Integrated Farming System Model Research Articles

Evaluation of case studies of different integrated farming system models practiced by selected farmers in indo-gangetic plain region of India

Evaluation of case studies of different integrated farming system models practiced by selected farmers in indo-gangetic plain region of India

Comparative performance of integrated farming system models in scarce rainfall zone under rainfed and irrigated conditions

Comparative performance of integrated farming system models in scarce rainfall zone under rainfed and irrigated conditions

Designing a productive, profitable integrated farming system model with low water footprints for small and marginal farmers of Telangana

In the years 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, an experiment was carried out at the IFS Unit, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar in order to determine the best one-acre integrated farming system model for Telangana's small and marginal farmers. Seven farm models among which six models were developed by combining the various components i.e., cropping systems, fruit cropfodder crops and livestock components, in different proportions, and compared with rice-groundnut system which is a major farming approach in Telangana using randomized block design. The seven models were as follows: M1: Rice–Groundnut; M2: Rice–Groundnut, Pigeonpea + Sweetcorn (1:3)—Bajra, Bt cotton + Greengram (1:2)—Maize; M3: Rice–Groundnut, Pigeonpea + Sweetcorn (1:3)—Bajra, Pigeonpea + Maize (1:3)—Sunhemp; Napier grass, Sheep (5 + 1); M4: Rice–Groundnut, Pigeonpea + Sweetcorn (1:3)—Bajra, Bt cotton + Greengram (1:2)—Maize, Pigeonpea + Maize (1:3)—Sunhemp, Poultry unit; M5: Guava, Hedge Lucerne, Napier grass, Bt cotton + Greengram (1:2)—Maize, Sheep (5 + 1); M6: Guava, Bt cotton + Greengram (1:2)—Maize, Rice–Groundnut, Poultry; M7: Rice–Groundnut, Pigeonpea + Sweetcorn (1:3)—Bajra, Pigeonpea + Maize (1:3)—Sunhemp; Napier grass, Hedge lucerne, Poultry (100), Sheep (5 + 1). Based on a 2-year average, the Model M7 system produced 9980 Rice Grain Equivalent Yield(RGEY)kg of output per acre, with gross and net returns of ₹210,439 and ₹124,953 respectively, and recovered a B:C ratio of 2.46. It has recorded highest sustainable yield index (SYI) of 0.673 and value index of 0.772 with the lowest water footprint of 259.0 L/kg. This study reveals that adopting an integrated farming system is the optimal approach for effectively combining productive, financially rewarding, and diversified enterprises within a single acre of land.d. This system should be recommended for maximum benefits to smallto small and marginal farmers in Telangana's southern hills and plateau.

Identification of the existing Integrated Farming Systems in Udaipur District of Rajasthan

The integrated farming system (IFS) is an integrative whole-farm-oriented technique mainly used to resolve the problems of small and marginal farmers to enhance income and employment, living standards, etc. Due to numerous crises and challenges such as unawareness, poverty, droughts, dry climate, the small and marginal distribution of land, etc., the identification of an appropriate integrated farming system model is highly required. So, this research aims to deliver a solution for the identification and finalization of the IFS model which is a critical task in front of farm families, Agri-scientists, policy-makers, and business organizations. This study is conducted through a field survey in the district of Udaipur, Rajasthan. This work experimented with randomly selecting 4 panchayat samitis out of 20 panchayat samitis, 4 villages selected from each panchayat samiti ee to identify existing integrated farming systems among farm families. This study observed the prominent integrated farming system model among the considered models. This work identifies the IFS models which are the most prominent farming system (M1: crop+ dairy) and are adopted by most farm families. This research work also identified integrated farming models M1 and M2 as the most preferred, profitable, and very suitable for business decision-making. Similarly, M3 and M4 are also good but less preferred than M1 and M2.

Behavior and performance of the integrated farming system model for cassava agribusiness development in Aceh Besar regency

The aim of this research is to analyze the behavior and performance of the integrated farming system model to support the sustainable and competitive development of cassava agribusiness. This study was conducted in Aceh Besar Regency using a system dynamics methodology approach. Data and information were collected through action research, observation, and interviews. The analysis and discussion were carried out using policy structure diagrams and simulations. The model formulation and data analysis were performed using Veneta Simulation software (Vensim PLE). The research findings indicate that the behavior and performance of the integrated farming system model are significantly influenced by three groups of system behaviors, namely: (1) production facilities subsystem, (2) production subsystem, and (3) processing and marketing subsystem. The interaction among these three groups of system behaviors is expected to support the sustainable and competitive development of cassava agribusiness in Aceh Besar Regency.

Food production potential and environmental sustainability of different integrated farming system models in northwest India

Accelerated energy use, negative environmental outcomes, and poor economic returns questioned the sustainability of contemporary agricultural production systems globally. The task is much more daunting in the northwestern part of India where the over exploitation of natural resources is a major concern for sustainable agricultural planning. An integrated farming system (IFS) encompasses various enterprises such as crops, dairy, poultry, and fisheries can offer a myriad of benefits in terms of enhanced farm productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability. Hence, the study hypothesized that the complementary interaction between the different enterprises would improve food production and reduce negative environmental outcomes. Therefore, production potential and environmental sustainability in terms of energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and eco-efficiency of nine IFS models, namely, crop enterprise (M2); crop + dairy (M3); crop + dairy + fishery (M4); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry (M5); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery (M6); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery + apiary (M7); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery + apiary + boundary plantation (M8); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery + apiary + boundary plantation + biogas unit (M9); crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery + apiary + boundary plantation + biogas unit + vermicompost (M10), were compared with the rice–wheat system (M1; the existing system). All the IFS models were tested between 2018 and 2021. The results revealed that the highest food production (61.5 Mg ha−1) was recorded under M10 followed by M9 (59.9 Mg ha−1). Concerning environmental sustainability, the combination of crop + dairy + fishery + poultry + duckery + apiary + boundary plantation + biogas unit + vermicompost (M10) recorded considerably higher energy output (517.6 × 103MJ ha−1), net energy gain (488.5 × 103MJ ha−1), energy ratio (17.8), and energy profitability (16.8 MJ MJ−1) followed by M9. Furthermore, the M10 had the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity (0.164 kg CO2eq per kg food production). However, M9 had the highest eco-efficiency index (44.1 INR per kg GHG emission) followed by M10. Hence, an appropriate combination of diversified and complementary enterprises in a form of IFS model is a productive and environmentally robust approach for sustainable food production in the northwestern part of India.

Development of Integrated Farming System Model—A Step towards Achieving Biodiverse, Resilient and Productive Green Economy in Agriculture for Small Holdings in India

The agrarian communities of South Asia are dominated by small and marginal farmers (<2.0 ha operational holdings) and are confronted with manifold challenges of lower productivity, income, and resource degradation. For optimized and efficient resource use, a shift from business as usual towards green economy is imperative. Therefore, a study to address these challenges, through integrating diverse crops and allied enterprises under an integrated farming system (IFS) model was carried out. We hypothesized that a standardized IFS model with appropriate location-specific modules will have higher system output, income, and lesser environmental footprints. Vegetable cultivation (VC), protected vegetable cultivation (PVC), field crops (FC), mushroom production (MP), and beekeeping (BK) were evaluated under the IFS model, with objectives to optimize the coherent use of available farm resources with enhancing system productivity and profitability. Among the FC module, the system productivity increased from 21–247% of different cropping systems, over the predominant rice–wheat system (RWS). The integration of different components, viz., VP + PVC + FC + AHS + MP + BK + VC in M10 resulted in achieving the maximum water productivity (6.72 kg/m3), energy productivity (1.50 kg/MJ), net return (9446 USD/ha), employment opportunities (792 man-days), sustainable livelihood index (70.2%), and nutrient cycling (138.12, 67.9, and 381.6 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively). These findings can be a scientific basis for the optimization and sustainable management of natural resources under different modules of IFS for the less-endowed small and marginal farmers.

Designing an energy efficient, economically feasible, and environmentally robust integrated farming system model for sustainable food production in the Indian Himalayas

The complimentary integration of different enterprises recycled farm waste efficiently and increased the food production and eco-efficiency considerably besides reducing the greenhouse gasses intensity (GHGI) over the existing production system.

Study of Integrated Crop-targeted Production Efficient Fertilizer Uptake Response

The targeted pattern of multi-crops in investigation, control and treatment blocks emphasize on different crops or integrated approach to farming system in same field at temporal shift in cropping season. Studies and researches through programmes on “Integrated Farming System” paves and does incursion towards re-engineering process in plans and programme structure under farming systems mode. This gamut of framework led to neo institutional birth, through rigorous investigations of past models, approaches, plans, systems by analysis of productivity, viability and constraints prevailing. Designs of resource efficient, efficacious, economic farming system models and proto-modules for different farming scenario have been developed, in temporal dimensional shift of Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. Stoichiometric analysis-based use of balanced uptake fertilizers is done to meet the targeted productivity. Regression analysis and optimization models, equations, quasi-newton method and Jacobi method, amongst others , and conditions and constraints further give boost towards targeted yield productivity of integrated crops in contingency, feasibility and brisk growth , developmental choice models for thriving and succeeding in agriculture scenario through rolling a successful agricultural Integrated Farming System model and approach, with systems intelligence , thinking and technology at core of heart driving simplicity, spirituality and sustainability of global flat world agricultural productivity, in sync and harmony with mother earth.

Sustainable integrated farming system model for small farm holders of Uttar Pradesh

The developed IFS model is having different components which comprise of arable crops (1.04 ha), horticulture crops (0.22 ha), fishery (0.10 ha), mushroom (0.02 ha), poultry (10 birds), vermicompost (0.02 ha) and kitchen garden (20 m2). The overall productivity of model was 174.04 tonnes/ha/year in terms of sugarcane equivalent yield (SEY) during the representative years (2013–18). The farmyard manure (FYM) together with vermicompost and other farm-based by-products saved the nutrients by 338.71 kg N, 124.60 kg P, 306.22 kg K and 769.56 kg NPK (kg/year). The entire annual man-days generated were 441, 465, 473, 467 and 470 in various components during 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17 and 2017–18, respectively. However, maximum man-days were generated by crop component (209/year) followed by dairy component (152/year) of the IFS model. The gross return/year/ha obtained was `6.12×103/ha and net returns of (`3.74×103/ha) with per day income of `1025 from 1.5 ha of the IFS model under irrigated agro-ecosystem. Inclusion of horticulture components and boundary plantations in the IFS model also tend to reduce GHG emissions.

Location-specific integrated farming system models for resource recycling and livelihood security for smallholders

The present investigation was carried out in a holistic mode to study the interactions among the integrated farming system (IFS) components and to develop and design a sustainable IFS model which is technologically sound, economically viable, environmentally benign, and socially acceptable for the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains. For efficient utilization of farm resources and to enhance the income per unit area of land, 10 IFS models have been developed at the farmers’ fields of Patna, Nalanda, and Vaishali districts of Bihar, India, during 2016–2021, involving components like crops, poultry, cattle, goat, mushroom farming, fishery, and duckery in different combinations. Out of 10 different integrations, three primary cropping systems prevailing in the state were undertaken and seven other components were integrated in a synergistic mode. Each system was allocated an area of 0.8 ha (2,000 m²), viz., (i) rice–wheat, (ii) rice–maize, (iii) rice–maize–moong (crop), (iv) crop + vegetable + goat, (v) crop + fish + goat, (vi) crop + fish + cattle, (vii) crop + fish + duck + goat, (viii) crop + fish + duck, (ix) crop + fish + mushroom, and (x) crop + fish + poultry. To sustain the productivity of soil health, inorganic fertilizers combined with organic wastes, obtained from various components of IFS, viz., recycled pond silts, poultry manure, duck manure, goat manure and cow dung as farmyard manures (FYMs), composted residues, and vermicompost were applied to crops grown under different IFS models. The nutrient content of manure increased manifolds after recycling as compost and vermicompost. Residue recycling revealed that integration of crops with fish and duck resulted in higher fish productivity and higher net returns (increased by USD13) in comparison to poultry dropping fed fishes. Due to the recycling of droppings, viz., poultry, duck, goat, cattle, and plant wastes, an additional quantity of 56.5 kg N, 39.6 kg P2O5, and 42.7 kg K2O was added to the soil during the study. Crop integrated with fish + duck + goat had the maximum rice grain equivalent yield (RGEY), net returns, and employment opportunity (467 man-days/year) from 0.8 ha of land, followed by crop + fish + poultry integration. The sustainability index (0.77) and net energy gain (95,770 MJ) were also found highest with crop + fish + duck+ goat integration indicating the optimum efficiency of all the farming system integrations for the region.

Integrated Farming System Models Development for Small and Marginal Households for Sustainable Production and Livelihood Improvement in India: An Overview

Integrated Farming System Models Development for Small and Marginal Households for Sustainable Production and Livelihood Improvement in India: An Overview

Integrated Farming is an Effective Multiple Water use System to Enhance the Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farmers: A Review

The agriculture sector faces numerous challenges like increasing population, decreasing per capita land, fragmented land holdings, land degradation and climate change in 21st Century. The downtrend of per capita land availability poses a severe threat to the sustainability and profitability of agriculture. This issue is severe for small and marginal farmers as they face many problems sustaining single farm enterprises. The global assessment on water scarcity indicates that about 66 % of the global population live under severe water scarcity conditions. Increasing land and water productivity for enhancing livelihood security of rural poor is the challenge for various stakeholders of agriculture and allied sectors. Larger numbers of integrated farming system models have been developed and demonstrated across the globe. In most cases, integrated farming systems combine crops and livestock components. However, water component is rarely included in a few integrated farming system models and needs to be upscaled its research and demonstration on a larger scale. Hence, it is the right time to review the existing integrated farming system models and analyze the research gap on multiple water-use integrated farming systems to derive a future road map. This systematic review analyzed all available integrated farming systems' prospects and retrospects and their impacts on production and productivity. The reviews proved that crop and livestock based integrated farming systems are outperforming and enhancing farmers income, employment opportunities and fulfilling the family's nutritional requirements by optimizing the farm's resources. However, the role of harvested water and its effect on the integrated farming system is rarely studied. Hence, the research on multiple water use based integrated farming systems needs to be developed and demonstrated in all agro-ecological regions of different countries. The water productivity functions for multiple water use-based integrated farming systems need to be derived and tested to understand the role of harvested water in multiple water use scenarios.

Coconut based integrated farming: A climate-smart model for food security and economic prosperity

A coconut-based integrated farming system (IFS) model suited for lowlands was developed at the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana, Kerala State, India, under Kerala Agricultural University. The area of the model was decided as 0.2 ha, matching the average per capita land availability of a marginal farmer in the State. Apart from the major crop coconut, intercrops, such as vegetables, fruit crops, spices, fodder and tuber crops were included in the model. The allied enterprises integrated were livestock, azolla, and agroforestry. Tree components of the model comprised of teak, jack, breadfruit, garcinia and mango. Research data for five years revealed that the model generated food products above the requirement of a four-member family, and the surplus production could contribute to farmer’s income. The productivity under the IFS model was enhanced ten-folds compared to that under the sole crop of coconut for the same area. Plant nutrients were generated within the farm through organic recycling, which contributed to the substantial saving of chemical fertilizers. The system was found climate-smart because of reduced use of chemical fertilizers and net negative emission of greenhouse gases mostly achieved through agroforestry. This IFS model could also ensure considerable employment generation. The model could be adopted by farmers of lowland tracts of Kerala having similar agro-climatic features for better economic returns and environmental benefits.

Integrated Farming System Model for Sustained Farm Income and Employment Generation Under Rainfed Vertisol of Southern Zone of Tamil Nadu

Integrated Farming System Model for Sustained Farm Income and Employment Generation Under Rainfed Vertisol of Southern Zone of Tamil Nadu

Greenhouse gas emission from integrated farming system models : A comparative study

Greenhouse gas emission from integrated farming system models : A comparative study

Profitability of Integrated Farming System model for small and medium farmers of South Tripura, Tripura

The present study was carried out under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura to study the production, profitability and employment generation of IFS over prevailing conventional rice-rice system of farming in South Tripura district of Tripura during 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The components rice, maize, vegetables, ginger, apiculture, fishery, poultry and piggery were considered for the study under integrated farming system. The Integrated Farming System (IFS) model showed 17.79 % increase in productivity and 48.91 % higher net return over conventional rice-rice system. Among the components evaluated, the highest per cent net return was received from Fishery unit (31.78), followed by Piggery unit (18.19), Apiculture (13.93), Poultry unit (12.96), Spice Ginger (10.19), Crop (7.31) and Vegetables (5.64) respectively. The highest B:C ratio (3.67) was obtained from fishery unit among all the component evaluated under the IFS. A total of 289 Man days/ha/year employments can be generated under Integrated Farming System. This system of IFS model may be useful in the areas where water is limiting and an efficient alternate system of conventional rice-rice system.

Analysis of prospects application of integrated farming system models for lowland rice with beef cattle to strengthen farmers’ economy in West Sumatera

Crop-Livestock-System (CLS) is an agricultural system approach that can improve business efficiency, maintain land fertility and realize sustainable agriculture, especially on small-scale agriculture. This research was conducted in Gunung Talang Subdistrict, Solok Regency, West Sumatra, aimed to find out the habits of farmers and the potential to integrate and calculate farmers’ income if they only do one commodity farming, namely rice, or rice and cattle. Data collection was conducted from June to August 2018 using survey methods. Data collection was carried out through interviews with 30 lowland rice farmers as respondents, randomly selected. Data collected includes crop and livestock farming data such as: farmer characteristics, average rice field area, average productivity and production value, average number and value of inputs (seeds, inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, and organic and inorganic pesticides, the average supply of laboratory in an integrated farming system between plants and cattle. The results showed that average rice yield was 5.74 tons/ha of dried ground rice. The use of inorganic fertilizer urea 100 kg/ha (N 71.43%), SP-36 50 kg/ha (50%), KCl 50 kg/ha (50%).The income of farmers with only rice IDR 11,816,807 for ones hectare land. Total income from paddy (1 ha) and livestock (2 heads) integrated farming system about IDR 17, 612,405/season and provide R/C value about 1.44, meanwhile R/C value of non integrated farming system about 1.33. It means, paddy and livestock integrated farming system could increase farmer’s income about 49,45% per season compared to non integrated farming.

Comparative evaluation of different integrated farming system models for small and marginal farmers under the Eastern Himalayas

Integrated farming system (IFS) ensures efficient utilization of available farm resources, increases unit productivity and income that are pre-requisite for sustainable livelihood of small and marginal farmers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of four IFS model developed in ~ 1.0 acre area, at ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland. The major components in IFS models were agriculture, horticulture, livestock and subsidiary components like fishery, vermicompost, mushroom and azolla. The field crops, vegetables and livestock components were included in IFS model considering topography of land, soil texture and preference for the tribal livelihood. The performance in terms of component wise productivity, profitability, employment generation and sustainability value index (SVI) were evaluated in consecutive three years (2012–2015). The combinations of subsidiary components in agriculture + horticulture + poultry + fishery in IFS model (model–4) gave the highest net returns (Rupees 32040) followed by the model with agriculture + horticulture + fishery + piggery + vermicompost (model 3) with net profits of Rupees 21230. In field crops component, cropping sequence of ricetoria- mungbean system was found to be the best in terms of productivity among the tested IFS models except in model 1. In terms of employment generation, IFS model-4 has shown maximum man-days engagement (395 days), followed by 350 days in model-3. Based on sustainability values index (SI) derived from different IFS models, maximum SVI values was recorded in model-4 (0.71) followed by model-3 (0.47). Therefore, the intensification of IFS model with crop, horticulture, fishery and livestock or poultry should be popularized among the small and marginal farmers on a larger scale, as it provide scope for higher returns, year round employment and sustainable livelihood in longer perspectives of Eastern Himalayas.

DAYA DUKUNG LIMBAH PERTANIAN TERHADAP KETERSEDIAAN PAKAN TERNAK DALAM PENERAPAN SISTEM PERTANIAN TERPADU BERBASIS TANAMAN DAN TERNAK SAPI DI DESA FATUKNUTU KECAMATAN AMABI OEFETO KABUPATEN KUPANG

The latest application of integrated farming system, directed to the special specification, such as technically and product specification within increase the production efficiency oriented. For this purpose, a research was conducted in Fatukanutu, Sub-distric Amabi Oefeto, Kupang regency, about application of integrated farming system model (IFS) with banana and calf based. One of the goals is to know the carrying capacity of agriculture commodity waste that cultivated on model application that potential for feed supply, they were maize waste, cabbage, white mustard and banana’s stem. For that, estimation of total available fresh waste and total dry matter and nutrition value to determine amount of calf on animal unit per year that potential to cultivate on IFS model. The result show that total fresh waste from above plant about 6,231.09 kg per year. The next, total of dry matter about 614,2 kg. This waste can use to support calf feed supply for 97 day or worth to 0.27 animal unit per year. Nevertheless, the totally carrying capacity value of the application model more high certainty, because it is not included with the other sources of roughage that’s mean Penisetum purpurephoides and Leucaena leucocephala.