Integration Of Traditional Knowledge Research Articles

A conceptual framework for characterization of agricultural heritage in desert-prone areas

PurposeThis study aims to propose a comprehensive conceptual framework for the characterization of agricultural heritage in desert-prone areas, with a focus on Siwa Oasis in Egypt.Design/methodology/approachThe research utilizes a multidimensional approach, integrating perspectives from sustainability principles, stakeholders and the agricultural heritage frameworks of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). It involves thematic analysis of qualitative data collected through focus group discussions and interviews with a diverse range of participants, including community members, government officials, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and researchers.FindingsThe study identifies five key elements of agricultural heritage in Siwa Oasis: cultural, ecological, economic, social and scientific. Cultural elements include traditional farming practices, irrigation systems and architectural features, while ecological elements encompass crop biodiversity, wildlife habitats and traditional landraces. Economically, date palm cultivation, olive production and agritourism activities play crucial roles in livelihood security and local economies. Socially, community cohesion, gender roles and cultural practices shape the social fabric of the oasis, with festivals and rituals fostering a sense of belonging. From a scientific perspective, the integration of traditional knowledge with modern agricultural practices enhances sustainability and resilience.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused solely on Siwa Oasis as a case study, limiting generalizability to other desert-prone areas. Further research could explore additional regions to enhance the understanding of agricultural heritage in diverse contexts. Additionally, the qualitative nature of the study may limit statistical analysis. Future studies could employ mixed-methods approaches for a more comprehensive understanding of agricultural heritage dynamics.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the multifaceted aspects of agricultural heritage in Siwa Oasis can inform sustainable development initiatives, tourism planning and cultural preservation efforts. Local policymakers and stakeholders can utilize these insights to develop policies that support traditional farming practices, ecotourism and community development. Furthermore, the promotion of agricultural heritage can enhance economic opportunities, food security and environmental sustainability in desert-prone regions.Social implicationsRecognition of the social elements embedded within Siwa Oasis’s agricultural heritage highlights the importance of community cohesion, gender roles and cultural practices. By acknowledging and preserving these aspects, initiatives can be developed to empower local communities, promote gender equality and preserve cultural identity. Such efforts can enhance social cohesion, strengthen cultural bonds and promote inclusivity in the development agenda of desert-prone areas.Originality/valueThis study contributes a novel conceptual framework that bridges multifunctionality concepts, sustainability principles and stakeholder perspectives to characterize agricultural heritage in desert-prone areas. It offers insights into the complex interplay of cultural, ecological, economic, social and scientific dimensions of agricultural heritage systems.

Exploring the ethnobiological practices of fire in three natural regions of Ecuador, through the integration of traditional knowledge and scientific approaches

This study examines the convergence between traditional and scientific knowledge regarding the use of fire and its potential to trigger wildfires, with possible impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. The research encompasses three distinct natural regions of Ecuador: the coast, the highlands, and the Amazon. Data on traditional fire use were collected through semi-structured interviews with 791 members from five local communities. These data were compared with climatic variables (rainfall (mm), relative humidity (%), wind speed (km/h), and wind direction) to understand the climatic conditions conducive to wildfires and their relationship with human perceptions. Furthermore, the severity of fires over the past 4 years (2019–2022) was assessed using remote sensing methods, employing the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and the difference between pre-fire and post-fire conditions (NBR Pre-fire–NBR Post-fire). The results revealed a significant alignment between traditional knowledge, climatic data, and many fires, which were of low severity, suggesting potential benefits for ecosystems. These findings not only enable the identification of optimal techniques and timing for traditional burns but also contribute to human well-being by maintaining a harmonious balance between communities and their environment. Additionally, they provide valuable insights for the development of more inclusive and effective integrated fire management strategies in these natural areas of Ecuador.

CULTIVATING ABUNDANCE AND HARMONY: EXPLORING THE ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FARMING: A LITERATURE REVIEW

In response to mounting concerns over the environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, the concept of natural farming has gained prominence as a sustainable alternative. This literature review critically examines the multifaceted implications of natural farming, drawing insights from a range of scholarly sources. The review explores its ecological benefits, economic viability, integration of traditional knowledge with modern science, and cultural significance. The findings emphasize natural farming's ability to enhance soil health, promote biodiversity, and foster resilient ecosystems. Economic assessments reveal its potential for reduced input costs and improved resource efficiency. The integration of indigenous wisdom and contemporary insights is recognized as a dynamic pathway toward agricultural innovation. Moreover, the literature underscores the need for further research in areas such as long-term ecological impact, socioeconomic dynamics, agroecological contextualization, and policy support. In conclusion, natural farming emerges as a transformative approach that harmonizes with nature, offering solutions to challenges in agriculture while nurturing ecological health, economic stability, and cultural heritage.

Impact of Climate Change on Traditional Agricultural Practices: An Ethnoecological Perspective

This research discusses the impact of climate change on traditional agricultural practices from an ethnoecological perspective. Through a literature review method, we analyzed various relevant sources to understand the complexity of the relationship between humans, the environment, and culture in the context of global climate change. Findings indicate that climate change poses serious challenges to the sustainability of traditional agricultural systems, such as changing weather patterns, vulnerability of agricultural ecosystems, and loss of local knowledge. However, local knowledge also offers significant adaptation potential in facing climate change, with the integration of traditional knowledge and modern science being key to developing effective adaptation strategies. In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of understanding and preserving the sustainability of traditional agricultural practices in the era of climate change.

Ethnobotanical Significance, Phytopharmacology, and Toxicological Profile of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae): A Review.

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in traditional medicine, where they are extensively employed by traditional physicians for treating a wide array of ailments. Limonia acidissima (Linn), commonly known as the Wood apple and belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely cultivated in countries, such as Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The various parts of Limonia acidissima, including its roots, leaves, fruits, stem, and even the whole plant, have been traditionally used in the treatment of numerous conditions, such as constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, asthma, astringent, diabetes, jaundice, and dyspepsia and act as diuretic agents, cardiotonic, cardiac stimulant, and hepato-protectant. Extensive research has revealed that Limonia acidissima possesses a rich chemical composition, including quinones, lignans, flavonoids, sterols, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, present in its stem, leaves, fruits, stem bark, and roots. These chemical constituents contribute to its diverse therapeutic properties. In recent years, numerous studies have explored the ethanopharmacological properties of Limonia acidissima extracts, highlighting their anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, wound healing, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, neuroprotective, antispermatogenic, antihistaminic, diuretic, and adsorbent activities. This comprehensive review focuses on the traditional uses, biological activities, and phytoconstituents isolated from different parts of Limonia acidissima Linn. The gathered information provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of this plant, serving as a foundation for further research and the development of novel pharmaceuticals. The integration of traditional knowledge with scientific evidence enhances the understanding of the medicinal properties of Limonia acidissima, fostering its utilization in modern medicine and healthcare systems.

A decade of advances in the study of buckwheat for organic farming and agroecology (2013-2023).

During the last decade, research has shown the environment and human health benefits of growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.). This comprehensive review aims to summarize the major advancements made in the study of buckwheat from 2013 to 2023, focusing on its agronomic characteristics, nutritional value, and potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The review examines the diverse applications of buckwheat in organic and agroecological farming systems, and discusses the ability of buckwheat to control weeds through allelopathy, competition, and other sustainable farming methods, such as crop rotation, intercropping and green manure, while improving soil health and biodiversity. The review also explores the nutritional value of buckwheat. It delves into the composition of buckwheat grains, emphasizing their high protein content, and the presence of essential amino acids and valuable micronutrients, which is linked to health benefits such as lowering cholesterol levels, controlling diabetes and acting against different types of cancer, among others. Finally, the review concludes by highlighting the gaps in current knowledge, and proposing future research directions to further optimize buckwheat production in organic or agroecological farming systems. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches to unlock the full potential of buckwheat as a sustainable crop.

The Ethno-pharmaceuticals Fighting UTI-Resistant Bacteria: Synergistic Potential Exploration

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a pressing global health concern, exacerbated by the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Bioprospecting, involving the exploration of natural resources for therapeutic potential, offers a promising approach to tackling this challenge. Ethnopharmaceuticals, traditional medicinal practices and remedies from indigenous communities, present a valuable source for discovering novel bioactive compounds. This review comprehensively evaluates the bioprospecting of ethnopharmaceuticals and their synergistic potential against antibiotic-resistant UTIs. Drawing from existing literature, we analyze a diverse range of ethnopharmaceuticals, elucidating their mechanisms of action and experimental evidence supporting synergistic interactions. Ethno-pharmaceuticals encompass various plant-based extracts, traditional herbal remedies, and indigenous healing practices utilized across generations to manage infections. We examine the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy in treating UTIs, clarifying their bioactive components and modes of action. Integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific methodologies is crucial to addressing contemporary health challenges. By harnessing the synergistic potential of ethno-pharmaceuticals, we can develop alternative therapies for UTIs, offering hope for improved treatment outcomes amidst antibiotic resistance.

Challenges and Developments in Multilingual Education in Indigenous Amazonian Communities of Peru

This paper investigates multilingual education challenges and developments in Indigenous Amazonian communities of Peru, focusing on language preservation and the integration of traditional knowledge. Addressing historical marginalization and current issues, such as linguistic diversity and cultural relevance, the study proposes community-centric approaches, collaboration with Indigenous leaders, and curriculum integration as solutions. Success stories in localized education programs showcase transformative community engagement. The integration of Indigenous knowledge is explored as a strategy for sustainable development. The study envisions a future where Indigenous languages thrive, and education becomes a conduit for cultural celebration and global connectivity.

Role Of Plant-Based Bioflavonoids in Combating Tuberculosis

Innovative strategies are required to address the ongoing threat of tuberculosis (TB), which continues to be a serious worldwide health issue. Growing interest has been paid to plant-based bioflavonoids because of their potential as TB adjunctive treatments. This chapter offers a thorough examination of the varied function of bioflavonoids in TB treatment. The first sections highlight bioflavonoids' natural defense roles in plants while describing their chemical diversity and origins. We study the mechanisms of action of bioflavonoids on Mycobacterium TB, including how they interfere with biofilm development, virulence factors, and host immunological responses. Notably, the potential for decreased drug resistance and shortened treatment durations is highlighted when discussing the synergistic effects between bioflavonoids and traditional TB medications. The anti-inflammatory properties of bioflavonoids are examined in the context of TB pathogenesis, addressing their role in modulating inflammatory responses and mitigating tissue damage. Clinical studies evaluating bioflavonoid efficacy, safety, and bioavailability are reviewed, providing insights into their therapeutic potential. Challenges associated with bioavailability and formulation are also discussed, highlighting strategies to optimize drug delivery.Incorporating ethnobotanical perspectives, we explore historical plant-based remedies for TB and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern research. The abstract concludes by outlining future directions, emphasizing promising bioflavonoid candidates for TB treatment, targeting latent infections, and advocating for collaborative, interdisciplinary research efforts. Ultimately, this chapter underscores the promising role of plant-based bioflavonoids as a potential avenue for enhancing the efficacy and resilience of TB treatment strategies, offering hope for improved outcomes in TB management.

Configuration of inclusive innovation systems: Function, agents and capabilities

Social exclusion represents a major challenge to policies advocating sustainable development in the Global South. Although this is a problem not prioritized in the realms of innovation policy focused on economic growth and competitiveness, it is now widely accepted that innovation may contribute significantly to the well-being of the social excluded. However, it is debated whether the innovation system approach is capable of informing transformational innovation policies aiming at overcoming social exclusion and other global challenges. This paper argues that the system innovation approach is adequate for facing this endeavour and identifies key constituent elements of innovation systems which are necessary for inclusion to emerge from the system dynamics. We illustrate the elements of this system configuration drawing upon the case of the appropriation of biorational approaches in pest management and precision agriculture techniques by a group of peasants in a rural village in Colombia. The proposal considers new elements that configure inclusive innovation systems in an agent-based, bottom-up perspective, such as new agents, capabilities, directionalities, and the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific and technology knowledge, elements that enable a new system function. In terms of policy implications, some reflections are made on favouring the sustainability paradigm and promoting inclusive learning processes.

Advancement of Network Pharmacology in Multi-targeted Therapeutic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants

In recent years, network pharmacology has emerged as a powerful approach for understanding the complex interactions between various bioactive components of medicinal plants and their targets within biological systems [1,2]. This approach plays a pivotal role in evaluating the multi-targeted therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, making it a promising tool for drug discovery and development. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern analytical techniques and computational methods has enabled the comprehensive exploration of the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants [3-6]. Medicinal plants have been an essential part of traditional medicine systems worldwide for centuries. These plants contain a wide array of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, which exert therapeutic effects through interactions with specific molecular targets [7,8]. However, elucidating the intricate relationships between these compounds and their targets has proven challenging [2].

Арктическая научная дипломатия США и Канады: сравнительный анализ

The article examines the U.S. and Canadian Arctic Science Diplomacy (ASD) in a comparative perspective. The authors have identified the main reasons – scientific and geopolitical – for the use of the ASD in the region by these two countries, as well as by key state and non-state actors involved in its coordination and implementation. The ASD priorities for both countries include climate change implications, environmental problems, oceanography, geophysics, glaciology, permafrost, Arctic flora and fauna, conservation of biodiversity, Arctic shipping and transport infrastructure, rational use of Arctic mineral and biological resources, local communities, indigenous peoples, integration of traditional knowledge into science, and so on. Based on the analysis, it was found that both the USA and Canada recognize the important role of the Arctic Science Diplomacy in the successful implementation of their Arctic strategy and consider this kind of “non-traditional” public diplomacy to be a rather significant resource of their policy in the Far North. The Canadian ASD has to a greater extent an internal rather than an external orientation, while the U.S. ASD basically serves as an instrument of promotion of American national interests in the region. However, the United States pay less attention to the Arctic Science Diplomacy than Canada. The American ASD infrastructure (including the research centers and polar stations network as well as the research vessel fleet) is less developed than the Canadian one. In addition, in the U.S. strategic documents on the Arctic, unlike Canadian strategies, the coercive component is most clearly traced, which makes the United States a less attractive international partner and imposes certain restrictions on the participation of American ASD actors in Arctic cooperation. Moreover, the United States is very suspicious of the ASD of those regional “players” whom they have listed as unfriendly states (including Russia and China), which also serves as an obstacle to the development of Washington’s scientific cooperation with international partners in the Far North.

Enhancing Resilience to Recurrent Droughts and Floods in Semi-Nomadic Communities: A Case of CMDRR amongst the Doma Community in Mbire District, Zimbabwe

Marginalized communities in Zimbabwe experience recurrent climate threats due to low-risk perception, lack of awareness, depletion of household assets, and marginalization from the mainstream economy. The Doma community has had their livelihoods undermined by recurrent droughts and floods perennially. The study analyzed the causes of vulnerability and evaluated approaches employed by CBO Focus in building community resilience to hazards in this community in Mbire district. A case study design was employed. Focus group discussions, interviews, and community hazard mapping were used as data collection tools during the assessment. Training, sports, theatre arts, and functional adult literacy approaches were used in building resilience to shocks. Village heads, community leaders and the ward councillor led the activities and discussions. The Doma community is reserved and rarely interacts with outsiders, thus ill-prepared for disasters. Risk perception is low, and they lack the literacy skills to process early warning alerts. Lack of household productive assets and poorly constructed dagga huts that are susceptible to floods increase their vulnerability. Their nomadic practices are limited by national parks and conservancies. This has led to a sedentary life with little agronomic skills. The community produced a draft disaster preparedness plan and has sought collaborations with stakeholders in addition to initiating resilience-building strategies. Scaling up agronomic training, accelerated non-farm economic activities and market linkages will improve resilience to hazards. The integration of traditional knowledge into CMDRR approaches will promote project sustainability and enhance community resilience. Government support through infrastructure development and drafting policies that will promote disaster preparedness is desirable.

Indian medicinal plants are effective in the treatment and management of COVID-19

Indian medicinal plants are referred to as the “nectar of life” owing to their phytochemicals and bioactive complexes that are beneficial in treating diseases. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health issue without any proper medication. The indigenous plants of India can be exploited to control the precise signs of SARS-CoV-2. The Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has advised routine usage of medicinal plants for COVID-19. Medicinal plants like Zingiber officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Nigella sativa, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum, Tinospora cordifolia, etc. have immunity-boosting, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions that can suppress and treat symptoms of COVID-19. In vitro, in vivo as well as in silico validation, these phytochemicals can help us to manage and treat COVID-19 disease. This integration of traditional knowledge in the prophylaxis of corona infection and current skills validating it for the development of precise and powerful therapeutic approaches will more efficiently resolve different clinical aspects of COVID-19. The review focuses on both traditional and emergent methods to prevent and treat COVID-19 with various Indian medicinal plants along with their phytochemicals.

Retracted: Identifying Strategies to Improve Enrollment and Participation in Three Rural Native American WIC Programs

Abstract Objectives The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has a strong track record of improving birth and health outcomes in high-risk populations. For the past decade and a half, WIC enrollment among Native American women and children has declined by approximately 40% for reasons that have not yet been elucidated. The objectives of this work are to 1) Understand the individual-, household-, and community-level factors that facilitate and impede participation in three rural tribal WIC programs, and 2) Identify strategies for addressing significant unexplained declines in WIC participation. Methods We partnered with three tribal WIC agencies – two in the Southwest and one in the Midwest – to plan and conduct this formative research. In-depth qualitative interviews (n = 35) were conducted with current and former WIC participants, eligible non-participants, WIC staff, tribal health administrators, and managers of food store that accept WIC in each study community. Interview transcripts were inductively coded and crosscutting emergent themes across communities were identified by four researchers. Results Tribal WIC agencies are highly valued for their culturally-competent staff and the integration of traditional knowledge and values into their services. However, participation barriers related to internet and telephone connectivity have become amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a complicated and often embarrassing food shopping experience is a major obstacle to WIC benefit redemption in small rural food stores. Dominant themes differed greatly by community, indicating that intervention strategies to address declines in WIC participation should be tailored to community-level infrastructure, policy, and cultural values, which are unique to each community. Conclusions This work represents an important step toward improving understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the WIC program in rural Native communities and identifying key focus areas for future interventions. Funding Sources Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Healthy Eating Research Grant #77,235.

Perils of an open Arctic

Perils of an open Arctic

Indigenous Mapping for Integrating Traditional Knowledge to Enhance Community-Based Vegetation Management and Conservation: The Kumeyaay Basket Weavers of San José de la Zorra, México

Kumeyaay people were historically hunter-gatherers with a strong relationship with their natural resources. Due to various processes, such as missionary colonization, agrarian reform, and the definition of the border between the USA and Mexico in 1838, the Indigenous populations faced reduced mobility within their territory and modified their lifestyles, highly related to landscape and plants. One of their strong traditional practices associated with plant resources, basket-making, has likewise changed. Today, this activity is one of the most important sources of income for many of the families in the community. Nevertheless, this is being now threatened by the loss of vegetation cover, from which they obtain primary basket-making material and is now far from being environmentally and economically sustainable. An interdisciplinary group is addressing this problem from a multidisciplinary perspective and through a participatory methodological approach based on community mapping to enable the integration of local and scientific knowledge and to create vegetation management and conservation actions. Community-based Indigenous mapping has proven to be a powerful tool for the integration of traditional knowledge and its various dimensions, and knowledge integration between traditional and scientific knowledge has been successful. The project allowed for plant population analysis and adequate decision-making regarding natural resources management and conservation. The methods developed in this research represent significant progress in the development of internal capacities and empowerment of the community.

Challenges and opportunities for agricultural sustainability in changing climate scenarios: a perspective on Indian agriculture

Increasing population and related food demand always remain the most imperative challenges for the developing world. It could only be attained by an increased agricultural production based on external inputs like mineral fertilizers and pesticides during the twentieth century. The green revolution-based modern agricultural practices have resulted in the substantial increase in grain yield at the cost of natural resource degradation. The externalisation of agriculture led to a considerable decline in soil fertility and environmental resilience. It calls for a different approach which should educate the farmers to utilise their traditional knowledge to produce more grains using less external inputs. This approach is known as sustainable agriculture which is the need of the hour, at present. The sustainable agriculture practices are derived from the amalgamation of traditionally adapted healthy practices with a modern development of agricultural systems. Thus, sustainable agricultural practices are supposed to be resource-conservative and resilient to the present climate change scenario. Moreover, a higher proportion of traditional inputs either in the form of resources or the knowledge may encompass the socio-economic balance among different societies. In this review, a brief insight has been given on the concept of sustainable agriculture, its need in the present scenario and a critical assessment in terms of challenges and opportunities for overall sustainability in developing nations by considering India as a model country. How the integration of traditional knowledge and modern agriculture practices will improve the agricultural productivity, soil quality and health as well as socio-economic balance, has also been discussed in terms of research opportunities.

A Integração de Saberes e as Marcas dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais: Reconhecer para Afirmar Trocas Interculturais no Ensino de Ciências

O texto apresenta, analisa e discute algumas marcas/características presentes nos conhecimentos tradicionais relacionados à influência da Lua em práticas sociais de camponeses mapeados etnograficamente por Licenciandos em Educação do Campo em comunidades da região Norte do Estado de Minas Gerais. Seu principal objetivo é defender a integração dos conhecimentos tradicionais no Ensino de Ciências a fim de afirmar trocas interculturais. A partir da perspectiva teórica da Educação Intercultural e dos conhecimentos tradicionais dos povos do campo, crescente na Educação em Ciências, o presente estudo insere-se como resultado de ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Ao longo dos últimos anos, um grupo de professores e estudantes tem identificado um conjunto de características que perpassam o modo próprio de pensar e falar de licenciandos, assim como de moradores de comunidades do campo, estreitamente relacionadas às suas práticas sociais. Tais conhecimentos emergem em disciplinas e pesquisas realizadas no contexto do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo de uma universidade federal. As informações obtidas ilustram a existência de nove das dez marcas apontadas. Os conhecimentos destacados demonstram ainda uma rica e coletiva produção cultural que não pressupõem um julgamento ou critério de verdade. Paralelamente, esses conhecimentos tradicionais e suas marcas/características constituem-se como uma contraposição importante para o Ensino de Ciências na medida em que almejam ser reconhecidos como uma cultura produzida, dotada de características próprias que muitas vezes se aproximam daquelas da cultura científica.

The incorporation of traditional knowledge into Alaska federal fisheries management

Fisheries policy and management processes for federal waters off western Alaska currently lack consistent and considered integration of traditional knowledge (TK), TK holders, social science of TK, and subsistence information. The incorporation of these into fisheries work can lead to more informed, equitable and effective policy and management practices. This paper includes information and recommendations derived from previous work by the authors as well as from two community workshops with indigenous TK holders and fisheries experts. Discussions of TK and related concepts, TK research in the Bering Strait and Yukon River regions, and Alaska federal fisheries management-related institutions and processes as pertains to TK are presented. Substantive recommendations are provided for improving processes, increasing tribal representation, capacity building, effective communication, outreach and relationship-building, the incorporation of indigenous concerns and values, and regarding the development of a Fisheries Ecosystem Plan for the Bering Sea.