Integration Of Photovoltaic Systems Research Articles

Impact of Photovoltaic System Integration on Total Harmonic Distortion in IEEE 9-Bus System

Impact of Photovoltaic System Integration on Total Harmonic Distortion in IEEE 9-Bus System

Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of the Integration of PV Systems into Hybrid Vessels

Solar energy is one type of clean energy resource, and currently the IMO, EU and UK are targeting net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This paper delves into the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into hybrid vessels in order to meet their strategies and targets. The technical challenges that come with designing such systems as well as their economic and environmental impacts are examined. By optimizing the usage of harnessed solar energy, we discover the operational strategy that provides maximal benefits through day-to-day savings as well as over the 25 year lifespan of solar panels. It demonstrates impressive economic viability, with cost savings of up to GBP 4.55 per day and a payoff period as short as 9 years. It also displays a modest emission reduction of up to 8.002 kg of CO2, which serves as proof for a pathway to greener practices in the maritime industry. This report highlights the operational flexibility that a hybrid vessel possesses once paired with a PV system through the ability to withstand regulatory and market changes. Also, when looking ahead, further adoption of PV technology creates opportunities for innovation in adopting renewable energy solutions in maritime transportation.

Transactive energy based on virtual power plant and ancillary services: A real case application in Brazil after the Law 14.300/2022

This paper introduces a transactive energy model that incorporates a Virtual Power Plant composed of photovoltaic systems, batteries and hybrid systems within an ancillary services framework. In response to the enactment of Law 14.300/2022 in Brazil, which has led to diminished commercial incentives for the installation of Distributed Energy Resources, investors are compelled to explore alternative avenues to offset these losses. The paper explores the coordination of Distributed Energy Resources as a Virtual Power Plant for commercial purposes, simultaneously addressing technical challenges such as promoting voltage control, mitigating electric losses, and reducing power demand. Simulations conducted in this paper utilizing a real case system in Brazil demonstrate that the proposed approach holds promise. This is attributed to the flexibility afforded by charging the batteries, as well as the inverter's capacity in the Distributed Energy Resources to inject reactive power, thereby enhancing the overall value of the proposed business model. The simulations conducted reveal that economic benefits are notably attained by charging batteries during off-peak periods and discharging them during peak period. Furthermore, due to the significant integration of photovoltaic systems, charging during off-peak hours contributes to the mitigation of overvoltage issues and reduction of energy losses. It is important to highlight that, during peak periods, the optimization of commercial gains is contingent upon adhering to a prescribed 3-h limit for battery discharging. Notably, the prioritization of commercial gains during peak times has the potential to enhance power demand reduction, as evidenced in the case study presented in this paper.

Optimized Dual-Layer Distributed Energy Storage Configuration for Voltage Over-Limit Zoning Governance in Distribution Networks

In this study, an optimized dual-layer configuration model is proposed to address voltages that exceed their limits following substantial integration of photovoltaic systems into distribution networks. Initially, the model involved segmenting the distribution network’s voltage zones based on distributed photovoltaic governance resources, thereby elucidating the characteristics and governance requisites for voltages across distinct regions. Subsequently, a governance model for voltage limit exceedances, grounded in optimizing energy storage configurations, was formulated to mitigate photovoltaic power fluctuations by deploying energy storage systems. This model coordinates the reactive power output of photovoltaic installations with the active power consumption of energy storage systems, thereby augmenting voltage autonomy in the power grid. This study leveraged Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions and the Big-M method to transform the dual-layer model into a single-layer linear model, thereby enhancing solution efficiency and precision. Finally, a simulation was carried out to demonstrate that the strategy proposed from this research not only achieves commendable economic efficiency, but also significantly improves the regional voltage effect by 28.7% compared to the optical storage capacity optimization model.

Optimal sizing and power losses reduction of photovoltaic systems using PSO and LCL filters.

The integration of renewable energy systems into electricity grids is a solution for strengthening electricity distribution networks (SEDNs). Renewable energies such as solar photovoltaics are suitable for reinforcing a low-voltage line by offering an electrical energy storage system. However, the integration of photovoltaic systems can lead to problems of harmonic distortion due to the presence of direct current or non-linear feedback in networks from other sources. Therefore, connection standards exist to ensure the quality of the energy before injection at a point of common coupling (PCC). In this work, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to control a boost converter and to evaluate the power losses and the harmonic distortion rate. The test on the IEEE 14 bus standard makes it possible to determine the allocation or integration nodes for other sources such as biomass, wind or hydrogen generators, in order to limit the impact of harmonic disturbances (LIHs). The evaluation of the harmonic distortion rate, the power losses as well as the determination of the system size is done using an objective function defined based on the integration and optimization constraints of the system. The proposed model performs better since the grid current and voltage are stabilized in phase after the photovoltaic source is injected.

A deep dive into enhancing frequency stability in integrated photovoltaic power grids

Voltage control strategies (VCS) and frequency stability analysis (FSA) are essential for power system reliability, particularly during high-load periods. Stable voltage and frequency levels prevent malfunction, power quality deterioration, and supply interruptions. Grid operators must skillfully manage VCS and FSA control to ensure system stability. Nonlinear loads, especially under transient conditions, significantly affect voltage stability (VS), introducing harmonics, waveform distortion, and stability complexities. Accurate modeling of these nonlinear loads is vital when traditional static load models fall short. Frequency fluctuations from power generation-demand imbalances require vigilant monitoring and regulation. Effective frequency control mechanisms are indispensable for preserving desired frequencies. Using a Western Algeria case study, this paper underscores FSA's significance in integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into power grids. It addresses challenges from frequency fluctuations due to dynamic ZIP load profiles, emphasizing the importance of FSA for reliable grid operation. The study offers insights and practical approaches to enhance VS, FSA control, and energy management (EM), improving grid reliability and ensuring uninterrupted power supply. We must look into FSA's benefits in integrating PV systems to improve performance and lower grid interruptions. This includes looking into its control mechanisms and feedback systems.

A grey wolf optimization-based modified SPWM control scheme for a three-phase half bridge cascaded multilevel inverter

The Multilevel inverter (MLI) plays a pivotal role in Renewable Energy (RE) systems by offering a cost-effective and highly efficient solution for converting DC from Photovoltaic (PV) sources into AC at high voltages. In addition, an innovative technology holds immense significance as it not only enables the seamless integration of PV systems into the grid but also ensures optimal power generation, thereby contributing to the widespread adoption of RE and fostering a sustainable future. This paper presents a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme for a three-phase half-bridge cascaded MLI-powered PV sources. The selection of the MLI configuration is motivated by its reduced number of switching components, which enhances system reliability and simplifies experimental implementation. Compared to the SPWM schemes which require (m−1) carriers that make the generation of the pulse circuit very complex, the proposed control scheme requires only three signals: a carrier signal, a triangular waveform, and a modulating signal. This approach significantly reduces the complexity of control and facilitates practical implementation. The proposed control scheme simulation is verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK Software. The grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm is implemented to determine the optimal switching angles of the proposed control scheme. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) objective is selected to be the fitness function to be minimized for improving the quality of the output waveforms. For verification, the results of the proposed GWO-based modified SPWM control scheme are compared with those obtained using both the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm (GA) used in the literature. Simulation results declared that the proposed control scheme improves performance, especially THD which is minimized to 6.8%. Experimental validation has been conducted by building a laboratory prototype of the proposed system. The experimental and simulation results gave acceptable and limited convergent results considering the experimental difficulties.

Finding Attractive Electric-Vehicle-Charging Locations with Photovoltaic System Integration

The rise of electric mobility poses a challenge and an opportunity for the housing industry to provide charging infrastructure. The housing industry can take advantage of its large roof areas to install photovoltaic (PV) systems and use the electricity generated to charge electric vehicles. This study explores how the charging demand can be allocated to specific locations based on socio-economic parameters and determines whether PV integration is economically viable for EV charging. Two models are used, one with extensive spatial and traffic data to determine the charging demand for over 300 locations, and another with a time-series-based approach for four specific locations to analyze the seasonal dependencies. The results indicate that PV integration is economically advantageous when electricity purchase prices exceed 0.15 EUR/kWh. Higher electricity prices can lead to significant additional profits through PV integration. Slow charging and charging during the day are beneficial, as they increase self-consumption, making PV systems economically viable. However, fast-charging infrastructure should be combined with PV storage systems for effective PV integration.

Machine Learning-Based Forecasting of Temperature and Solar Irradiance for Photovoltaic Systems

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the global energy landscape has been boosted in recent years, driven by environmental concerns and research into renewable energy sources. The accurate prediction of temperature and solar irradiance is essential for optimizing the performance and grid integration of PV systems. Machine learning (ML) has become an effective tool for improving the accuracy of these predictions. This comprehensive review explores the pioneer techniques and methodologies employed in the field of ML-based forecasting of temperature and solar irradiance for PV systems. This article presents a comparative study between various algorithms and techniques commonly used for temperature and solar radiation forecasting. These include regression models such as decision trees, random forest, XGBoost, and support vector machines (SVM). The beginning of this article highlights the importance of accurate weather forecasts for the operation of PV systems and the challenges associated with traditional meteorological models. Next, fundamental concepts of machine learning are explored, highlighting the benefits of improved accuracy in estimating the PV power generation for grid integration.

Assessing multifunctional retrofit potential of urban roof areas and evaluating the power and carbon benefits under efficient retrofit scenarios

Green roof installations and photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely employed roof retrofits that aid cities in mitigating climate change impacts, while avoiding the need for increased land utilization. By integrating PV systems with vegetation on urban roofs, a photovoltaic-green (PV-Green) system can be achieved for multifunctional use of the roof space, thereby simultaneously achieving PV and greening benefits. However, current research solely based on one retrofit type cannot meet the requirement for assessing the multifunctional retrofit potential of urban roofs. In this study, an assessment method is proposed to identify and quantify the multiple retrofit potential of urban roofs by integrating roof attributes (slope, orientation, and area), roof type (gable or flat), solar attributes (radiation and irradiation duration), and biogeochemical simulation. Moreover, three roof retrofit scenarios, Scenario 1 (S1): maximization of PV-Green roofs, Scenario 2 (S2): maximization of PV economic benefits, and Scenario 3 (S3): maximization of public subjective well-being through roof greening, were designed to allocate the use of urban roof spaces and evaluate their respective potential power and carbon benefits at the city scale. Using Shanghai's downtown as an example, the results showed that 85,722 roofs (or 7310.86 ha) were available for multifunctional use. S1 revealed that applying PV-Green roofs can increase the additional green biomass by 0.74 × 107 kg C/yr compared to only installing PV roofs. Moreover, S1 produced the highest power output of 2.31 × 1010 kWh/yr to meet 15.4% of Shanghai's electricity demand. S2 identified 609 flat roofs and 70,527 gable roofs that were uneconomical for PV system installation. This indicated that the solar radiation received by most gable roofs was insufficient to cover the installation cost. S3 offered a biomass production of 1.48 × 107 kg C/yr and increased carbon stocks in Shanghai by 0.87%. This assessment method provides urban planners and policymakers with an analytical tool to optimize the use of urban roof spaces, thereby enhancing urban livability and sustainability.

Analytical review study of the Grid connected Micro grid Energy Management System

As an environmentally friendly method of distributing energy production, the integration of photovoltaic systems into micro grids has drawn in significant focus on. Our goal in doing is to examine features regarding micro grid that is linked to the power grid, with a focus on photovoltaic energy management in particular. Finding the optimal micro grid capacity for the solar system seeks to increase energy efficiency, decrease dependence on main grid, and promote an utilization of green power. The outlined optimization approach evaluates the micro grid’s dynamic interactions using state-of-the-art modelling and simulation tools. These components include photovoltaic panels, energy storage systems, alongside the main grid. The refinement method takes into account crucial factors including patterns of load demand, costs of the grid electricity, and variations in solar irradiation. Finding a happy medium between increasing the amount of power generated by renewable sources and decreasing overall energy costs is the objective. That study takes a multi-scenario approach to determining how various micro grid sizes affect overall system efficiency. Using scenario-based simulations and techno-economic criteria, the appropriate size of the photovoltaic system was determined. Factors like payback time, ROI, and system reliability are taken into account here. The study’s findings provide light on grid-connected micro grids, particularly in regards to photovoltaic energy management, which is crucial for their planning and implementation. In order to make educated decisions towards more robust and ecologically friendly power systems, stakeholders, lawmakers, and decision-makers can use the optimal micro grid size as a benchmark for future renewable power projects. This paper reviews the relevant literature and proposes a division and performance strategy based on its findings. By classifying energy management into three groups according to grid connection, configuration, and control method, this article provides a description of the performance, application, advantages, and disadvantages of algorithms that may be used as a reference for selecting an appropriate algorithm. Also included is a comparison table for the control strategies that were used to regulate a micro grid system that is connected to the grid.

Analysis and mitigation of power quality (PQ) issues in 0.3MW solar photovoltaic system (SPV) connected to grid with MPPT tracker and controlled load using PSCAD software

The escalating global demand for distributed generation systems has driven the widespread integration of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system into the distribution grid. This paradigm shift, while promising in meeting energy demands, introduces intricate power quality challenges within distribution systems. This research deals with the comprehensive analysis and strategic mitigation of PQ issues of 0.3MW solar PV system, featuring advanced components like an MPPT tracker and a controlled load. Utilizing PSCAD software for simulation, the study incorporates vital input parameters like irradiance and temperature to generate 0.3MW power. The generated power undergoes a meticulous transformation process through boost converter, ensuring both voltage regulation and Power Point Tracking. The regulated DC power is then seamlessly supplied to the voltage source inverter, facilitating its supply to the Point of Common Contact (PCC), where both the conventional grid and the controlled load are intricately connected. The study employs advanced techniques, including FFT analysis to measure THD at the inverter output. Additionally, an in-depth examination of voltage imbalances adds further granularity to the power quality assessment. The THD values for inverter current and voltage are systematically evaluated through FFT analysis, offering insights into the harmonic characteristics of the system. As a strategic measure to mitigate THD and enhance overall power quality, a Static Var compensator is introduced at the inverter output. This intervention proves effective, showcasing a substantial reduction in THD levels. The research contributes significantly to the understanding and management of PQ challenges associated with the integration of solar PV systems in distributed generation scenarios. Through its comprehensive analysis and targeted mitigation strategies, the study provides valuable guidance for ensuring integration of renewable energy sources into the evolving landscape of modern power systems.

Techno-economic analysis of an optimal integration of PV and BIPV systems in a residential network

The escalating global demand for sustainable energy solutions has prompted an increasing focus on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This research paper comprehensively investigates the modelling, and techno-economic analysis of an optimal combination of sets of PV and a BIPV system based on floor areas of residential buildings. The study employs advanced simulation techniques to develop a precise mathematical and optimization model and considers the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) during the installation of PV and BIPV systems while addressing the challenge of variations in generated energy. The research contends that a comprehensive evaluation of LCOE is instrumental in determining the economic viability of optimal combinations for different sets of PV and BIPV installations based on floor area of the building while considering sustainable approaches to fulfilling energy needs. The outcomes of this research contribute significantly to the burgeoning field of renewable energy by providing a robust framework for the assessment and optimization of a combined PV BIPV system leading to decision-making towards adoption of sustainable energy solutions.

Amorphous transparent conducting oxide for van-der Waals semiconductor bifacial transparent photovoltaics

Building integrated photovoltaic systems have necessitated the development of transparent photovoltaics (TPV). Transparent conducting oxides (TCO) play a vital role in charge carrier transport in TPVs. Their high transparency, electrical conductivity, and tunable work function make them imperative for TPV applications. Here in this work, we develop a room-temperature grown amorphous-InZnO (a-IZO) thin film for the bottom electrode for TPV. The a-IZO film has demonstrated a high average visible transmittance of 84 % over commercial F:SnO2 (FTO) substrate. A TPV with wide band gap oxide (n-Ga2O3) and a very thin layer of van der Waals material (p-SnS) was fabricated over the a-IZO thin film and commercial FTO substrate for better comparison. A significant enhancement in the current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor was recorded. The device with a-IZO electrode showed a bifacial power production feature with a power conversion efficiency of 3.9 % in contrast to FTO electrode-based TPV with 1.5 %. The a-IZO-based TPV also showed a good UV–vis photodetection ability with the highest responsivity of 93 mA/W and the fastest response time of 400 μs. This work suggests that enhanced photovoltaic and photodetection performance is possible using an optimum electrode design.

Smart Deep Learning Model to Recognize PCM Optimization Performance on Solar Cooling System

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer a significant advantage by reducing the need for multiple cooling systems, potentially revolutionizing thermal comfort in buildings and optimizing thermal energy storage. The intriguing prospect of integrating PCMs into active heating and cooling systems has garnered considerable attention. Furthermore, the compatibility of PCMs with photovoltaic (PV) systems and various renewable energy sources enhances the system’s efficiency. This study explores the promising application of PCMs in solar-powered cooling systems, demonstrating their capacity to improve thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The choice of PCMs with specific phase change temperatures and heat of fusion is pivotal for optimal system performance. The integration of PV systems with thermoelectric coolers and other renewable energy sources further enhances the overall sustainability and energy utilization in buildings and cooling systems. These findings underscore the potential of PCM-based technology in addressing thermal energy storage challenges and advancing the sustainability of cooling systems and building environments.

Sustainable Urban Energy Solutions: Investigating the Solar Potential of Vertical Façades Amidst Adjacent Buildings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

This article explores the impact of adjacent buildings on solar exposure for photovoltaic (PV) applications in high-rise urban areas in Malaysia. The rapid urbanization and population density in Malaysia's high-rise areas have increased energy demand, necessitating the exploration of alternative energy sources. Integrating PV systems into vertical façades offers a promising solution for maximizing energy generation in space-constrained urban environments. However, the efficacy of PV systems is influenced by adjacent buildings, including their arrangement, height, and orientation, which affect solar exposure and energy generation potential. Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing PV system design and placement. This study aims to investigate the relationship between adjacent buildings and solar exposure for PV panels mounted on high-rise buildings in Malaysia. By examining these effects, the research provides valuable insights for urban planners, architects, and renewable energy practitioners involved in sustainable urban development. The findings will inform decisions regarding the integration of PV systems, promoting renewable energy adoption, and reducing the environmental impact of urban areas. The article also discusses Malaysia's climate, energy consumption, and solar radiation potential, emphasizing the need to harness solar energy in a country blessed with abundant sunlight. The challenges faced by current air conditioning systems and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Malaysia are outlined, along with efforts to address them through energy-efficient systems and awareness campaigns. The research conducted simulations using a 3D model in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, considering different heights and distances of adjacent buildings. The software used for simulations was IES-VE, which offers various modules for energy consumption analysis. The results demonstrate how adjacent buildings affect the annual average energy for different scenarios, highlighting the importance of distance and height. The findings provide insights into the monthly average energy variations and emphasize the relationship between adjacent building height and average energy levels. Overall, this research contributes to the efficient utilization of vertical façades for harnessing solar energy in high-rise urban areas, supporting Malaysia's sustainable energy goals while ensuring urban environment liveability and resilience.

A Techno-Economic Comparison of a Stand-alone Hybrid System for a Household: A Case Study for the Royal Commission in Saudi Arabia

The trend is now to use renewable energy sources to improve energy efficiency in the building sector and preserve the environment. The use of sources as renewable off-grid applications for driven applications in home sector (micro-grids) is very interesting nowadays. The economic factor and the cost of establishing these grids is the main obstacle to these investments. One of the key solutions to reduce the cost and increase the reliability of these grids is how to optimally determine the ratings and combination of some renewable sources based on the location of the house. This paper presents an effective techno-economical design of a stand-alone hybrid system. The system contains a photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, battery, and diesel generator. This design is performed through an extensive examination of the techno-economical design of a standalone system to provide the desired energy load for a typical household building for both Albaha and Buraydah cities in Saudi Arabia. These two cities have different geographical locations as Albaha is located at latitude 20.0217 degrees north while Buraydah is located at 26.3592 degrees north. These two cities were selected due to the difference in their geographical locations to study the effect of the weather on the building performance in terms of cost of energy, energy penetration, and load met. To enhance the performance of the proposed hybrid system, some constraints were selected, such as Net Present Cost (NPC), and Total Annual Cost (TAC). Results demonstrate that stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems can be applied to improve energy efficiency and economics of the existing buildings. Integration of PV system, wind turbine, battery, and diesel generator in the best configuration can provide a minimum cost of energy of about $0.596/kWh and $0.603/kWh for Albaha and Buraydah cities, respectively.

Cybersecurity of photovoltaic systems: challenges, threats, and mitigation strategies: a short survey

Photovoltaic (PV) systems, as critical components of the power grid, have become increasingly reliant on standard Information Technology (IT) computing and network infrastructure for their operation and maintenance. However, this dependency exposes PV systems to heightened vulnerabilities and the risk of cyber-attacks. In recent times, the number of reported cyber-attacks targeting PV systems has increased significantly. This paper provides an overview of the cybersecurity challenges faced by PV systems, emphasizing their susceptibility to anomalies and cyber threats. It highlights the urgency of implementing robust cybersecurity measures to protect the integrity and reliability of PV installations. By understanding and addressing these challenges, stakeholders can ensure the resilience and secure integration of PV systems within the power grid infrastructure.

Decision support model for PV integrated shading system: Office building case

Office buildings have a high amount of internal heat, solar gain, daytime energy consumption and occupancy schedules. Therefore, the increment in the cooling energy demand highlights the shading systems to provide efficient energy retrofit for office buildings. Shading surfaces, to prevent the high amount of solar radiation, are suitable for the collection of solar energy and the integration of photovoltaic systems onto the building envelope. However, the impact of the shading surface on the cooling, heating, and lighting energy consumption and the amount of energy produced by the PV system is a great task as a decision-making problem with multiple independent and dependent variables. This study searches for the installation of a PV integrated shading system to an office building through a decision support methodology. Independent variables such as the shading surface area, and angle and the dependent variables such as the energy, embodied carbon, and cost indicators are analysed within the decision support methodology. The results provide a definitive structure for such decision-making problems. Moreover, findings highlight that although Mono-Si PV options are more efficient in terms of energy generation, Poly-Si PV options are found to be the ideal solutions, due to the lower cost and embodied carbon.

Design of Hybrid multi-level inverter for photovoltaic(PV) application

Nowadays the demand and consumption of energy increase in the word. Due to high cost of fossil fuel it’s not able to meet the required power generation demand. But the developed and developing countries encourage to generate power from renewable energy sources. The developed countries manage their resources in such a manner that they will fulfill their needs today and in the future as well. Nevertheless, the developing countries have limited sources of fossil fuels, which may decrease day by day. For this problem, the alternate solution is required, which is renewable energy. The output of renewable i.e. photovoltaic (PV) is DC. Now this is a challenging task for the researcher to integrate the renewable energy into the ac grid. For the reliable future of the power system, it is imperative for the modern era to integrate non-conventional sources into the AC power grid.The use of photovoltaic cells is increasing dramatically in all areas of life because of their small environmental impact, pollution-free, minimal maintenance, and zero noise. The real work focuses on the integration of PV systems with the proposed new topology called Multi-level inverters based on switch dc sources for low, medium and high power applications. An inverter is a power electronics device that converts DC input to AC output voltage. Input DC voltage is obtains from PV cell array, fuel cell or any other source.The output of PV panels is use as DC input voltage source for the proposed inverter. Single-phase multi level inverter is use to convert dc power receiving form PV array to AC power. First single phase two level inverter introduce which have many problems like those that high value capacitor required at output and high total harmonics distortion’s (THD). Nevertheless, as the number of level increased in inverter output the number of electronic switches also increased which may increase the losses.Multi-level inverters are gave more attention for high power applications. In recent years, lower order harmonic components has been developed to operate at higher switching frequencies.On the other side as the number of level increased the output waveform approach to sinusoidal waveform and the harmonics decreased. Output voltage and current waveforms are obtains and THDs are analyze. The multi-level inverter used in un-interrupted power supply (UPS), variable frequency drives (VFD), pumps etc. The performance of single-phase multi-level inverter will be analyzed in MATLAB / Simulink software.