Integration Of Supercapacitors Research Articles

Construction of amphoteric hydrogel electrolytes with charge modification: An investigation of ion migration mechanism and antibacterial property

Some challenges still hinder the advancement of hydrogel electrolytes, such as low ionic conductivity and restricted flexibility, which obstacle the effective integration of supercapacitors for flexible wearable devices. We developed an amphoteric hydrogel electrolyte with a highly ionic conductivity of 46.64 mS·cm−1, 927.32 % of tensile strain and compressive strain to 85 % in ambient air. Through lignin sulfomethylation and chitosan quaternization, abundant charge groups were introduced to the structure of hydrogel electrolyte to achieve charge modification. These charged groups not only promoted the dissociation of KOH, but also formed ion transport channels to enhance the migration of K+ and OH–. Note that the hydrogel also had significant antibacterial activity, enhancing its practical applicability. Moreover, the flexible supercapacitor constructed with this hydrogel electrolyte showed excellent capacitive performance, achieving a notable specific capacitance of 192.6F·g−1 and a high energy density of 45.2 Wh·kg−1 under a current density of 0.5 A·g−1. In addition, the flexible supercapacitor also demonstrated remarkable rate performance and cycle stability, which maintained nearly constant coulombic efficiency (99.7 %) and retaining 86.1 % of capacitance retention after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. Moreover, the flexible supercapacitor maintained stability under bend and load conditions, showing good deformation adaptability.

Micro‐Supercapacitors for Self‐Powered Biosensors

Although batteries are a highly popular energy source in biosensors, batteries can be an economic limitation for low‐cost sensing applications and pose significant challenges in miniaturization, biocompatibility, and disposal. To surmount such issues, “self‐powered sensors” gain the spotlight thanks to their energy harvesting from the environment through embedded miniaturized systems. In this review, the recent developments in self‐powered devices are summarized with a specific focus on the integration of supercapacitors with sensors and biosensors. The working principles of microsupercapacitors, fabrication methods, their integration with biosensors, and their ultimate applications (i.e., biomedical monitoring and analytical biomarker detection) are described. Different energy harvesting systems are summarized and their integration with self‐powered sensors or biosensors is highlighted. The limitations and challenges of the existing approaches and the future of supercapacitor‐integrated sensing systems are also critically discussed.

A novel hybrid PI–backstepping cascade controller for battery–supercapacitor electric vehicles considering various driving cycles scenarios

AbstractThe integration of supercapacitors as hybrid energy storage systems in electric vehicles has attracted the attention of many researchers and has been considered as a promising solution. Bidirectional DC/DC converters (BDDCs) play a fundamental role in HESS, as they manage the power flow by controlling currents and regulating the DC bus voltage. However, they encounter the challenge of uncertainties and high fluctuation power loads, necessitating the fast dynamics, stability, and high robustness of the controller. This paper proposes a novel hybrid proportional–integral and backstepping cascade controller to regulate the DC‐bus voltage under uncertainties and load variations, and to control the current references of the on‐boarded sources. To confirm the asymptotic stability of the whole system, a nonlinear stability analysis is conducted using the Lyapunov theorem. A power management strategy is applied to distribute the power loads and generate reference currents for the BDDCs controller. Simulations results under various driving cycles using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller compared to conventional proportional–integral and backstepping controllers. A real‐time controller‐hardware‐in‐the‐loop test bench is developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Enhancing Electric Vehicle Performance with a Hybrid PI-Sliding Mode Controller for Battery Supercapacitor Integration

Nowadays, most of the works are based on electric vehicle usage for sustainable transportation using traditional energy storage device, such as battery. Usage of batteries in electric vehicles is having several disadvantages, for example, life span, temperature, and charge estimation. In this paper, a novel control scheme for battery and supercapacitor- (SC-) based hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using hybrid proportional and integral- (PI-) sliding mode control (SMC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications is introduced and implemented. This HESS with hybrid controller proves the usage of batteries in EVs to its fullest potential. The conventional control strategy for HESS follows two-loop voltage and current PI controllers with low-pass filter (LPF) and involves tuning of multiple control parameters with variations of source and load disturbances. Performance of the system is affected by tuning PI controller constants. A slow response time with linear PI controllers is long which is not advisable for starting and sudden jerk conditions of EVs. Moreover, the PI controller performance is affected by the system parameter variations during load changes. And these parameters are dynamic in nature due to nonideal conditions. In this paper, a hybrid PI-sliding mode controller (SMC) scheme is designed to control the bidirectional DC-DC converters to overcome the drawbacks of aforementioned issues. The combined PI-SMC controller reduces the tuning effort and reduces the effect of shift in operating point in controller performance. Linear modeling is done using small signal analysis for each subsystems. Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is used as electric vehicle. The entire system and its controllers are simulated using MATLAB-Simulink, and detailed comparison is carried between conventional PI and proposed hybrid PI-SMC scheme to regulate the DC link voltage. The results are tabulated and show that the hybrid PI-SMC scheme outperforms in transient and steady-state conditions than the traditional PI controller. A scaled hardware prototype of 48 W set-up is developed using dSPACE-1104, and the experimental results have been carried out to verify the proposed system’s feasibility.

Towards sustainable solar energy solutions: Harnessing supercapacitors in PV systems

The integration of supercapacitors in photovoltaic (PV) energy systems holds immense potential for enhancing energy storage, reliability, and efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the utilization of supercapacitors within PV systems. Fundamental principles of supercapacitor operation, including charge storage mechanisms and electrode materials, are discussed, highlighting their unique advantages such as high power density and rapid charge/discharge capabilities. Various integration strategies, including parallel and series configurations, as well as system-level control algorithms, are examined to optimize energy management and performance. Case studies and real-world examples demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated PV and supercapacitor systems across different applications and scales. According to the results of the research, 235 publications have been made on the subject in the last fifteen years and the number of publications has doubled in the last five years. Additionally, future research directions focus on improving energy density, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, as well as addressing challenges related to temperature sensitivity and system scalability. Overall, the integration of supercapacitors in PV systems offers promising solutions for advancing sustainable energy solutions and accelerating the transition towards a cleaner, greener future.

Stability Analysis in a Direct-Current Shipboard Power System with Parallel Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators and Supercapacitor Integration

This paper investigates the small-signal stability of a DC shipboard power system (SPS) with the integration of a supercapacitor. As an efficient energy storage solution, supercapacitors can not only provide rapid energy response to sudden power demand spikes, effectively mitigating load fluctuations, but also enhance the system’s resilience to disturbances. In the context of the parallel operation of two Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs), the inclusion of supercapacitors may alter the system’s dynamic behaviors, thereby affecting its small-signal stability. This paper develops the small-signal model of SPS and explores the small-signal model under various power distribution strategies in the parallel operation of diesel generator sets. Through the calculation of eigenvalues and influence factors, the system’s oscillation modes are analyzed, and key parameters affecting the stability of the DC distribution system are identified. Furthermore, this paper meticulously examines the specific impacts of electrical and control parameter variations on the system’s small-signal stability. Simulation experiments validate the accuracy of the small-signal stability analysis after supercapacitor integration into SPS.

Integration of Supercapacitors with Sensors and Energy‐Harvesting Devices: A Review

AbstractThe vigorous development of wearable and implantable electronics provides a series of new solutions for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis and treatment. Considering the particularity of the operating environment, this also puts forward higher requirements for energy storage devices (ESDs). Supercapacitors stand out from many ESDs due to their unique advantages, such as high power density, long life, and ease of fabrication. For different application requirements, supercapacitors are developing toward flexibility, multifunction, and integration. This review highlights the recent progress in developing supercapacitor‐integrated systems. Smart supercapacitors with unique properties, their applications, and integrations with various sensors and/or energy‐harvesting devices are discussed and summarized thoroughly. Furthermore, the all‐in‐one device enabled by compatible materials and ingenious structure design is also described. From practical perspectives, the key challenges facing the development of supercapacitor‐integrated systems are presented, and the suggestions for future research directions are given.

Optimized Power Management Approach for Photovoltaic Systems with Hybrid Battery-Supercapacitor Storage

The paper addresses the ongoing and continuous interest in photovoltaic energy systems (PESs). In this context, the study focuses on an isolated photovoltaic system with hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage (HBSS). The integration of supercapacitors (SCs) in this system is particularly important because of their high specific power density. In photovoltaic (PV) systems, multi-storage systems use two or more energy storage technologies to enhance system performance and flexibility. When batteries and supercapacitors are combined in a PV system, their benefits are maximized and offer a more reliable, efficient, cost-effective energy storage option. In addition, effective multi-storage power management in a PV system needs a solid grasp of the energy storage technologies, load power demand profiles, and the whole system architecture. This work establishes a battery-supercapacitor storage system (HBSS) by combining batteries and supercapacitors. The primary objective is to devise a novel management algorithm that effectively controls the different power sources. The algorithm is designed to manage the charge and discharge cycles of the hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage system (HBSS), thereby guaranteeing that the state of charge (SOC) for both batteries and supercapacitors is maintained within the specified range. The proposed management algorithm is designed to be simple, efficient, and light on computational resources. It efficiently handles the energy flow within the HBSS, optimizing the usage of both batteries and supercapacitors based on real-time conditions and energy demands. The proposed method ensures their longevity and maximizes their performance by maintaining the SOC of these energy storage components within the specified limits. Simulation results obtained from applying the management strategy are found to be satisfactory. These results show that the proposed algorithm maintains the SOC of batteries and supercapacitors within the desired range, leading to improved energy management and enhanced system efficiency.

Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles: Supercapacitor Integration at the Service of Energy Management Optimization

Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles: Supercapacitor Integration at the Service of Energy Management Optimization

Decentralized dynamic power control in an islanded DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system

The integration of renewable energy resources to utility grid calls for selection of suitable storage system to store generated energy with reliable supply of demand and selection of efficient control system for smooth control of the grid. Battery is the most common energy storage system. Combining a supercapacitor to it makes the system performance better during transients. This paper proposes a hybrid energy storage system with a battery and a supercapacitor to reduce transient power fluctuations and improve the life span of the battery by reducing the charging/discharging cycles with the incorporation of supercapacitor. The battery compensates constant power fluctuations whereas the supercapacitor compensates the transient power fluctuations. This system design offers improved performance, with better regulation of dc link voltage, frequency regulation compared to microgrid with single energy storage. The dynamic performance of the system under varying load conditions has been improved. The work proposes the power management algorithm, which helps in efficient monitoring and smooth control of the entire system. Integration of supercapacitor to the storage system enhances the performance of the microgrid, increases life span of battery and reduces the stress on battery. The DC link bus voltage is efficiently regulated and the demand is supplied reliably.

Integration of supercapacitor with solar cell based on NiO 2 and CdS nanopillars embedded in porous anodic alumina templates

Integration of supercapacitor with solar cell based on <scp> NiO ₂ </scp> and <scp>CdS</scp> nanopillars embedded in porous anodic alumina templates

Rethinking residential energy storage: GHG minimization potential of a Carbon Reinforced Concrete facade with function integrated supercapacitors

With the rise of sustainable energy generation, the need for integrated building energy storage solutions increases. Supercapacitors have not yet been considered a viable alternative to Li-ion batteries, often because of their space requirements. We present the function integration of supercapacitors into a facade, where space is abundant when using novel lightweight Carbon Reinforced Concrete (CRC) construction designs. We develop real prototypes. While materials and processes for the approach have been characterized for manufacturability in earlier studies, the resulting sustainability potential remains an open question. This study therefore assesses and supports the design process of that multifunctional facade with the help of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA results shall guide design choices on materials and constructional alternatives. We further elaborate on the potential of the multifunctional facade to compete with a Li-ion battery system as the current benchmark for residential energy storage. While the proposed design is still a prototype, the cradle-to-site LCA models a full-scale production to allow for that comparability. We calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) minimization potential for the multifunctional facade with integrated supercapacitors. It is significantly lower by a factor of around 20 in comparison to Li-ion battery energy storage. We further use different functional units to interpret the LCA results, considering both the function of the facade and energy storage. Overall, results show that the choice of the functional unit affects the material and constructional recommendations.

Hybrid Energy Storage System with Vehicle Body Integrated Super-Capacitor and Li-Ion Battery: Model, Design and Implementation, for Distributed Energy Storage

In this paper, a distributed energy storage design within an electric vehicle for smarter mobility applications is introduced. Idea of body integrated super-capacitor technology, design concept and its implementation is proposed in the paper. Individual super-capacitor cells are connected in series or parallel to form a string connection of super-capacitors with the associated management unit to form a panel. These super-capacitor panels are shaped to fit the alternative concept of vehicle design, and it solves the design issues and prepares for configurable electric vehicles. Body integration of super-capacitors enhances the acceleration, and regenerative braking performances of the electric vehicle increases the operating life of the Li-ion battery and improves space utilization by giving more area for the main energy source, the Li-ion battery. Integrating super-capacitor into the car body involves special packaging technology to minimize space and promotes distributed energy storage within a vehicle. This pioneering design encourages future configurable electric vehicles. Model of both the Li-ion battery and the super-capacitor employed is studied with its series internal resistance determined at various C-rates. Loss and the efficiency analysis of the bi-directional converter, traits of body integrated super-capacitors system and control of the interleaved bi-directional converter to regulate the power-sharing in the hybrid energy storage system is presented.

Optimal design and energy management of an isolated fully renewable energy system integrating batteries and supercapacitors

The continuous rise of global electricity demand and significant dependency on fossil fuel-based centralised power plants are the main indicators of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, thus negatively affecting climate change and human health and increasing the earth temperatures. This alarming situation has demanded the transition to 100 % renewable energy to decarbonise energy use. However, the fluctuating weather resources, and high investment cost are the major challenges with renewable energy implementation. In this context, the combined integration of multiple sources with energy storage in a so-called hybrid renewable energy system was developed as a durable remedy for the previous issues. This paper proposes a joint and conceptual approach for techno-economic design and dynamic rule-based power control of an off-grid solar/wind hybrid renewable energy system integrated with a hybrid energy storage system that comprises a lithium-ion battery, lead-acid battery, and a supercapacitor. Such concurrent integration of 100 % renewable energy systems and hybrid energy storage systems is lacking in the existing literature. First, with the aid of HOMER software, the feasibility and optimisation analysis of nine different configurations was performed in 1 min resolution to find the optimal component sizes. Second, MATLAB/Simulink models were assembled for the winning design based on a dynamic rule-based strategy to investigate and analyse the system’s dynamic response, power equilibrium, DC-bus voltage supervision and load voltage/frequency control against instantaneous and dynamic changes in the load or renewable energy resources. The proposed approach was promoted and validated on an actual case study for isolated residential community electrification in Saudi Arabia, in which a multi-tier framework was adopted to accurately simulate the stochastic energy consumption of the community’s households. From the design results, the hybrid renewable energy system, which integrates solar, wind, lead-acid batteries, and converter with optimal capacities of 55 kW, 18 kW, 325 kWh and 42 kW converter, respectively, is the most cost-effective alternative with the minimum net present and energy costs of $232,423.3 and $0.3458/kWh, respectively. The system has the least unmet load with 13.5 kWh/years (0.02 %), thus ensuring maximum reliability and customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, the developed control strategy efficiently improved the dynamic response, the DC-bus voltage stability, and the load voltage/frequency during different climatological and load interruptions. Further, the use of lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors has effectively diminished the maximum overshoot of the DC-bus and load voltages by 50 % during all disturbances. In addition, the integration of supercapacitors proficiently saved 2.3–6 kW during wind speed change and 2–9 kW during simultaneous changes in the radiation and load. Overall, the presented method, together with the reported results, provides an improved understanding and highlights the extent to which the successful integration of hybrid renewable energy system and hybrid energy storage system can be used to develop reliable and sustainable energy access for off-grid areas.

Single-Stage Hybrid Energy Storage Integration in Electric Vehicles Using Vector Controlled Power Sharing

The dual inverter topology driving an open-winding motor is well known in high voltage motor drive applications. This structure allows two energy sources to be directly connected to an open-winding motor. This enables the integration of supercapacitors into a battery electric vehicle (EV). Unlike existing solutions, this article demonstrates dynamic power sharing between the dual energy sources by controlling the active and reactive voltages of the twin inverters, thus enabling the use of the supercapacitor for either active power assist and/or reactive power assist. The dedicated vector-controlled power sharing method and energy management is shown to achieve power sharing in the dual inverter drive integrating a battery and supercapacitor, thereby eliminating the need for an additional cascaded dc/dc converter to extract/supply energy to the supercapacitor. It also enables improved efficiency by eliminating switching losses in the supercapacitor inverter during low power operation. The proposed voltage vector splitting method is also shown to achieve battery-to-supercapacitor power exchange for regulating the net energy in the supercapacitor without affecting motor operation. A laboratory prototype utilizing a 110-kW liquid-cooled EV motor and supercapacitor bank is developed to verify the practical implementation of the power and energy management strategy.

Optimization-Based Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Construction Excavator

Fuel cell hybrid electric construction equipment (FCHECE) is known as a promising solution to achieve the goal of energy saving and environment protection. Energy management strategy is a key technology of FCHECE, which splits the energy flow between power sources. This paper presents a novel optimal energy management strategy for a hybrid electric-powered hydraulic excavator system to enhance power performance, power sources lifespan, and fuel economy. As for the proposed powertrain configuration, fuel cell serves as a primary energy source, and supercapacitor and battery are considered as energy storages. The integration of supercapacitor and battery in fuel cell vehicle has advantages of improving power performance and storing the regenerative energy for future usage. An energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic control and a rule-based algorithm is proposed to effectively distribute the power between the three sources and reuse the regenerative energy. Furthermore, the parameters of the fuzzy logic system are optimized using the combination of a backtracking search algorithm which provides a good direction to the global optimal region and sequential dynamic programming as a local search method to fine-tune the optimal solution in order to reduce the hydrogen consumption and prolong the lifetime of the power sources. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management strategy enhances the vehicle performance, improves fuel economy of the FCHECE by 10.919%, increase battery and supercapacitor charge-sustaining capability as well as efficiency of the fuel cell system.

One produced three: A capacitor-battery integration strategy in a dual-carbon device

Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices having both high power density and high energy density are highly desirable. Although metal-ion hybrid capacitors (MIHCs) integrating a battery-type anode and a capacitor-type cathode are wished to realize this target, state-of-the-art MIHCs just showed the compromise performance between high-power supercapacitors (SCs) and high-energy metal-ion batteries. Herein, we propose a new concept of “device-level integration” to realize the integration of SC, MIHC and dual-ion battery (DIB) in one device. By coupling a mixed and pre-potassiated activated carbon (AC)/graphite anode and another mixed AC/graphite cathode in a K+-based organic electrolyte, as-built device can exhibit three distinctly different energy storage behaviors including SC, MIHC and DIB by simply tuning the applied voltage window. Consequently, this device is able to achieve the maximum power density at 0–2.8 V and the maximum energy density at 0–5.0 V, and exhibits a good combination of high power density and high energy density at 0–4.0 V. This work may open a new avenue for building advanced EES devices with adjustable power and energy output characteristics.

Integration of supercapacitors and batteries towards high‐performance hybrid energy storage devices

Integration of supercapacitors and batteries towards high‐performance hybrid energy storage devices

Photovoltaic-Wind and Hybrid Energy Storage Integrated Multisource Converter Configuration-Based Grid-Interactive Microgrid

In this article, a new dc–dc multisource converter configuration-based grid-interactive microgrid consisting of photovoltaic (PV), wind, and hybrid energy storage (HES) is proposed. Control structure along with power sharing scheme to operate the system under various operating modes, such as: 1) grid-connected mode; 2) islanded mode; 3) state of charge of battery ( $SoC_{b}$ ) less than or greater than specified limits; and 4) operating renewable sources (PV and wind) at maximum power point, is presented. The detailed analysis, modeling, and design of the proposed configuration and control structure are presented. The key highlights of the proposed configuration are: 1) low component count; 2) voltage boosting, voltage regulation of supercapacitor and power-sharing among the battery and supercapacitor are inherent; and 3) simple control structure with a reduced number of sensors. Supercapacitor-battery-based HES is interfaced which effectively handle the power fluctuations due to the wind, PV, and sudden load disturbances. Integration of supercapacitor to respond to high-frequency fluctuations increases the lifetime of battery storage and reduces the sizing of the storage unit. The proposed system is verified through digital simulation and experimental results.

Photovoltaic-Wind and Hybrid Energy Storage Integrated Multi-Source Converter Configuration for DC Microgrid Applications

In this paper, a new multi-source and Hybrid Energy Storage (HES) integrated converter configuration for DC microgrid applications is proposed. Unlike most of the multi-input converter configurations, a supercapacitor-battery based HES is interfaced which effectively handle the power fluctuations due to the wind, photovoltaic and sudden load disturbances. Integration of supercapacitor to respond for high-frequency fluctuations increase the lifetime of battery storage and reduce the sizing of the storage unit. The control structure is framed to achieve power balance in the system along with basic functionality such as operating renewable sources (PV and wind) at maximum power point and charging and discharging of energy storage based on power availability. The key highlights of the proposed configuration are: (i) Less number of switches, (ii) Voltage boosting, voltage regulation of supercapacitor and power-sharing among battery and supercapacitor are inherent, (iii) Simple control structure with a reduced number of sensors. The detailed analysis, modeling, and design of the proposed configuration and control structure are presented along with MATLAB simulations and experimental validations.