of the shift in the level of entropy for social unevenness, cybersecurity, technological accessibility and adaptation of enterprises to new minds in the market, which is We are important in the current information space. The emphasis is on the fact that the growing information and economic entropy is a critical factor that contributes to the ongoing development, which can lead to the destabilization of social and economic structures. The influx of globalization processes on entropy processes in the economies of the countries that are developing, where digital inequality is a factor in the growth of entropy, has been closely observed. Also, the role of government regulation in minimizing the negative legacies of entropy through promoting the policy of digital integration and supporting the development of harmonization of all processes has been analyzed. Opportunities for changing entropy are seen through the use of new innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence, great data and automation, which allow optimizing resource management and reducing the level of insignificance. It is emphasized that the genesis of entropy in the digital economy requires further investigation, from which the economic stability of systems, as well as social harmony and equality have access to resources. The article also makes recommendations for further direct investigation of entropy in the minds of Swedish digitalization and globalization, which is aimed at developing strategies for managing complexity and insignificance in current social and economic systems.

Thinking alike, acting alike? An assessment of organizational homophily and paradigmatic pragmatism in networks for local integration policies

As migrant integration policies touch upon almost all spheres of citizens’ life, collaboration across policy levels as well as across policy domains is needed. Over time, a series of both policy and analytical paradigms on the integration of migrants emerged, going from the traditional ideas of differentialism and assimilation, over multiculturalism, interculturalism, integrationism, liberal egalitarianism and mainstreaming, up to superdiversity and intersectionality. While networks for integration policies are likely to be at least partly driven by these paradigms, recent studies seem to nuance this assumption based on so called paradigmatic pragmatism, meaning that cities draw on a variety of ideas and pragmatically combine them under the header of diversity policies. The need for multi-level and multi-actor governance on migrant integration, the theoretical knowledge about homophily in organizational networks, and the recent findings on paradigmatic pragmatism, raise the question to what extent collaboration between public and non-profit organizations active around migrant integration is based on a shared policy paradigm on the integration of migrants. This question is answered based on a multiple case study of four central cities in Flanders (Belgium), covering 1.403 organizations. In the quantitative and qualitative (social network) analyses, comparisons along both the axes of cities and policy domains are made. Findings contribute to literature on organizational homophily, showing that clustering of organizations is likely to be at least partly driven by policy paradigm on integration. This is however nuanced by the observation that policy paradigms appear to be ambiguous, which in turn reveals opportunities for more flexible collaborations between actors and for avoiding deadlocks in policy making.

Exposure to household air pollution and childhood multimorbidity risk in Jimma, Ethiopia

BackgroundChildhood multimorbidity, characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple medical conditions in children, is a global concern. Notably, exposure to household air pollution has been linked to various health issues, particularly affecting vulnerable segments of the population residing in poorly ventilated homes. However, evidence regarding the impact of household air pollution on the risk of multimorbidity in low-income settings remains scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between household air pollution and childhood multimorbidity in Jimma, Ethiopia.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 280 children under the age of five who lived in households using solid fuel (n = 140) and clean fuel (n = 140). The Demographic Health Survey morbidity questionnaire was used to collect information from mothers about common childhood illnesses. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between the use of solid fuel for cooking in households and the likelihood of childhood multimorbidity. In addition, Poisson regression estimation was used to determine if exposure to solid fuel could increase the number of morbidities.ResultsThe overall prevalence of childhood multimorbidity was 34.3% [95% CI: 0.29–0.40]. Among these cases, 23.9% were among children from solid fuel user households, whereas about 10.4% were from clean fuel user households. Adjusted for all possible socioeconomic, demographic, water, sanitation, hygiene, and health care covariates, children living in solid fuel user households had more than three times the odds of childhood multimorbidity compared to children living in clean fuel user households (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI [1.42–6.95], p < 0.001). Moreover, household air pollution from solid fuel use was positively associated with an increased number of individual morbidity conditions, with an adjusted β coefficient of 0.46 (IRR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.17–2.13], p = 0.003).ConclusionSolid fuel use was an independent predictor of childhood morbidity risk. Efficient policies and strategies, such as the integration of environmental regulation policies into the healthcare system aimed at the reduction of harmful air pollutants and their adverse health effects on children, need to be implemented.

Implementasi Moderasi Islam dalam Kegiatan Imtaq di MAN 2 Lombok Timur

Religious moderation has become a public discourse and has given birth to various meanings. This fact is one indicator of the importance of moderation, as seen in the development and variety of studies such as religious moderation, Islamic moderation, moderate Islam, and so on. This study aims to determine how the Madrasah Policy is in the implementation of Islamic moderation and the Implementation of Islamic moderation through Imtaq Activities at MAN 2 East Lombok. In this study, documentation, observation, and interviews are the methods used to collect data. The study results are the Madrasah Policy regarding the Implementation of Islamic Moderation Through Imtaq Activities at MAN 2 East Lombok. The efforts made by MAN2 East Lombok in implementing Islamic moderation through imtaq activities are as follows: 1) Information collection policy related to Islamic Moderation, 2) Integrative Policy of Islamic Moderation, and 3) Action policy towards instilling moderation values. Implementation of Religious Moderation in Learning at MAN 2 East Lombok The learning program has been integrated with the values ​​of religious moderation through teaching and learning activities (KBM), extracurricular activities (Imtaq), and habituation activities. In terms of content, these programs are related to the socio-cultural context, which not only teaches religion in the dzahiri aspect but also the spiritual aspect. However, in the implementation process, it is sometimes trapped in fanaticism and extremism which results in verbal violence and intolerance.

Recruit, integrate, and retain: Internationally educated nurses mobility to the Nordic region: A two-round policy Delphi study

The global shortage of nurses has increased the migration of internationally educated nurses (IENs) to the Nordic region, necessitating policies for their migration and workplace integration. This study aimed to identify expert opinions on migration and integration policies for IENs to inform future policy development. A two-round policy Delphi study was conducted. The first round used qualitative content analysis to identify policy statements, and the second round used a quantitative descriptive approach to validate them. Response rates exceeded 75% in both rounds. Experts identified 36 statements across six themes. High consensus policies included employer contract compliance (96.9%), credential approval (96.9%), language proficiency initiatives (96.9%), diversity, equality, inclusion and belonging (DEIB) training (87.5%), and bilateral agreements (87.5%). The study emphasizes the importance of credential recognition for IENs before migration and their ongoing professional development, highlighting the need for DEIB training for leaders.

Urban Planning Strategies for Coastal Cities in China in Response to Climate Change

Global climate change has increasingly posed a serious threat to coastal cities, rendering them particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of rising sea levels, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and the shifting patterns of climate. Traditional urban planning methods, which had been the cornerstone of city development, were found to be inadequate in addressing these escalating challenges. The previous studies often failed to account for the critical importance of integrating climate factors into the planning process, leading to vulnerabilities in urban infrastructure and design. This study meticulously examined the limitations of these conventional urban planning approaches and explored the potential for adapting urban planning strategies in Chinas coastal cities to better respond to the looming threat of climate change. By conducting a thorough analysis of the impacts of high temperatures, floods, and other climate-related events, the study proposed a comprehensive series of response measures tailored to the specific conditions of the time. These measures included the integration of green policies into urban planning to enhance environmental sustainability, the strategic selection of building materials aimed at mitigating urban heat, and the enhancement of water resource management systems to alleviate the urban heat island effect. Moreover, the study closely investigated existing climate response measures through detailed case studies in Xiamen and Dalian, two prominent coastal cities in China. The primary objective was to significantly enhance the resilience of these cities, effectively reduce the risks associated with climate change, and promote a path towards sustainable development. Ultimately, the goal was to create more livable, safer, and sustainable urban environments that would be better equipped to face the challenges posed by an unpredictable climate future.

Towards Sustainable Decarbonization: Addressing Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption and Infrastructure Development

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) plays a pivotal role in achieving decarbonization within the transportation sector. However, the widespread adoption of EVs faces multifaceted challenges, particularly concerning infrastructure development. This paper investigates the intersection of sustainability, decarbonization, and EV adoption, with a focus on identifying and analyzing the challenges associated with infrastructure deployment. Strictly adhering to the methodological principles and process of systematic literature reviews, this paper analyzes research spanning the fields of engineering, energy, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and others to elucidate the barriers hindering EV adoption, ranging from technological limitations to regulatory complexities and market dynamics. Furthermore, it examines the critical role of infrastructure, encompassing charging networks, grid integration, and supportive policies, in facilitating EV uptake and maximizing environmental benefits. The findings are finally used to present the implications for theory, practice, and policies and to highlight the avenues for future research.

Development Strategies of Museum Research Products under the Background of Cultural and Tourism Integration

With the deepening of the strategy of cultural and tourism integration and the continuous development of the national cultural and tourism integration policy, the field of education and tourism also show a trend of integration, and museum research products are the products of the integration of the two. The development of museum research products has gradually become one of the important ways of museum marketing. As an important cultural carrier of the city and the main position of public cultural services, museums play a vital role in the economic, social and cultural development of the country.

Interrelationship between Migration, Employment and Economic Growth in the United States: A Dynamic Analysis from 1990 to 2022

The study aims to explore the intricate relationships between migration flows, employment dynamics, and economic growth in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Specifically, it assesses the impact of refugee admissions and legal permanent residents on GDP and GDP per capita in both the short and long term. A comprehensive econometric approach was employed, including correlation analysis, regression modeling, and dynamic trend evaluation. The study tested three hypotheses concerning the effects of employment growth on GDP, the distinct impacts of different migration flows, and the influence of these factors on employment rates. The study utilizes data from Statista for employment and migration figures, and GDP data from the World Bank. The analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between employment rates and GDP (r = - 0.701, p < 0.001) and GDP per capita (r = - 0.686, p < 0.001), indicating that declining employment rates are associated with increased economic output. Employment growth, counterintuitively, correlates negatively with GDP, suggesting that other factors such as productivity and technological advancements offset labor market contractions. Key results highlight the differentiated economic contributions of various migrant categories and their implications for policy. The findings underscore the complex and multifaceted nature of migration’s impact on the U.S. economy. While migration generally contributes positively in the long term, short-term challenges, particularly from refugee admissions, can strain economic resources. The study highlights the need for tailored economic and integration policies to maximize the benefits of migration while mitigating its challenges.

4.D. Scientific session: From policy to implementation: Learnings around health system reforms and Universal Health Coverage

Abstract In this session, the authors and audience have the opportunity to engage in discussions around health policy integrity and reform implementation. Introducing and implementing health system reform has been a perennial issue for countries around the world over the past number of decades. Recently, the introduction and implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has been of particular focus, with 193 countries committed to introducing UHC by 2030. At the same time, European countries that previously established national health systems are introducing new reforms in the hope of making their health systems more efficient and equitable. However, there are a number of challenges along the path of policy development and implementation with which all countries must grapple, and how individual countries go about reforming their health systems depends on their social, political, cultural and economic contexts. Learnings from around the world have highlighted that reforms can be challenged or stalled in both the design and implementation phases. This workshop, which conceptualises implementation as the “acid test” of a policy, thus explores, through three case studies, the factors that facilitate or challenge the implementation of reforms. At the same time, we discuss policy integrity, exploring reasons for why policies pivot away from original design and intent. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of health reform on equity, cognisant that the primary objective of this collective reform work is to reduce the financial burden of healthcare on households and improve access. The first presentation will provide the framework for audience discussions, outlining international lessons in relation to UHC reforms and equity. The second presentation will provide a snapshot of the Finnish experience of introducing a “big bang” structural reform. The third presentation highlights lessons from the Portuguese experience of primary healthcare reforms, the opportunity these offer for creating patient-centred care and the integral role that politics and governance play in the reform process. Finally, the Irish case study highlights the experiences of a High Income County attempting to introduce UHC much later than its European counterparts, and negotiations between the public and private sectors. Through this, we hope to hold the tensions and stimulate debate about policy robustness and resilience, and reform implementation. Each presenter will be given a strict deadline of 10 minutes each by the chair and then the audience will be invited to debate the problems identified and strategies proposed to discuss: (i) what are the facilitators and barriers to reform implementation, (ii) what are the factors that encourage policy integrity and change and (iii) whether greater cooperation across Europe regarding health reforms can be more effective in supporting robust health systems. Key messages • For reforms to be facilitated, there must be cohesion and commitment across the political, social, economic and cultural systems, and no fragmentation across health system functions. • As policy implementation is attempted, there is a tension between remaining true to key values and adapting to new circumstances.