Integrated Development Plan Research Articles

RESIDENTIAL GATED COMMUNITIES IMPLICATIONS FOR KWADUKUZA MUNICIPALITY KWAZULU-NATAL SOUTH AFRICA

This paper explored the implications of residential gated communities in KwaDukuza municipality. Qualitative research method was adopted to respond to the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that these communities contribute to social and spatial segregation, hindering integrated development efforts and contradicting the principles of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA), which aims to address apartheid-era inequalities. The study also noted potential negative effects on environmental sustainability. Despite these issues, homeowner associations have improved local services like security and waste management, benefiting the community. Factors driving the growth of gated communities include security, quality services, and social status. However, they pose challenges for local authorities by obstructing the municipality’s spatial vision outlined in the Spatial Development Framework and Integrated Development Plan. Therefore, establishing a regulatory framework for gated community development is recommended to prevent further segregation and manage their expansion.

HEARING THE VOICE OF WOMEN WORKING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Early childhood development (ECD) has the potential to change society. Researchers globally recognise the importance of early intervention on children’s overall well-being and development, impacting their personality and social behaviour. When developing policies to support early childhood development, some questions arise regarding the implementation’s practicality. The National Integrated Development Plan for Early Childhood Development in South Africa aims to transform ECD service delivery in South Africa to address critical gaps and ensure comprehensive, universally available, and equitable early childhood development services. Providing quality places for care and education for children between the ages of 0-7 years is emphasised as a critical component of the overall plan toward eradicating poverty. Research indicates that the lack of quality ECD learning environments is one of the critical challenges impacting negatively on achieving the intended transformation. This research paper explores the experiences of the principals and teachers of a selection of 8 ECD centres situated in Outerwest eThekwini. The research is conducted through a theoretical lens of spatial justice for ECD children and their teachers/carers in South Africa. The study is framed within the ecological systems theory developed by Bronfenbrenner, providing an understanding of the complexity of their context. The research design follows a constructivist approach of interviews and participation, enabling voice to a marginalised group within an interpretive/ transformative paradigm. The research findings expose the multiple levels of inequality and the resilience of the women who serve the ECD sector in South Africa.

Integrated development plan strategies for service delivery in Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality

Background: Following the end of apartheid in 1994, the democratic government recognised the importance of local government as a key vehicle for service delivery.Aim: This article examined the effectiveness of the integrated development plan (IDP) strategies of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) as a public service delivery tool.Setting: In South Africa, poor service delivery has remained a challenge. This has been attributed to the challenge of transparency and accountability. Thus, the lack of access to basic needs is more profound at the local government level. While urban centres have access to certain basic facilities, rural communities such as Walmer and Motherwell townships remain underdeveloped.Methods: The study used a qualitative research design for data collection and analysis. Thirty participants were purposively selected among municipal officials, ward councillors and community members for semi-structured interviews. Thematic data analysis was used for the analysis of data.Results: Despite the IDP’s well-structured strategic framework, various challenges, such as insufficient community participation, inadequate resource allocation and a lack of essential planning skills among officials hindered its effective implementation.Conclusion: The study concluded that for the IDP to achieve its aims, its implementation should be evidence-based and responsive to community needs. Effective service delivery requires a fundamental transformation in municipal leadership and public participation.Contribution: The article presents the challenge of public service delivery within the context of the IDP strategies in a specific municipality. It serves as a signpost for understanding the implementation of the IDP as a public service delivery strategy.

GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, AND FOR THE PEOPLE: STAKEHOLDER'S ENGAGEMENT IN SERVICE DELIVERY PLANNING IN SOUTH AFRICA

This article examines stakeholder involvement in service delivery planning within local government, focusing on Polokwane Local Municipality. Local governments' proximity to stakeholders through integrated development planning (IDP) enables a comprehensive understanding of their needs. Municipalities are legally required to ensure active stakeholder participation, reflecting a governance model of "government of the people, by the people, and for the people." Drawing on Patsy Healey's (1997) collaborative planning theory, the article uses a mixed methodology, including probability sampling of 80 respondents for questionnaires and purposive sampling of 3 respondents for semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal a significant deficit in service delivery due to inadequate stakeholder engagement, despite satisfactory legislative compliance. Challenges include demonstrations, resource constraints, service backlogs, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, and corruption. Recommendations emphasize prioritizing stakeholder involvement and enhancing institutional capacity to optimize resources, address poverty, and improve service delivery.

Assessing production, processing and utilization of sorghum in West Pokot County, Kenya

Sorghum is one of the most important and under-utilized cereal crops in the Arid and Semi-Arid land (ASAL) regions of Kenya. The crop is grown in drought-prone marginal agricultural areas of Western Central and Eastern and coastal regions of Kenya. The diverse biotic and abiotic constraints including climate changes reduce sorghum productivity. Sorghum technology generators continue promoting suitable management practices and innovations to cushion and improve the resilience of smallholder farmers against the adverse effects of climate change. These interventions contribute to the attainment of not only household and national food security but also enhance incomes. Despite the increasing sorghum production and utilization in West Pokot County, there is limited knowledge of the status of production, processing, and utilization technologies. The aim of this study was to assess the current sorghum production, processing, utilization technology, innovations, and management practices among smallholder farmers. A household survey was undertaken using a jointly developed structured questionnaire by a multi- and inter-disciplinary team of researchers. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 599 households were randomly selected and interviewed. Data collected were on household and farm characteristics including technologies. The study revealed that compared to maize and pasture, land allocated to sorghum enterprise was relatively low ranging from 0.32 acres to 0.80 acres with an average of 0.73 acres. The adoption of various sorghum technological components was also low. Adoption of improved sorghum varieties was less than 7% while fertilizer use was less than 20%. These contribute to low crop yields of about 140kg per acre. In addition, value addition was also low. Sorghum use was limited to ugali (56%) and porridge (39%) against the diverse value-added products including bread baking. and industrial processing of pure and blended products. More farmer and stakeholders training need to be done. In order to fully upgrade the sorghum value chain; there is the need to have targeted sorghum policies focusing on a range of activities along the value chain. These interventions could be integrated into the West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan. Key words: Sorghum, Production, Marketing, Utilization, Challenges, Opportunities, West Pokot

Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in South Africa’s local municipal plans

Climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) agendas converge in their priorities to reduce social vulnerability and enhance resilience in the face of climate change. However, they are often treated separately in practice and in local government plans. In South Africa, while municipalities are legally mandated to develop Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Disaster Management Plans (DMPs), this is not the case for CCA. In this study, we assessed the engagement with, and linkages between, CCA and DRR in 20 local municipalities from contrasting socio-economic contexts in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by conducting an analysis of their IDPs, DMPs and any plans or strategies pertaining to CCA. Our results show that none of the municipalities had separate CCA strategies, with only two municipalities complying with the mandate to have DMPs. While municipalities mostly included CCA- and DRR-related activities in their IDPs, there were no explicit linkages made between the two approaches. Apparent was the prioritisation of bolstering infrastructure with little attention towards addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. Overall, little has been done to prioritise or link CCA and DRR at the local government level, especially in the context of addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. These findings suggest the need for South Africa to implement and promulgate legal instruments, policies and resources to capacitate local municipalities in mainstreaming and integrating CCA and DRR.

The Relationship between Integrated Development Planning and Water Demand Planning

The correlation between integrated development planning and water demand planning represents innovative and noteworthy concepts within the field of public administration. In recent years, a significant number of researchers have focused their investigations on elucidating the connection between integrated development planning and water demand Planning, offering a fresh perspective on public management. These processes constitute vital elements of contemporary public management within governmental sectors. This study employs a mixed-method research approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Secondary data, obtained through a systematic review of literature comprising 237 documents from Scopus-indexed journals spanning the years 2019 to 2024, provides insights into the extensive body of literature concerning the relationship between integrated development planning and water demand planning. Primary data was collected from five interviews conducted with managers from the Vhembe District Municipality. The literature review analysis reveals that the research based on the relationship between integrated development planning and water demand planning is fragmented, with different subsets of documents focusing on distinct aspects or methodologies without much overlap or integration between them. The abundance of literature on the relationship between integrated development planning and water demand planning underscores its significance in the field of public management. Insights from interviews indicate a lack of clarity regarding roles and responsibilities concerning the connection between integrated development planning and water demand planning. In conclusion, this study emphasises the emerging importance of the relationship between Integrated Development Planning and Water Demand Planning within the realm of public administration. Keywords: Integrated, Development, Planning, Water, Demand

Influence of Financial-Related Factors on Implementation of the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) in Kisii County Government Kenya

Influence of Financial-Related Factors on Implementation of the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) in Kisii County Government Kenya

Leadership culture and implementation of county integrated development plan in Western Counties, Kenya

In Kenya, the County Governments are required by planning and budgeting guidelines (URT, 2011) to have five years strategic plans (CIDP) which all the counties comply. However, its implementation is always not effective. The rationale of this cram was to study the role of organizational culture on implementation of county integrated development plans in devolved governments in western region Kenya. The selection of this subject was discriminatory by the reality that implementation of County Integrated Development Plan in the Counties in Western Region has been an issue for the last ten years. The aim of the study was to establish the effect of leadership culture on implementation of County Integrated Development Plans in devolved units of Western Region. The research used descriptive study design to gather information on the role of leadership culture on implementation of CIDP and was guided by balanced scorecard theory. A sample size of 364 and questionnaires was used in data collection. The research instrument was constructed based on the constructs identified in the conceptual framework. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done using multi hierarchical regression model. Mean and standard deviation was also calculated and the results presented in form of tables. The findings of the study showed that leadership culture had a significant impact on CIDP implementation where the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.492 established a fair linear correlation linking leadership culture and CIDP Implementation among the devolved units of Western Region Counties. Leadership culture explained 24.2% of the variance in CIDP implementation in devolved units of Western Region as signified by R- square of 0.242. The significance value was 0.000<0.05. This showed that the model was statistically significant in predicting the influence of leadership culture on implementation of CIDP among the devolved units of Western Region. County Governments ought to look into their leadership culture as it positively influences the implementation of CIDP. Leadership culture comprises of vision and values, communication, empowerment and trust, decision-making, accountability and performance and development and learning. Additionally, granting a decision-making authority, access to information, collaboration and participation, skill development and training, recognition and rewards and supportive leadership contributes to enhanced CIDP implementation in County Governments across the Country.

Functional or Neglected Border Regions? Analysis of the Integrated Development Plans of Borderland Municipalities in South Africa

The mainstream approach of regional integration impact assessments is mainly limited to assessing cross-border development projects/programmes. There is still a lack of critical assessment of how stakeholders at different institutional levels conceptualise the border. Local (municipal) strategic plans provide a reflection of the spatial imaginaries of stakeholders, perception planners, institutional power structures, and, to some extent meaning of the border to the local people. Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) in South Africa were adopted as an important development planning strategy in the post-apartheid era. IDPs of 49 borderland municipalities were systematically reviewed using the Key-Word-in-Context (KWIC) content analysis technique of the keyword ‘border’ to determine the importance of state borders in light of regional integration. Border security and management is one of the most common themes associated with the border. This suggested that borders were mainly perceived as threats and barely considered as a potential resource for cross-border cooperation or integration.

A regulatory framework for bottled water quality monitoring: A case of Emfuleni local municipality

BackgroundThe quality of drinking water has recently become of utmost concern to consumers worldwide, especially in areas where Water Service Authorities (WSAs) failed to provide safe water. To combat this challenge, government entities regulate water to ensure that safe water is provided. The Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) has experienced cases of water contamination by human excretion, whereby communities were affected. As a result, there was a sharp increase in bottled water (BW) use, which however gave rise to unregulated and counterfeit versions of popular brands. This situation poses threats to public health. AimThis study sought to determine the regulation of drinking water and to assess whether environmental health practitioners (EHPs) monitor the quality of water sources (BW and tap water) in ELM as outlined by the National Environmental Health Norms and Standards (NEHNS). SettingsThe study was conducted in the Emfuleni Local Municipality in South Africa. MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional study design was employed in this research. Fifteen online questionnaires using a Google Forms survey were distributed amongst all EHPs servicing ELM. Secondary data that included the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and Service Delivery Budget Implentation Plan (SDBIP) for the 2017–2020 financial years were also evaluated, specifically for water quality monitoring (tap and bottled water). The dataset was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. ResultsDue to complexity in the legislation and NEHNS in relation to Municipal Health Services (MHS), bottled water was not sampled at all. A number of EHPs were also not conversant with the regulations governing BW. Moreover, NEHNS consider bottled water as food, which does not fall under the MHS. ConclusionThere should be clarity in the legislation to ensure that bottled water monitoring is intensified to protect public health within the WSAs. ContributionThe findings of this study could assist policy-makers to make informed decisions on water quality monitoring, as well as clarify legislative issues on bottled water.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Municipal Planning and Management: A Pathway to Improve South African Service Delivery

In the years after 1994, the democratic government of South Africa worked to transfer and extend basic service provision to practically all sections of the country. The delivery of public services continues to be an embarrassment to humanity and the developmental state. Without proper basic services such as water, sanitation, power, infrastructure, health facilities, and housing, a large section of South Africa’s people would continue to live and die. As a result, society remains disenfranchized and exposed to socioeconomic shocks, contributing to the economy's decline and destruction. To support successful service delivery, the integration of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a shift from human-led operations to computerized operations is now recognized and required in municipal planning and management. The central purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of applying GIS as a crucial planning tool infused within integrated development planning in municipal planning and management. The current state of service delivery in existing municipal planning and management procedures, as well as the factors that influence it and the effect it has on society, will be examined. This conceptual study employs secondary data and follows a certain methodology. Using the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology, secondary data were examined. The results demonstrate that political influence and manipulation, a lack of openness and accountability, insufficient citizen participation, a lack of personnel capability, and poor planning, monitoring, and evaluation contribute to poor public service delivery in South Africa. Furthermore, the findings indicate that GIS functions as a tool for visualization and collation of spatial information, map production, and data capturing and storage in local municipalities with the aim of enhancing public service delivery.

Factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by the public sector in Informal Settlements: A case of Nyalenda informal settlement, Kisumu City.

To close the current sanitation gap, public funding for sanitation has become increasingly insufficient, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. What is concerning in Kenya is not the large number of people who lack access to safe sanitation facilities, but the slow rate at which households can gain access to improved sanitation facilities. A sustainable financing strategy is required, one that will increase resource allocations to the sector, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing resources wherever they are found, and tap the potential of alternative financing mechanism. A critical review of policy documents like the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) shows that there is hardly any documentation on County sanitation plans. Once sanitation lacks in the CIDP, the county can hardly plan for the sector hence making the residents suffer. The study objectives are to examine different sanitation financing options for communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement, to assess factors affecting financing of communal sanitation facilities by public sector in Nyalenda informal settlement and to establish challenges of financing communal sanitation facilities in Nyalenda informal settlement. The study is a descriptive cross-section design. The study used closed and open-ended questionnaires and key informants’ interview in collection of data where n=400. The study established that the dominant communal sanitation financing option in Nyalenda informal settlement was personal contribution (56.0%), followed by NGO financing (40.3%), while the last was County Government financing (0.5%). Public-private partnerships played a crucial role in facilitating sustainable onsite financing for sanitation facilities as evidenced by majority of the respondents agreeing (35.75%). The study recommended the need for diverse financing sources, awareness of available options, and supportive policies to overcome financial challenges.
 

The district development model as a catalyst for improved integrated development planning

Background: In the search for a panacea to local government dysfunction, the structure of local government is an important area of focus. Largely, district and local municipalities which were carved out of the need for post-apartheid transformational spatial development, struggle to achieve the delivery of planning goals. In 2019, the South African government introduced the District Development Model (DDM), an innovative platform that will tackle poor coordination of service delivery in the local sphere. The model has been piloted in the O.R. Tambo District in the Eastern Cape province.Aim: This research critically explores the potential of the DDM to improve Integrated Development Planning (IDP) in O.R. Tambo District Municipality.Methods: In search for meaningful exploration of this latest intervention, the study anchors itself on the interpretivist research paradigm. Semi-structured interview with in-depth preset open-ended questions was conducted with five senior managers.Results: The results show that although there seems to be a general awareness of the DDM among principal actors, there are some grey areas on how it is to function and how the expected results are to be achieved. Internal and external grey areas include coordination and communication dynamics within the model, and the whole change management process needed to effectively put this initiative in place.Conclusion: The article recommends an open systems approach to the DDM which makes the DDM hub an agile team.Contribution: This study adds to the knowledge on alternative service delivery models; it provides as a source to the introduction of the DDM, and it represents initial exploratory research into DDM.

A Framework for Evaluating Local Adaptive Capacity to Health Impacts of Climate Change: Use of Kenya's County-Level Integrated Development Plans.

Health National Adaptation Plans were developed to increase the capacity of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to adapt to the impacts of climate change on the health sector. Climate and its health impacts vary locally, yet frameworks for evaluating the adaptive capacity of health systems on the subnational scale are lacking. In Kenya, counties prepare county integrated development plans (CIDPs), which contain information that might support evaluations of the extent to which counties are planning climate change adaptation for health. To develop and apply a framework for evaluating CIDPs to assess the extent to which Kenya's counties are addressing the health sector's adaptive capacity to climate change. CIDPs were analyzed based on the extent to which they addressed climate change in their description of county health status, whether health is noted in their descriptions of climate change, and whether they mention plans for developing climate and health programs. Based on these and other data points, composite climate and health adaptation (CHA) scores were calculated. Associations between CHA scores and poverty rates were analyzed. CHA scores varied widely and were not associated with county-level poverty. Nearly all CIDPs noted climate change, approximately half mentioned health in the context of climate change and only 16 (34%) noted one or more specific climate-sensitive health conditions. Twelve (25%) had plans for a sub-program in both adaptive capacity and environmental health. Among the 24 counties with plans to develop climate-related programs in health programs, all specified capacity building, and 20% specified integrating health into disaster risk reduction. Analyses of county planning documents provide insights into the extent to which the impacts of climate change on health are being addressed at the subnational level in Kenya. This approach may support governments elsewhere in evaluating climate change adaptation for health by subnational governments.

Integrated development plans as catalyst to enhance small scale farming in municipalities: the case of Winnie Madikizela Mandela local municipality

Integrated development plans as catalyst to enhance small scale farming in municipalities: the case of Winnie Madikizela Mandela local municipality

Analysis of Mining Rent Sharing : Case of the Kamoa-Kakula Project

This article aims at analyzing the rent sharing within the framework of the Kamoa-Kakula project which consists of the exploitation of a copper mine, located in the DRC. Based on data from the Integrated Development Plan of this project, published in October 2020, we used the FARI model approach to analyze the tax regime of the 2018 mining code and estimate the share falling to the State and the investors. Analysis of the results of our estimates shows, on the one hand, that the tax burden is close to observed international trends. Expected state revenues are USD 7.3 billion, according to the base scenario, while the Average effective tax rate (AETR) would be between 40.6 and 53.1%. On the other hand, although the innovations introduced increase the AETR, the latter tends to increase with the profitability of the project. Which allows us to conclude that this tax regime remains progressive, despite the increase in tax rates. Although theoretically, this new code seems advantageous for the State, its implementation should be accompanied by measures aimed at strengthening tax administration and control techniques, with the aim of confronting tax optimization practices.

Exploration on the Integrated Development Planning of Rural Internet Celebrity Scenic Spots and Villages Based on the "Maker +" Model

Exploration on the Integrated Development Planning of Rural Internet Celebrity Scenic Spots and Villages Based on the "Maker +" Model

Major criteria of credible integrated development planning in local government: city of Mbombela, Ehlanzeni District, South Africa

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to determine the major criteria for a credible integrated development planning (IDP) process in Mbombela municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes a combination of sequential exploratory and explanatory mixed methods. About 120 key informants participated in the structured questionnaire, and a further seven interviews were conducted as elite interviews. Four multistakeholder workshop sessions with up to sixty-six participants each were conducted.FindingsTo strengthen the integrated planning in local government, the study recommended “stakeholder participation and ownership,” “leadership and accountability,” “impact and outcome-based focus,” “a compact value chain” and “monitoring and evaluation.”Originality/valueThe IDP process is a tactical planning gadget designed to achieve transformation and introduce new systems of governance. IDPs currently tend to lack standard criteria to measure their performance in promoting public leadership and responding to community needs, which is a major challenge in many municipalities across South Africa. Since its introduction in 2000 to fast-track service delivery, concerns have been raised about why there are still constant protests alleged to be caused by poor service delivery.

Devolved Governance System and its Economic Development Impact to Rural Counties in Kenya: Case Study Kakamega County, Kenya

This study aims at discussing how devolved governance system has an economic impact to rural counties in Kenya with Kakamega rural county as the case study. The Devolution is one of the most transformative changes to Kenya’s governance system brought about by the Kenya Constitution, 2010. Article 174 of the Constitution provides that one of the key objectives of devolution is to promote social and economic development and provide proximate, easily accessible services throughout Kenya. Many rural Counties including Kakamega County faced with a myriad of challenges such as poverty, unemployment, disease, low agricultural productivity among others. Kakamega County through its short, medium and long term plans came up with an Integrated Development Plan (CIDP). The CIDP helps the county in identification of the projects and programmes through various consultative forums at the sub-county level vide Focused Ward Groups, community dialogues, County Stakeholders, such as the County Budget and Economic Forum, Kenya National Chamber of Commerce, Public Benefit Organizations such as GROOTS Kenya, ADS, and International development partners such as UNICEF, UNDP and USAID. Kakamega county has achieved much in terms of developments in various sectors such as education, health, infrastructure and urbanization. This study contributes in highlighting how devolved governance system has a positive impact to rural areas in kenya. The study provides crucial insights on devolution as a tool to economic development changes in rural Kenya especially in Kakamega County.