Integrated Border Management Research Articles

Enhancing National Security: Integrated Border Management Strategies at the Namanga Border in Arusha Tanzania

Enhancing National Security: Integrated Border Management Strategies at the Namanga Border in Arusha Tanzania

STRENGTHENING COOPERATION FOR CUSTOMS RISKS MANAGEMENT AT EUROPEAN BORDERS IN THE NEW REGIONAL SECURITY CONTEXT

In the current security context of the Black Sea region, trade relations are affected by the imperative of international sanctions, which have imposed a series of restrictions that make it difficult for professionals to carry out commercial contracts. Through the 12 packages of restrictions established by the EU, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the supply of raw materials from the East and exports to these destinations are largely blocked. The risk of fraud is evident as long as production facilities are designed for the use of certain categories of goods in the supply chain, which are currently under economic embargo or directed toward specific markets. Integrated border management is a priority for authorities, and consolidating cooperation for customs risk management involves adopting exceptional measures. This study aims to identify the gaps in the Union's regulatory framework regarding risks and the critical knowledge of control authorities regarding the processes defined for processing customs and commercial documents within import-export operations at the Union's external eastern border. The scope, interpretation, and effects of European and international legal provisions constitute a separate analysis of the exceptional nature of international sanctions.

The Evolution of the Principle of Shared Responsibility in the Area of European Integrated Border Management

The article includes a legal analysis of the principle of shared responsibility, which is the current basis for implementing European Integrated Border Management (EUIBM). In particular, the article analyzes the main instruments strengthening the institutional position of the European Union in border management, that is, the Frontex standing service and its powers to apply coercive measures and the obligation of Member States to cooperate with the agency. There are three stages in the evolution of the principle of shared responsibility. The first stage begins with the reform of the EUIBM system resulting from the then migration pressure, initiated by the European Commission’s communication of December 2015 and the European Border and Coast Guard (ESGiP) Regulation of 2016, replacing the original Frontex Regulation. The reform allowed for the adoption of the first binding definition of European integrated border management and introduced the principle of shared responsibility. The second stage is marked by the ESGiP reform of 2019, which significantly expanded Frontex’s competences by establishing the agency’s force corps. The third stage, carried out during the period of intensifying geopolitical changes in Europe and the world, begins with the adoption in 2023 of the first multi-annual program implementing and aimed at the effective implementation of EUIBM, the so-called “strategic policy.” The article puts forward the thesis that geopolitical conditions favoring the tendency to tighten operational cooperation have enabled the Union to build an EUIBM based on the principle of shared responsibility and a significant evolution of the principle itself. It seems that EUIBM in its current formula has exhausted the treaty possibilities and further expansion of the system should be preceded by a treaty reform.

The Role of INTERPOL in the European Integrated Border Management

Aim: The study focuses on how the cooperation between the EU and INTERPOL fits into the European integrated border management system, how it contributes to the effectiveness of external border management, and what challenges it faces.Methodology: The paper examines cooperation from the perspective of European integrated border management, drawing on relevant international and national literature on the topic.Findings: By examining this cooperation, the author demonstrates that the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border administration is vital to enhancing the EU’s ability to effectively manage its borders. INTERPOL provides valuable intelligence, training and operational support to EU Member States in the fight against terrorism, organised crime and other transnational threats. Cooperation contributes significantly to improving border management practices, strengthening cross-border cooperation and ensuring the safety and security of EU citizens.Value: The study presents the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border management agencies through the European integrated border management model and highlights the challenges involved.

Contemporary Challenges Associated With Border Security Operations to Promote Socio-Economic Development at Aflao Border in Ghana

Purpose: The study investigated challenges associated with border security operations to promote socio-economic development using an integrated border management model at Aflao Border in Ghana. Using a mixed method approach, which is in line with the transformative philosophical underpinning.
 Methodology: Both interviews and questionnaires were employed as data collection tools. The population was sampled from four security service institutions manning the operations at Afloa border. Given the premise that border security forces were selected from the four coordinated security forces. The study respectively drew 112 security personnel drawn at random from the Afloa border. Using the sampling ratio proposed by Cochran (1963: 75) to arrive at variability p = 0.5 (maximum variability) and with the desire of 95% confidence level and ±5% precision. The sampled population was composed of 106 border security personnel, and 6 senior border security personnel serving in the hierarchy of the General, Patrol, Intelligence, and Anti-Human Smuggling and Trafficking Units at the borders were interviewed to furnish the qualitative data for this study. The study adopted a descriptive research design using personnel from the Ghana Immigration Service, Customs Division of Ghana Revenue Authority, Ghana Police Service, and Ghana Armed Forces in charge of security at the Aflao border.
 Findings: The study concludes that specific challenges which confront the border security apparatus are, in order of priority, inadequate logistics and equipment, inadequate coordination among border officials, and inadequacy of border security personnel.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Improve border control, the government should make needed resources available by providing modern equipment/gadgets and logistics for patrol teams and the operations of the security system.

The Role of INTERPOL in the European Integrated Border Management

Aim: The study focuses on how the cooperation between the EU and INTERPOL fits into the European integrated border management system, how it contributes to the effectiveness of external border management, and what challenges it faces.Methodology: The paper examines cooperation from the perspective of European integrated border management, drawing on relevant international and national literature on the topic.Findings: By examining this cooperation, the author demonstrates that the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border administration is vital to enhancing the EU’s ability to effectively manage its borders. INTERPOL provides valuable intelligence, training and operational support to EU Member States in the fight against terrorism, organised crime and other transnational threats. Cooperation contributes significantly to improving border management practices, strengthening cross-border cooperation and ensuring the safety and security of EU citizens.Value: The study presents the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border management agencies through the European integrated border management model and highlights the challenges involved.

E-Securing the EU Borders: AI in European Integrated Border Management

In the European Union, the external borders were not always conceived as European ones. However, after experiencing a range of threats, the European policymakers identified external borders' importance to European security. Not forgetting that borders are connected with national authority, the EU through Frontex has made progressive steps towards a coordinated or even common border management. The main tools to achieve that are the shared European IT systems. Their enhanced capabilities, mostly based on Artificial Intelligence, will further establish the European Smart Borders. There is a complex "network” of IT border systems already operating or prospect automated ones that are necessary to be resilient and align with core fundamental rights.

UPDATING THE INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The paper analyzes the steps taken by Ukraine in the process of updating its Strategy of Integrated Border Management in the context of European integration. The legal and institutional mechanisms for improving the border management system are investigate

Making an Integrated Border: Challenges for Immigration Institutions in North Sulawesi

Border areas are the country's frontline in the face of outside security threats. Thus, strengthening capacity in managing borders must be taken seriously. This research uses a qualitative method, which is a study that aims to explain the challenges faced by immigration institutions in the Province of North Sulawesi related to the integration of border management and what strategies can be offered to overcome various obstacles or challenges that arise in efforts to integrate border management in North Sulawesi. The analysis of the problems in this study will be based on eight parameters of an integrated border management system, namely: (1) Legal and Regulatory Framework, (2) Organization and Management, (3) Procedures, (4) Human resources and training, (5) Communication, (6) Information Technology (7) Infrastructure and (8) Budget. This study took a locus in the Province of North Sulawesi, which has a maritime border with the Philippines, using qualitative methods to explain the integration of border management involving immigration institutions in North Sulawesi.

Innovative solutions to border management challenges for trade facilitation in the east African community

Integrated Border Management (IBM) constitute an innovative solution to trade facilitation challenges in the East African Community (EAC). Through a content analysis, this paper presents and investigation into the state of the art for cross-border trade facilitation by means of integrated border management systems in the EAC. Procedures for clearing goods at border posts are addressed vis-à-vis the introduction of automated systems for document checking and clearing. Evidence suggests that trade facilitation can be understood within the narrow context of integrated border management and IBM systems and trade facilitation can be better understood from an IBM’s perspective. The use of ICT systems such as the Electronic Single Window (E-SW) software, X-ray, gamma imaging, infrared sensors, heat sensing cameras, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), biometric data such as facial recognition, fingerprints and iris scanning, Electronic Cargo System and the use of Truck Scanning Machines are eloquent examples of innovative solutions that resulted in trade facilitation impact. Thus, integrated border management systems have the potential to greatly improve border and customs processes thus contributing to trade facilitation in the region. However, the presence of different agencies with multiple lines of accountability and different organizational cultures calls for enhanced coordination and cooperation at different levels in the cross-border supply chain.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN STATE BORDER SECURITY REGULATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

The paper analyzes foreign experience of the state border security formation on the example of the Republic of Poland. The doctrinal approaches of administrative law, the provisions of national and foreign legislation, the specifics of its implementation are systematically considered to substantiate proposals and process conclusions regarding legal regulation in the field of combating illegal migration and protecting the state border. The evolution of formation, organizational and legal foundations and trends in the development of the border service of the Republic of Poland and its use in the implementation of state migration policy have been studied. Using a retrospective review, a combination of performance by bodies intended for protection was established. A combination of performance by bodies intended for the protection of state borders of the duties inherent in military and law enforcement formations was established. The interdependence of the influence of legal norms on legal relations that develop in the field of combating illegal migration and ensuring border security has been clarified. In accordance with this, migration legislation and legislation on the state border include regulatory (determine the model for the legal entry of a migrant and stay on the territory of the country), law enforcement (establish appropriate rules of conduct, responsibility and regulate the use of other enforcement measures in case of violation of migration norms) and organizational (determine the competence of the authorities, which are involved in the process of combating illegal migration) regulatory legal acts. Attention on the ideology of integrated border management is focused, on which the adaptation of a number of provisions of the European experience in protecting the state border of Ukraine is based.

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The article analyzes the content of the main measures to modernize the engineering and technical equipment of the border of Ukraine. The purpose of the article was to determine the features of the strategic planning of the engineering and technical equipment of the state border of Ukraine based on the analysis of regulatory and legal documents. A detailed analysis of the Integrated Border Management Strategy and the correspondingly adopted Action Plan, containing three stages with the specification of relevant measures, was carried out. When determining the spectrum of requirements for separate technical equipment of the border, the following essential factors of their operation conditions and the situation in the area of responsibility of the border protection unit should be taken into account. It should be noted that according to forecasts of the future development of the situation in the border area, there is a high probability of the existence of a general trend of real and potential threats from Russia. In general, the border agency as a component of the Security Forces of Ukraine counters threats of a military and terrorist nature in cooperation with other military and law enforcement formations of the security and defense sector. It can be argued that a state-wide system of border protection has been formed in Ukraine, which belongs to the system of ensuring Ukrainian national security. Factors in the development of the system of protection and protection of the Ukrainian state border as an integral component of the national security system are various types of threats that exist in the border area. The main threats to modern Ukraine are the war of the Russian Federation against the Ukrainian state, as a result of which part of the territory of Ukraine was occupied, manifestations of terrorism appeared, and the smuggling of weapons, ammunition and means of terror increased. The presented article presents the main measures of strategic planning of the engineering and technical arrangement of the Ukrainian border thanks to the implementation of the monitoring system of the border area. Conclusions and promising directions of scientific research are formulated.

Integrated Border Management between Kosovo and Serbia: Protecting Sovereignty and the EU Agenda

This study analyzes specific problems between Kosovo and Serbia, the integrated border management (IBM) of states, the free movement of citizens of both countries, and political process outcomes since 2011. Although IBM and the free movement of citizens and goods are fundamental values of the EU, these have been problems in the context of Kosovo and Serbia since the year in question. Agreements concluded on the integrated management of the Kosovo–Serbia border have faced implementation problems and necessitated rearranged agreements. The problems mentioned have arisen due to the protracted dialogue process between Kosovo and Serbia and the problems resulting from efforts of both parties to protect their sovereignty and follow EU agenda. IBM and the free movement of citizens between Kosovo and Serbia have been problematic for many years and have hindered the free movement of citizens of both countries. Given the fundamental problems underlying the relations between Kosovo and Serbia with respect to IBM, and considering that Kosovo and Serbia both aim to be integrated within the EU, the EU itself is the last hope for overcoming this problem. Hoping to move forward toward integration, in August 2022, Kosovo and Serbia agreed to enable the free movement of citizens at the border points. This study sheds light on recent developments and analyzes the potential political outcomes of this decision.

The Open Balkans and the Impact on EU Membership

The Open Balkans and the Impact on EU Membership

TURKEY’S EXTERNAL DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION WITH THE EU IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONS WITH FRONTEX

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonunun sınırlarını ve belirleyici faktörlerini Entegre Sınır Yönetimi (ESY) sisteminin uygulanması ve AB Sınır ve Sahil Güvenlik Ajansı (FRONTEX) ile işlevsel işbirliğinin durumu kapsamında analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Makalenin kuramsal bölümünde, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon ve belirleyici faktörleri, farklı politika aktarımı modelleri ve literatür haritalandırılması üzerinden kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ampirik bölümdeyse, ESY’nin uygulanması ve FRONTEX ile işbirliği konularında gerçekleşen farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonun kapsamı Avrupa Komisyonu Türkiye ilerleme/ülke raporları temel alınarak incelenmektedir. Entegrasyonun kapsamını ve sınırlarını etkileyen faktörler, makalenin kuramsal bölümünde gerçekleştirilen haritalandırmadan yararlanılarak ele alınmaktadır.Bulgular: Makalenin ana bulgusu, cazip ve güvenilir teşviklerin Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile entegrasyonunu kolaylaştırırken, sektörel siyasallaşmanın ve öngörülen yüksek uyum maliyetlerinin harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonu olumsuz etkilediğidir.Özgünlük: AB-Türkiye ilişkilerinin ele alındığı yazında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon konusundaki kuramsal çalışmalar az sayıda olmakla birlikte, oldukça da yeni bir alandır. Bunun ötesinde, kuramsal tartışmaları farklı politika alanları bağlamında inceleyen sınırlı sayıda ampirik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerini, göç ve sınır yönetimi gibi oldukça önemli ve güncel bir politika alanında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon tartışmaları bağlamında inceleyerek özellikle Türkçe yazına önemli ve özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

The Problem of Borders and Georgia’s Security Challenges in the Information Age

In the new information age, the security of modern Georgia, as well as other countries, is generally conditioned by many new challenges and threats. Moreover, the provision of its national security is to some extent also in the border security of Georgia. The global challenges of the information age have revealed the modern trends, containing the serious threats, which are reflected in national security: gradually reducing the influence of states, facilitate the penetration of state borders etc. In the information age, the concept of border management is changing significantly; it is quite difficult to solve the problem completely at the level of a state, and even in certain circumstances it becomes unimaginable. Appeared an objective need to intensify international cooperation in this direction. This can be practically reflected in the organization of an integrated border management system, which has been widely introduced in recent years.

INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT TO ACHIEVE COMMUNITY WELFARE OF KEPULAUAN RIAU PROVINCE

ABSTRACT. Border area as a front line of a country needs special attention from the government of that country. Most of the domestic problems experienced by a country come from the border. Human and drugs trafficking, also illegal timber transactions are examples of problems that still occur in Indonesia nowadays especially located in Kepulauan Riau Province. This study aims to describe the Integrated Border Management based on European Commission carried out in Indonesia, especially at the country border in Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. By using the post-positivistic paradigm, this study uses interviews and documentation as data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted to actors, both central and regional, such as the Deputy for Border Management (BNPP-RI), the Head of the BNPP Planning and Cooperation Bureau, the Head of the Riau Islands Province Government Bureau and his staff, the Head of Local Development Planning Agency of Batam City, Natuna Regency. The results showed that the state border managers at the central, provincial, and regency/city governments have different institutions which result in differences in personnel procedures, finances, and resource allocation. The concept of Integrated border management needs to be adjusted to the concept considering the geographical characteristics of Indonesia, which has sea and land borders.

Пункти перетинання державного кордону: економіко-політичні виклики та сподівання (погляд ззовні)

The purpose of the Article is to highlight the changes in the border crossing situation in Ukraine due to the Russian Federation‘s aggression and the same time present visions of the strategic development of the state border protection, management of border crossing procedures from a business point of view through lenses of four fundamental freedoms of the European Union single market: the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people, known collectively as the “four freedoms”. The author of this paper presents his visions on potential directions for formatting the Integrated Border Management Strategy for the upcoming 10-30 years. It is important to have a grand strategy for Ukraine, especially in the country’s national security and economic development. Ben Shalom Bernanke, an American economist who served as the 14th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Nobel for work with other economists in “How societies deal with financial crises” stated that “only a strong economy can create higher asset values and sustainably good returns for savers”. Amongst many other factors influencing country’s economy is border crossing procedures. In February 2019, Ukrainian President signed a constitutional amendment committing the country to become a member of NATO and the European Union. It also affected significant changes in trade partners and the direction of the country’s future development. These decisive steps of Ukraine toward rule of law, and prosperity infuriated, and buried the Russian Federation as the so-called Soviet Union successor’s ambiguous plan to restore the former Soviet empire. The first phase of the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 came to the most brutal second phase on 24 February 2022. It impacts modes and means of transporting goods in Ukraine, directions of cargo, and trade partners; significantly changes movement of goods inside and outside of Ukraine, passengers carriers activities, and influx of refugees. It caused long queues for many kilometers’ at border crossing points at the Western and Southern part of Ukraine. Key words: strategy; state border; economy; border crossing; border management

Визначення залежності показника ефективності прикордонного контролю від стану функціонування системи електронних комунікацій

The article proposes an indicator of the effectiveness of the border control as one of the types of operational and service activity of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, particularly it is about the probability of the violator passing through the checkpoint across the state border. It was determined the dependence of the above-mentioned indicator on the state of functioning of electronic communications system of the Agency. According to the current legislation, the State Border Service of Ukraine is a subject of integrated border management. In order to ensure the performance of assigned functions, in the operational and service activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine are widely used information and communication systems, in particular, the information and communication system of border control. The probability of the violator passing through the checkpoint across the state border depends on many factors, including the presence of a record about the violator in the database of the “Hart-1” software and technical complex operating at the checkpoint. The absence of the specified record can occur for various reasons, such as: operator error when entering into the database, inspector’s error when registering the identity, malfunction of the software and technical complex itself, failure to deliver the record from the central data storage to the database of the complex due to malfunction of the electronic communications system. The study analyzed the state of functioning of the electronic communications system in the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and it was defined the analytical expression for calculating the probability of the absence of information about the violator in the database, taking into account the state of functioning of the network component of the system of electronic communications. Key words: State Border Guard Service of Ukraine; integrated information and communication system “Hart-1”; information and communication system; operational and service activity; electronic communications system.

Деякі підходи підвищення ефективності функціонування інформаційно-комунікаційної системи Державної прикордонної служби України

The article proposes an approach to the development of a methodology for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special purpose electronic communications systems, especially the electronic communications system of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The State Border Service of Ukraine is a subject of integrated border management. Information and communication systems, in particular, the information and communication system of border control are actively used in the operational and service activities of the State Border Guard Service to ensure the performance of the assigned functions. The technical basis for the transmission of information in the information and communication system is the system of electronic communications. The electronic communications system of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is built in the form of a complex network topology of the “star” type and uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) stack for data transmission and, mainly, static routing, therefore, it does not provide the automatic recovery in the event of a violation of the existing route. Thus, for a certain time, a separate segment of the electronic communications system does not transmit information, as a result of which violations may occur at the state border. In the existing methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the functioning of the electronic communications system, such indicators as performance, stability, reliability of transmission, safety of data transmission are used. But those methods do not take into account the indicator of the dependence of tasks on the network. The study proposes to develop a methodology that would take into account the specified indicator of operational and service activity dependence in the system of indicators of the effectiveness of the electronic communications system. After entering into the system of efficiency indicators of the electronic communications system for special purposes, the operational and service activity efficiency indicator is proposed to calculate the updated efficiency of the electronic communications system when applying one or another routing protocol, network topology options and choose the best one. Key words: State Border Guard Service of Ukraine; integrated information and communication system “Hart”; information and communication system; operational and service activity; electronic communications system.