Integration Of Poland Research Articles

UKRAINIAN LABOR MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN ЕUROPEAN COUNTRIES: CONFLICTING NATURE OF MIGRATION POLICIES IN MODERN SOCIETIES

This paper critically examines and evaluates theoretical approaches to the internal conflict phenomenon of migration in the context of modern dynamics. The paper is devoted to the study of contemporary migration processes between Ukraine and European countries in the context of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The authors analyze theoretical approaches to the study of migration. In particular, based on an analysis of the literature, it was shown that simplified concepts, such as the "push and pull" theory, are not relevant for studying the migration of Ukrainians in European countries. Instead, the authors emphasize the need to apply new models, in particular, the theory of "migration aspirations and capabilities." The article considers the conflicting ideological approaches to the formation of migration policies of European countries, in particular the concepts of multiculturalism and assimilation. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of Poland's migration policy as one of the main recipient countries for Ukrainian migrants and refugees. The successes and gaps in Poland's integration strategies are analyzed, in particular the problem of "brain drain" of highly qualified workers from Ukraine. The need for a differentiated approach to different groups of migrants and the involvement of regional authorities in the development of migration policy is emphasized. The paper also highlights the gender aspect of migration processes, focusing on the specific challenges faced by women refugees from Ukraine. Issues of adaptation, preservation of cultural identity and overcoming internal conflicts in the new environment are considered. The importance of taking into account the factor of having minor children and elderly relatives in the process of integrating women refugees is emphasized. Overall, the article demonstrates a comprehensive approach to the study of migration processes, combining theoretical analysis, empirical data and gender studies. The authors attempt to expand the theoretical and methodological apparatus of migration research in the context of improving the understanding of the dynamics of modernity and its conflicts.

A spatial analysis of one of the regional logistics clusters in central Poland using GIS

Abstract Logistics services are a consequence of increasingly rapid economic development and globalisation. More and more facilities with adequate transport accessibility are being created for the storage of goods, which form logistics clusters. They emerged later in Central and Eastern Europe than in the United States and Western Europe. Investment in Poland's first logistics parks can be linked to the political and economic transformation in 1989, Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004, the development of motorways, and Poland's integration into the global economy. In the second decade of the 21st century, there are more than a dozen places in Poland that can be called logistics clusters. The purpose of this research was to geographically analyse a selected regional cluster located in Lodz voivodeship, as well as its links to the transport network of Poland and Europe. Geostatistical and GIS methods were used for spatial analysis. It was shown that its spatial distribution is strongly related to the A1 highway, the intersection of the A1 and A2 highways and the voivodeship city of Lodz. The characteristics of the geographic environment give reason to suggest that it has great development potential and is worthy of further observation and comparative studies.

Overwhelming number of refugees in Poland - which strategy is being pursued

AbstractBy the decision of the Polish Government, all persons arriving in the territory of the Republic of Poland after the commencement of the Russian aggression against Ukraine have free access to public psychiatric assistance, including reimbursement of pharmacological treatment on the same terms as Polish citizens. According to the UHNR data over 4 million displaced people, refugees, came to Poland so far and some of them benefited from such help.Displaced individuals suffer from the consequences of traumatic events, exhibit psychological problems or develop mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety disorders or relapses of psychotic episodes.The lecture will present data from the Interdisciplinary War in Ukraine Research Laboratory by pointing out the most important problems faced by Ukrainian refugees in Poland, why they chose Poland when escaping the war, how they evaluate Polish help, what their integration in Poland looks like. The survey also measured the level of war trauma (RHS-15). The results of the analysis show that most refugees present post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (76 %), while only 0.15% of this population was treated in public psychiatric facilities.Mental healthcare services are suddenly faced with major challenges and need to develop or expand strategies to address them. The Polish Ministry of Health prepared and started implementation of a reform of the mental health care system for adult as well as children and adolescent psychiatry. This fundamental reform should comprise three main actions, i.e. integration of mental health services into primary healthcare; establishment of community psychiatric services together with the provision of inpatient services in general hospitals; and limitation of the role of mental hospitals to specific tasks only (long-term or specialist treatment).Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Language and education policy as one of the main challenges of migrant integration in Poland

This article aims to map current state policy and governmental responses to migrant integration in Poland, as well as to identify pressing needs and key challenges in this area, with a particular focus on language and education. It draws on a literature review and analysis of legal documents and reports on migrant integration and language policy for 1989–2020. When analysing the data, particular attention was paid to the declared state policy on migrant integration and its actual implementation, as captured in the Supreme Audit Office (NIK 2015, 2020) and Migrant Integration Policy Index reports (MIPEX 2015, 2020). The research shows that the scope of integration activities and their effects have been unsatisfactory to date. The situation of migrants in Poland was dubbed “equality on paper” in the MIPEX 2020 report. Current programmes and activities are not fostering full integration of migrants. Apart from housing and employment issues, a lack of language skills and education that is not responsive to the needs of migrants remain the main barriers to migrant integration in Poland.

The Change in Thinking about Social Integration of People with Disabilities in Educational Context

The idea of social integration of people with disabilities is widely known, accepted and implemented in many areas of social life. It should be noted, however, that in more than forty years history of promoting integration in Poland, significant changes regarding the very concept of integration and understanding the determinants of its effects have been visible. The experience of teachers undertaking integrative teaching and scientific reflection have been the source of these changes, changes regarding: static (state)/dynamic (process) approach to integration, individual/social dimension of integration of people with disabilities, total/fragmentary nature of social integration are the most radical. In the aspect of changes in terms of social integration, particular attention is devoted to the conditions of integration in education of children with disabilities: positive attitudes of children towards disabled peers, preparation of a child with disability for integration, teacher - his knowledge, skills, attitude.

Can Family Farms Depend on Price Information? Testing Butter and Curd Price Integration in Poland

This study examines the integration of regional dairy markets in Poland, which is a major European dairy producing country. The analysis of prices is important, as many dairy farmers are members of dairy processing cooperatives, and their incomes are affected by the prices of two popular products: butter and curd. Moreover, the period of study included significant fluctuations in the world market and the termination of the milk quota system in the European Union (EU). The price records used in this study are from the two main milk-producing regions in the country: Northern and Central. The data were tested for stationarity and Granger causality before estimating a Vector Error Correction (VEC) model. Estimation results show that the removal of the milk quota lowered prices of butter and curd in the two regions. The relationships of the prices in both regions for butter markets were nearly perfect during the period January 2010–November 2017, but curd prices were found unintegrated. Impulse response analysis showed that the effect of shocks was mostly absorbed in a two-week period and prices returned to full equilibrium in about four to five weeks. This fast price adjustment indicates that both markets operate properly and no market participant can obtain gains above those offered at equilibrium.

Management of Expenditure on the Development of Higher Education – Poland as Compared to EU Countries

Purpose: The objective of the article is to identify, analyse and diagnose the current state of management of expenditure on the development of higher education in Poland as compared to other EU countries, and thus to indicate the necessary changes and recommendations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research relied mainly on data on the number of students and universities, enrolment, and expenditure on higher education. Polish and foreign data sources were applied to determine diversity of the distribution of students in Poland among public and private universities as well as the dynamics of the changes. In comparison to other EU countries, the changes in the coefficients of the level of higher education were analysed and the enrolment indices were compared with the indices of human development. Expenditure on higher education was examined with various approaches. In the study, statistical methods were used to describe the current trends. Findings: During the study period, the structure of tertiary education, measured by the ratio of state-owned to private universities, changed from 95:5 to 34:66. However, in terms of the number of students, state-owned universities played a dominant role. In this case, the proportions hardly changed during the study period and were 77:23 at its end. Since 2007, a slowdown in the increase in the number of students has been observed in Poland, and since 2010 the same tendency was observed in the number of universities. Practical Implications: In the long-term Polish education will develop efficiently, strengthen Poland's integration in Europe and, as a result, translate into the qualitative development of higher education in Poland. Originality/value: Knowledge of trends and levels of development of higher education, defining the role of the state as compared to the other members of the EU are important for policymakers, helping them consciously to identify prospects for development, and thus effectively manage expenses by minimizing existing risks.

Small-scale farming and food security – Policy perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe

The policy measures integrated within the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) offer potential for fostering the contribution of small farms to Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). However, these measures require appropriate ‘programming’ by national/regional authorities during the post 2020 programming period in order to realise their full potential. Using a SWOT methodology commonly used in the programming of the CAP, as well as expert validation from 46 policy experts from five countries, the paper discusses the persistent structural shortcomings of the CAP to provide a favourable policy environment for small farms in CEE. This narrative is developed via four national case studies: (a) Market integration in Poland; (b) Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS) in Romania; (c) Rural infrastructure in Latvia, and; (d) Natural resources and climate management in Romania.

Between EU’s aspiring saint and disillusioned rebel: hegemonic narrative and counter-narrative production in Poland

ABSTRACT This article uses Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory to explore the development of the counter-narrative of European integration in Poland. It argues that systemic features of the EU field of power induce political actors in the in-between member states to develop two types of narratives. These narratives are aimed at dealing with the state’s perceived lower status imposed by the hegemonic narrative produced by the field’s dominant actors. Whereas the adaptive strategy of an aspiring saint has been supported by the hegemonic pro-integration narrative, contestation of existing power relations has been legitimized by means of a disillusioned rebel counter-narrative, where correction into normality defined by established EU members is replaced with the new normal as defined by the contestants. Empirically, the analysis of hegemonic narrative and counter-narrative production in Poland is based on the qualitative analysis of speech acts produced in the years 2011–2020 by politicians and officials with regard to the eurozone, migration, rule of law and the COVID-19 pandemic crises. The findings demonstrate the interplay between policy and identity (counter-) narrative, but also show how narrative entrepreneurs use their stories to appeal to domestic and European audiences.

The East of the West, or the West of the East? Attitudes toward the European Union and European Integration in Poland after 2008

Through the lens of modernization theories, the process of European integration can be perceived as Poland’s second modernization, following the systemic transformation in the nineties. In this article, we analyze the divergent perceptions of the European Union, and attitudes toward European integration, as they coexist within contemporary Polish society. We introduce the notion of European integration as a triple modernization, encompassing economic, institutional, and cultural changes. Using a mixed methods approach based on qualitative and quantitative data from the European Values Study 2017, we demonstrate that Poles generally accept the peripheral status of Poland in the economic context and expect financial support from the core of the EU. Simultaneously, within the cultural context, there exists a marginal but salient attitude that is based on opposition toward cultural pressures and on a claim to an active role in the shaping of the European axiological agenda. Distinguishing the three aspects of this general process of European integration allows for the identification of the source of tensions that are described in literature as cross-European populist tendencies to question the very idea of European integration in member societies of the EU.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ОСВІТНЬОГО ПРОЦЕСУ І СИСТЕМИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ДОСЯГНЕНЬ СТУДЕНТІВ З ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ У ВИЩІЙ ШКОЛІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПОЛЬЩІ)

The article highlights a specific character of the educational process at universities in Poland. The features of the university admission campaign, a semester structure, the main types and forms of the full-time and part-time learning are clarified. The gradual gain of education at Polish universities is justified by the European scientific traditions: bachelor – master – doctor. The circumstances for expelling a student from a university have been studied. The differences between Polish and Ukrainian higher education systems are characterised. The system and types of evaluation of students’ academic achievements in foreign languages are analysed. Innovations in assessing students’ knowledge of foreign languages at universities in Poland include self-assessment, the use of computer technology, and portfolio. The peculiarities of the certification of students’ foreign language proficiency assessment at universities in Poland are determined. Polish universities are very open and attractive to Ukrainians due to their affordability, countries’ proximity, similarity of languages and the ample opportunities for learning Polish in Ukraine. The analysis of the theoretical sources of this problem indicates the conformity of the educational process at Polish universities with European requirements, the European credit system ECTS, which aims to take into account students’ achievements in mastering the educational program. Polish students have the opportunity to participate in international exchange programs or enter the universities in the European Union under the simplified procedure. The integration of Poland into Euro-Atlantic and European structures meets the latest requirements of modern European history and plays an important role in the processes of world integration and globalization.

Economic Consequences of State Failure—Legal Capacity, Regulatory Activity, and Market Integration in Poland, 1505–1772

With use of innovative proxies and new annual data, I demonstrate that relatively high legal capacity and regulatory activity of the early-modern Polish parliament, the Seym, was positively associated with deeper domestic commodity market integration. Conversely, the lack of effective law-making, caused by the right of a single delegate to discontinue the Seym’s sessions, fostered market fragmentation. This indicates that early parliamentary regimes required legal capacity to harmonize domestic institutions and reduce the transaction costs. The Polish case suggests a hypothesis that the pre-1800 “Little Divergence” between European parliamentary regimes could be explained by differences in their governments’ capacities.

Education as an element of integration policy – comparative analysis

The aim of the article is to present and evaluate the main activities that support the education of immigrant children in Poland and in selected European countries as well as to compare the models of integration in the field of the education of immigrant children in respective countries. The article uses the following methods: critical analysis of the literature and deductive reasoning techniques. The paper consists of three parts. The first part presents the role of education in integration policy and the objectives of the main models of integration in the area of the education of immigrant children. The second part presents legal regulations and key data relevant to immigrant children in Polish schools. The third part of the article presents integration models in European countries and compares the models of integration in Poland and in other European countries. The research hypothesis is the following: education of immigrant children as an important aspect of the policy of integration is characterised by diversified activities in respective European countries.

Sensory Integration in Poland as a New Area of Practice and Theory in Social Sciences

The subject of this article is one of the most-recent additions to the field of practice and research conducted on the borderline between social sciences—psychology, pedagogy—and medicine—sensory integration. The purpose of this article is to describe the basic elements defining sensory integration: history, definitions, and theoretical and methodological assumptions. The nature of this article is therefore introductory, referential, and metatheoretical. The need for research in this field is justified by the unclear cognitive status of sensory integration, combined with the great popularity of this sphere of therapeutic practice and knowledge.

Price volatility of agricultural land in Poland in the context of the European Union

In this paper the price volatility of land in Poland is examined during the years 1992-2016. The analysis concentrates particularly on stationarity, variation and GARCH. Differences in land price changes in particular provinces in Poland are presented and land prices in Poland are compared with other EU countries. The land market in Poland is diverse. Purchasers can buy land from private owners in the market and from the government’s Agricultural Property Agency. Generally, land offered by the Agricultural Property Agency is cheaper, but it is also more difficult to purchase. The authors of the paper used and analyzed quarterly price data from the main Statistical Office in Warsaw in PLN. The survey found high variability for land prices in Poland. The price of agricultural land has increased significantly since the integration of Poland into the EU. In 2016 the average price of land from the (APA) Agricultural Property Agency increased by 791% and the average price of private agricultural land increased by 690.2% in comparison to 2004. The prices of land differ regionally in Poland. In 2016 compared to 2005 the price of land increased the most in Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship (587,2%), Opolskie voivodeship (547,8%) and Lubuskie voivodeship (534,9%). In 2016 in comparison to 2005 the price of agricultural land increased the least in Małopolskie voivodeship (252,6%), Podlaskie voivodeship (295,0%) and Łódzkie voivodeship (304,9%). The study presents the descriptive statistics of agricultural land. The coefficient of variation of price changes in the years 2005-2016 was the highest in Slovakia (69,8%), Romania (60,4%) and Estonia (59,4%) and the lowest in Italy (9,2%) and France (12,1%). The ADF test (Augmented Dickey-Fuller test) shows that the agricultural land prices data can be classified as not stationary. The implication of the GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) model of price volatility of agricultural land is that conditional volatility cannot be confirmed.

Selected Economic Issues in the Protection of Biodiversity of Farm Animals

Summary Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this research was to determine changes in the population of native animal breeds and to indicate the importance of subsidies under agri-environmental programs. The study concerned the years 1999-2017. Materials and methods: The research was based on the documentation of the National Research Institute of Animal Production (PIB). An assessment of the population size of native animal breeds was carried out depending on the amount of subsidies from the national subsidy up to 2004 and from agri-environmental programs since 2005. Results: Since the integration of Poland with the European Union and the mobilization of funds from agri-environmental programs, a successive increase in the number of farm animals covered by the protection program has been noted. Conclusions: This investigation demonstrated a considerable, but not exclusive dependence of the dynamics of the growth of the livestock population covered by the protection program on the amount of subsidies for breeders. The preservation of EU subsidies through agri-environmental programs in the years to come is the basis for maintaining the upward trend in the abundance of native livestock populations. Also, a greater increase in the number of animals than in the number of new beneficiaries using agri-environmental programs was observed, and this is a situation conducive to breeding work. National surveys show that native breeds are a source of obtaining products with pro-health, regional and traditional properties, for which the demand is growing, and which can also help to protect the biodiversity of farm animals.

Przedsiębiorczość nierolnicza wśród mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich gminy Piotrków Kujawski

Na podstawie badania przeprowadzonego w maju i czerwcu 2015 roku wykaza­no, że z zarejestrowanych 131 podmiotów gospodarczych na podstawie rejestru działalności gospodarczej w analizowanej gminie 21 firm zawiesiło czasowo działalność. Z grupy 110 podmiotów aktywnie prowadzących działalność gospodarczą wybrano 50 przedsiębiorców, wśród których przeprowadzono sondaż. Dzięki badaniom stwierdzono, że przemiany zapo­czątkowane w 1989 roku oraz przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej (UE) w 2004 roku spowodowały największy przyrost liczby podmiotów gospodarczych w gminie Piotrków Kujawski. Najwięcej firm wyrejestrowywano w roku 2011, po pojawieniu się globalnego kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego. Najczęstszym profilem prowadzonej działalności w gminie Piotrków Kujawski była działalność usługowa (usługi remontowo-budowlane) oraz handlowa (autokomisy oraz sklepy z artykułami spożywczymi i spożywczo-przemysłowymi). Do najważniejszych czynników prorozwojowych respondenci zaliczali: obniżenie podatków oraz oprocentowania kredytów, a także rozwój infrastruktury. Wśród największych trudności badani wymieniali: zbyt wysokie podatki lokalne, niską opłacalność przedsiębiorstwa oraz zbyt wysokie standardy nakładane przez UE.

Zasoby a zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa w Polsce po integracji z UE

W opracowaniu podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy na obszarach różniących się uwarunkowaniami zasobowym dla rozwoju rolnictwa indywidualnego, związanymi z tradycyjnymi czynnikami wytwórczymi, czyli ziemią, kapitałem i pracą, po integracji Polski z UE występowały różnice w zakresie zrównoważenia ekonomicznego i środowiskowego indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych. Zakres czasowy analiz obejmował lata 2004-2014, podmiotowy dotyczył indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych, prowadzących rachunkowość rolną FADN, nieprzerwanie w całym okresie badawczym (4224 gospodarstwa), zaś przestrzenny dotyczył poszczególnych województw w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Wielkopolski. Zastosowano analizę dynamiki i struktury oraz aglomeracyjną analizę skupień metodą Warda z wykorzystaniem odległości euklidesowej. Udowodniono, że w indywidualnych gospodarstwach FADN z obszarów różniących strukturą agrarną rolnictwa indywidualnego, występowały różnice w zakresie zrównoważenia ekonomicznego i środowiskowego gospodarstw rolnych.

Zmiany w produkcji i konsumpcji mleka i produktów mleczarskich w Polsce na tle UE

W pracy analizie poddano produkcję, pogłowie oraz konsumpcję mleka w Polsce na tle krajów UE. Po integracji Polski w UE produkcja uległa zwiększeniu podczas gdy pogłowie zmniejszyło się. Było to wynikiem koncentracji chowu krów mlecznych oraz wypadaniu z rynku gospodarstw o małej skali produkcji mleka. W analizie wyników badań wykorzystano metody tabelaryczne, graficzne i opisowe. Ponadto opracowano prognozę, z której wynika, że produkcja mleka i wydajność mleczna krów będą rosły, a obsada krów będzie malała. Badania dowodzą również wzrostu bilansowej konsumpcji mleka z 195 litrów na osobę w roku 2000 do 219 litrów w roku 2016.

Metropolitan integration in Poland: the case of Poznań Metropolis

ABSTRACTThe political and socio-economic transition in Poland brought many spatial problems, including dynamic processes of suburbanization around the bigger cities, which require metropolitan-wide approach. But the national metropolitan reform process is still in an initial stage, and the only form of integrated governance in urban areas is provided by some bottom-up initiatives based on the cooperation of local governments. While the experience of ‘top-down’ approach to metropolitan region building in Poland is too short and incomplete in context of its impact on territorial polarization at the national level, the ‘bottom-up’ initiatives of local governments for metropolitan integration are key instruments to more balanced development and territorial cohesion within the metropolitan areas. In terms of metropolitan integration, the case study – Poznań Metropolis – is one of the most interesting examples for an evolutionary way from informal to legally binding institutional arrangements of urban–suburban cooperation.