Integral Energy Balance Research Articles

Elucidating the Impact of Polyol Functional Moieties on Exothermic Poly(urethane-urea) Polymerization: A Thermo-Kinetic Simulation Approach

The pursuit of sustainable polyurethane (PU) product development necessitates a profound understanding of precursor materials. Particularly, polyol plays a crucial role, since PU properties are heavily influenced by the type of polyol employed during production. While traditional PUs are solely derived from hydroxyl functionalized polyols, the emergence of amine-hydroxyl hybrid polyols has garnered significant attention due to their potential for enhancing PU product properties. These hybrid polyols are characterized by the presence of both amine and hydroxyl functional groups. However, characterizing these polyols remains a daunting challenge due to the lack of established experimental testing standards for properties, such as fractional hydroxyl and amine moieties and thermo-kinetic parameters for amine reactions with isocyanates. Additionally, characterization methods demand extensive time and resources and pose risks to health and the environment. To bridge these gaps, this study employed computational simulation via MATLAB to determine the moieties’ fractions and thermo-kinetic parameters for hybrid polyols. The computational method integrated energy balance and reaction kinetics analysis for various polyols to elucidate the influence of functional moieties on the thermo-kinetic behavior of PU formations. Validation of the simulated results was conducted by comparing their experimental and simulated prepolymer and foam temperature profiles, highlighting the direct influence of fractional moieties on PU formations. The comparisons revealed an average relative error of less than 5%, indicating the accuracy and credibility of the simulation. Thus, this study represents a pivotal opportunity for advancing knowledge and driving sustainable developments in bio-based polyol characterization for PU production streamlining and formulation optimization.

On the use of kinetic energy balance for the volumetric identification of drag sources of a blunt body. Application to road vehicles

A volumetric identification of drag sources is proposed using the Reynolds equation for the integral mean momentum and mean flow kinetic energy balance. This methodology works independently of the turbulence model used in CFD and relies on a physical interpretation. The approach, developed in the context of automotive engineering, is of general use. A road vehicle is indeed a complex multi-scale geometry and all the flow regions are interacting. As far as the kinetic energy of the mean flow is concerned, the main volumetric loss is production of turbulent kinetic energy at all relevant sub-scales of the body. The quantitative link to the power of the mean drag force is derived from first principles. For practical applications, the volume integral used to compute the volumetric losses can be decomposed in user-defined regions and integrated into optimization loops. Indeed, if losses in a given flow region are minimized, consequences can be precisely and quantitatively evidenced for all other regions. Applications to a model two-dimensional test case and a real car geometry are discussed.

Optimizing behavioral interventions to regulate gestational weight gain with sequential decision policies using hybrid model predictive control

Excessive gestational weight gain is a significant public health concern that has been the recent focus of control systems-based interventions. Healthy Mom Zone (HMZ) is an intervention study that aims to develop and validate an individually-tailored and “intensively adaptive” intervention to manage weight gain for pregnant women with overweight or obesity using control engineering approaches. This paper presents how Hybrid Model Predictive Control (HMPC) can be used to assign intervention dosages and consequently generate a prescribed intervention with dosages unique to each individuals needs. A Mixed Logical Dynamical (MLD) model enforces the requirements for categorical (discrete-level) doses of intervention components and their sequential assignment into mixed-integer linear constraints. A comprehensive system model that integrates energy balance and behavior change theory, using data from one HMZ participant, is used to illustrate the workings of the HMPC-based control system for the HMZ intervention. Simulations demonstrate the utility of HMPC as a means for enabling optimized complex interventions in behavioral medicine, and the benefits of a HMPC framework in contrast to conventional interventions relying on “IF–THEN” decision rules.

Expression and localization of adiponectin and its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis of laying hens

Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue that is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction. In this study, the expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis of laying hens were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, and the localization of these proteins was explored using immunohistochemistry. The morphological relationships between adiponectin receptors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons were analyzed using double immunofluorescence labeling. The results showed that adiponectin mRNA and protein were widely expressed in all tissues involved in the HPO axis in laying hens, with especially high expression in the hypothalamus. Both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were more highly expressed in the pituitary than in other tissues and exhibited similar mRNA and protein expression patterns. The immunohistochemistry results showed that adiponectin and AdipoR2 were localized in the major hypothalamic nuclei that regulate food intake and energy balance (i.e., the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), infundibular nucleus (IN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN)). Immunostaining revealed that adiponectin and its receptors were also localized in the cytoplasm of cells in the adenohypophysis. In the ovaries, adiponectin was localized in the granulosa layer, in the theca externa of follicles and in basal cells, while AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were localized in basal cells. In the double immunofluorescence labeling experiment, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were localized in GnRH neurons in the IN and DMN. These results suggest that adiponectin and its receptors may play major roles in the endocrine network, which integrates energy balance and reproduction.

SUN-LB54 Nutritionally-Induced Alteration in KNDy Neuronal Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus of Ewes

Kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin are imperative for GnRH/LH pulsatility and reproductive cyclicity. Neurons co-expressing these neuropeptides, KNDy neurons, within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) are positioned to integrate energy balance signals from neuronal and glial cells. Energy balance mediates neurokinin B expression in the ARC and LH pulse amplitude. Dynorphin mediates progesterone negative feedback on GnRH neurons. The hypothesis that the number of KNDy-expressing neurons in the ARC of ewes during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle is influenced by energy balance was tested using ovary-intact, mature ewes fed to lose, maintain, or gain body weight. Fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry was employed to identify and quantify neurons expressing a single neuropeptide and co-expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin in the ARC. Kaminski et al. (1) reported previously that concentrations of insulin and leptin differed between ewes fed to achieve different body weights and that ewes fed to gain body weight had increased concentrations of progesterone in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Moreover, tanycyte density and cellular penetration into the ARC are increased in ewes fed to gain body weight (2). Number of neurons in the ARC expressing kisspeptin (14.9 ± 2.7 neurons, 20.9 ± 3.6 neurons, and 51.5 ± 3.3 neurons in ewes fed to lose, maintain, and gain body weight, respectively), neurokinin B (21.5 ± 3.2 neurons, 31.3 ± 4.3 neurons, and 56.0 ± 3.9 neurons in ewes fed to lose, maintain, and gain body weight, respectively), and dynorphin (10.1 ± 2.4 neurons, 14.9 ± 3.2 neurons, and 33.1 ± 2.9 neurons in ewes fed to lose, maintain, and gain body weight, respectively) protein was increased (P < 0.0001) in ewes fed to gain body weight. Number of KNDy neurons in the ARC expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin protein was decreased in ewes fed to lose body weight (1.0 ± 0.5 neurons; P = 0.01) and increased in ewes fed to gain body weight (6.7 ± 0.6 neurons; P = 0.0005) when compared to ewes fed to maintain body weight (3.3 ± 0.7 neurons). These findings suggest that expression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin protein in the ARC during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle may be influenced by nutritionally-induced alterations in circulating concentrations of progesterone that drive changes in morphology and density of tanycytes. Moreover, these results demonstrate that changes in KNDy neurons within the ARC occur as an adaptation to energy balance, potentially regulated divergently by metabolic milieu.

Sex-specific distribution of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain of the frog, Microhyla ornata

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in sex-specific behavioural processes in vertebrates. NPY integrates energy balance and reproduction in mammals. However, the relevance of NPY in reproduction of lower vertebrates is understudied. In the present study, we have investigated neuroanatomical distribution and sex-specific differences of NPY in the brain of Microhyla ornata using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time PCR. NPY is widely distributed throughout the brain of M. ornata. We observed NPY immunoreactivity in the cells of the nucleus accumbens, striatum pars dorsalis, dorsal pallium, medial pallium, ventral pallium, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, preoptic nucleus, infundibular region, median eminence and pituitary gland of adult M. ornata. A higher number of NPY- immunoreactive cells were observed in the preoptic nucleus (p < .01), nucleus infundibularis ventralis (p < .001) and anteroventral tegmental nucleus (p < .001) of the female as compared to that of the male frog. Real-Time PCR revealed higher mRNA levels of NPY in the female as compared to male frogs in the mid-brain region that largely contains the hypothalamus. Sexual dimorphism of NPY expression in M. ornata suggests that NPY may be involved in the reproductive physiology of anurans.

On the transient behaviour of a laminar rotor–stator cavity

The unsteady laminar flow between two large rotating disks when one of them is impulsively started is described using the von Kármán similarity analysis to reduce the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. It is found that the transient phenomenon consists of three distinct phases. Firstly, the development of the Ekman boundary layer, where a quasi-steady Stewartson-type of flow is created. Secondly, angular momentum is initially diffused in the axial direction until the inward radial convection of angular momentum becomes dominating. Thirdly, a Batchelor flow is created once the Bödewadt boundary layer is developed and the entrainment of disk and stator boundary layers are balanced. The dependences of the characteristic dimensionless times on the Reynolds number based on the cavity gap for the second and third stages have been identified numerically and analytically. It is found that the diffusive part of the transient is bypassed if the flow, initially at rest, is perturbed with a small circumferential velocity. The flow and heat transfer transient during a ramp of finite duration has been computed numerically. The integral angular momentum and energy balances of the cavity have been performed in order to understand the energy and momentum budget of the cavity. It is concluded that the spin-up and the spin-down process of a rotor–stator cavity using a quasi-stationary approximation of the fluid, where the time derivatives are neglected, is questionable for realistic gas turbine applications. Finally, the self-similar solution is compared against two-dimensional axisymmetric, steady and unsteady, laminar simulations to assess the limitations and validity of the self-similar analysis. It has been identified that in a closed squared cavity the outer shroud modifies the physics of the transient, but the general conclusions drawn from the one-dimensional model are still valid.

Penetrative convection at high Rayleigh numbers

We study penetrative convection of a fluid confined between two horizontal plates, the temperatures of which are such that a temperature of maximum density lies between them. The range of Rayleigh numbers studied is $Ra = \left[10^6, 10^8 \right]$ and the Prandtl numbers are $Pr = 1$ and $11.6$. An evolution equation for the growth of the convecting region is obtained through an integral energy balance. We identify a new non-dimensional parameter, $\Lambda$, which is the ratio of temperature difference between the stable and unstable regions of the flow; larger values of $\Lambda$ denote increased stability of the upper stable layer. We study the effects of $\Lambda$ on the flow field using well-resolved lattice Boltzmann simulations, and show that the characteristics of the flow depend sensitively upon it. For the range $\Lambda = \left[0.01, 4\right]$, we find that for a fixed $Ra$ the Nusselt number, $Nu$, increases with decreasing $\Lambda$. We also investigate the effects of $\Lambda$ on the vertical variation of convective heat flux and the Brunt-V\"{a}is\"{a}l\"{a} frequency. Our results clearly indicate that in the limit $\Lambda \rightarrow 0$ the problem reduces to that of the classical Rayleigh-B\'enard convection.

Final energy savings and cost-effectiveness of deep energy renovation of a multi-storey residential building

In this study we present a method for analysis of cost-effectiveness of end-use energy efficiency measures and demonstrate its application for modelling a wide range of energy renovation measures for a typical 1970s multi-family building in Sweden. The method integrates energy balance and bottom-up economic calculations considering total and marginal investment costs of energy efficiency measures as well as net present value of total and marginal savings of the measures. The energy renovation measures explored include additional insulation to basement walls, exterior walls, and attic floor, improved new windows, efficient electric appliances and lighting, efficient water taps, glazed enclosed balcony systems, and exhaust air ventilation heat recovery systems. The measures are analysed first individually and then designed to form economic packages. Our results show that improved windows give the biggest single final energy savings while resource-efficient taps is the most cost-effective measure for the building. We find that the cost-effectiveness of the energy renovation measures is sensitive to real discount rates and energy price increases. Cost-optimal final heat savings varies between 34% and 51%, depending on the choice of real discount rate and energy price increase. The corresponding electricity savings varies between 35% and 43%. This study shows a method and the significance of various technical and economic-related parameters in achieving deep energy savings cost-efficiently.

Stability of Baroclinic Vortices on the β Plane and Implications for Transport

AbstractThis paper explores stability of and transport by baroclinic vortices on the β plane using a two-layer, quasigeostrophic model. The study adapts a wave–mean flow formalism and examines interactions between the axisymmetric flow (“the vortex”) and residuals (“the waves”). Unlike baroclinically unstable vortices on the f plane, such vortices on the β plane can be also vulnerable to barotropic instability as revealed by the globally integrated energy balance analysis. The spatial structure of energy fluxes shows the energy leakage inside the vortex core when its breakdown occurs. Mixing by stable and unstable vortical flows is quantified through the computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) maps. Depending on the strength of wave radiation, the upper-layer FTLE maps of stable vortices show either an annulus or volute ring of vigorous mixing inside the vortex interior. This ring region is disrupted when the vortex becomes unstable. Both stable and unstable vortices show the wavy patterns of FTLE in the near and far fields. Despite the fact that the initial vortex resides in the top layer only, significant FTLE patterns are observed in the deep layer at later times. Lagrangian analysis of the vortex-induced change of large-scale tracer gradient demonstrates significant effects of vortex instability in the top layer and the importance of the wavelike anomalies in the bottom layer.

The Andes Cordillera. Part III: glacier surface mass balance and contribution to sea level rise (1979–2014)

ABSTRACTGlacier surface mass balance (SMB) observations for the Andes Cordillera are limited and therefore estimates of the SMB contribution to sea‐level rise are highly uncertain. Here (in Part 3), we simulate glacier surface meteorological and hydrological conditions and trends for the Andes Cordillera (1979/80–2013/14; 35 years), covering the tropical latitudes in the north down to the sub‐polar latitudes in the far south, including the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) and Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI). Surface meteorological conditions and heat‐ and mass‐transfer processes were simulated for all glaciers having an area equal to or greater than 0.5 km2. SnowModel – a fully integrated energy balance, blowing‐snow distribution, multi‐layer snowpack, and runoff routing model – was used to simulate glacier SMBs for the Andes Cordillera. The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI; v. 4.0) and NASA Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) products, downscaled in SnowModel, allowed us to conduct relatively high‐resolution (1‐km horizontal grid; 3‐h time step) simulations of glacier air temperature, precipitation, sublimation, evaporation, runoff, and SMB. These simulated glacier SMBs were verified against both independent direct observed annual glacier SMB and satellite gravimetry and altimetry derived SMB, indicating a good agreement. For Andes glaciers, the 35‐year mean annual SMB was found to be −1.13 m water equivalent (w.e.), while the cumulative SMB was −39.6 m w.e., which is equal to a cumulative SMB contribution of 3.4 mm sea‐level equivalent (SLE) (∼0.1 mm SLE per year). However, for both NPI and SPI, the mean SMB was positive (where likely calving explains why geodetic estimates are negative). For the Andes Cordillera, the simulated mean glacier‐specific runoff was 41 L s−1 km−2, while for NPI and SPI it was 213 and 198 L s−1 km−2, respectively, indicating available water resources from NPI and SPI.

Characterization of the hypothalamic transcriptome in response to food deprivation reveals global changes in long noncoding RNA, and cell cycle response genes.

The hypothalamus integrates energy balance information from the periphery using different neuronal subtypes within each of the hypothalamic areas. However, the effects of prandial state on global mRNA, microRNA and long noncoding (lnc) RNA expression within the whole hypothalamus are largely unknown. In this study, mice were given either a 24-h fast, or ad libitum access to food. RNA samples were analyzed by microarray, and then a subset was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR). A total of 540 mRNAs were either up- or down-regulated with food deprivation. Since gene ontology enrichment analyses identified several categories of mRNAs related to cell cycle processes, ten cell-cycle-related genes were further analyzed using QPCR with six confirmed to be significantly up-regulated and one down-regulated in response to 24-h fasting. While 22 independent microRNAs were differentially expressed by microarray, secondary analysis by QPCR failed to confirm significant changes with fasting. There were 622 lncRNAs identified as differentially expressed, and of three tested by QPCR, two were confirmed. Overall, this is the first time that expression of hypothalamic lncRNAs has been shown to be responsive to food deprivation. In addition, this study is the first to identify a list of lncRNAs with high expression in RNA extracted from hypothalamus. Individual contributions from specific miRNA, lncRNA and mRNAs to the food deprivation response can now be further studied at the physiological and biochemical levels.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance.

Recent epidemiological and ecological trends in humans indicate a possible causal relationship between sleep duration and energy balance. We aimed to find experimental evidence that has tested this relationship between sleep duration and measures of body composition, food intake or biomarkers related to food intake. We conducted a systematic literature review using six databases throughout 7 August 2014. We sought reports of randomized controlled trials where sleep duration was manipulated and measured outcomes were body weight or other body composition metrics, food intake, and/or biomarkers related to eating. We found 18 unique studies meeting all criteria: eight studies with an outcome of body weight (4 - increased sleep, 4 - reduced sleep); four studies on food intake; four studies of sleep restriction on total energy expenditure and three of respiratory quotient; and four studies on leptin and/or ghrelin. Few controlled experimental studies have addressed the question of the effect of sleep on body weight/composition and eating. The available experimental literature suggests that sleep restriction increases food intake and total energy expenditure with inconsistent effects on integrated energy balance as operationalized by weight change. Future controlled trials that examine the impact of increased sleep on body weight/energy balance factors are warranted.

Energy gain of the detonation pyrolysis of acetylene

In this paper we investigated experimentally the formation of a detonation wave as a result of energy release during pyrolysis of acetylene behind the shock wave. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the physical and chemical processes are analyzed; it is shown that the main heat release, which determines a positive integral energy balance of the detonation pyrolysis of acetylene, occurs at the stage of formation and growth of condensed carbon nanoparticles. Based on these results, the principles of a new clean energy cycle are stated, enabling the obtaining of thermal and kinetic energy without use of oxygen or formation of carbon dioxide. We propose construction of a power plant based on the detonation pyrolysis of acetylene.

A thermal circuit model consistent with integral energy balance for internal forced convection in a circular tube

The equivalent thermal resistance circuit based on integral energy balance of thermally developing forced convection in a circular tube is derived describing the heat flow path between the heated tube wall and inlet fluid. The axial heat conduction of the flow is assumed to be negligibly small. To validate the thermal circuits developed, numerical simulations have been performed for laminar thermally developing forced convection of water in a circular tube with an imposed constant heat flux or constant wall temperature. The overall thermal resistances for the convective circuit separating the heated tube wall and inlet fluid are simply the convection thermal resistances due to the local/average heat transfer coefficients, respectively, defined based on the difference between local/average tube wall temperature and inlet fluid temperature. Applications of the convection thermal circuit derived have been demonstrated for direct or indirect evaluation of the pertinent heat transfer parameters of technical interest characterizing the forced convection heat transfer of thermally developing fluid flow in the iso-flux or iso-thermally heated tube.

Anthropogenic Climate Change in an Integrated Energy Balance Model of Global and Urban Warming

This paper presents an integrated energy balance model of global and urban warming in the attributes/functionings framework a la Gorman–Lancaster–Sen and proposes a Global Warming Function and an Urban Warming Function. Also presented is a concept of Heat Island Integral, which measures the difference of anthropogenic heat stocks between two regions. The model involves residents, producers such as offices and manufacturers, and landscape gardeners who play a very important role in cooling down by roof-top gardening and tree-planting activities, etc. It is shown that urban warming tax/subsidy scheme is designed as a Groves mechanism by the implementation theory.

The effect of intracerebroventricular infusions of ghrelin on the secretory activity of the GnRH/LH system in peripubertal ewes

Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid orexigenic peptide, synthesized mainly by cells located in the stomach mucosa, that can be also engaged in modula- tion of reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ef- fect of intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of ghrelin on the secretory activity of the gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone/luteinizing hormone (GnRH/ LH) system in peripubertal ewes. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: 1. standard fed, 2. starved for 72 h, and 3. standard fed + icv infused with ghrelin. Infusions were performed during three consecutive days; blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 3. Ghrelin infusions and short-term starvation increased the accumulation of immunoreactive (ir) GnRH material in the median eminence (P < 0.001) and ir LH material in the secretory granules of pituitary cells (P < 0.001) in the fasted and ghrelin-infused groups. The short starvation resulted in a decrease of mean LH plasma concentrations (P < 0.05) between days 0 and 3 of infusion, which was related to a lower pulse amplitude. After the icv ghrelin infusion, significant (P < 0.05) changes in LH pulse ampli- tude and frequency, but not in LH concentrations were observed. The obtained results revealed that in peripubertal ewes, exogenous ghrelin administration affects the GnRH/LH axis mainly at the level of neurohormone/protein accu- mulation and LH pulsatility modifications. Ghrelin action at the hypothalamus- pituitary axis is likely involved in the endocrine network that integrates energy balance and fertility in immature sheep.

Derivation of integral energy balance for the manotea facility

Rapid-condensation-induced fluid motion occurs in several nuclear reactor accident sequences, as well as during normal operation. Modeling these events is central to our ability to regulate and ensure safe reactor operations. The UMD-USNA Near One-dimensional Transient Experimental Apparatus (MANOTEA) was constructed in order to create a rapid-condensation dataset for subsequent comparison to TRACE output. This paper outlines a derivation of the energy balance for the facility.A path integral based on mass and energy, rather than fluid mechanical, considerations is derived in order to characterize the physical mechanisms governing MANOTEA transients. This equation is further simplified to obtain an expression that frames transients in term of liquid inventory alone. Using data obtained from an actual transient, the path integral is implemented using three variables (change in liquid inventory, liquid inventory as a function of time, and change in metal temperature) to predict the outcome of a fourth independently measured variable (condenser pressure as a function of time). The implementation yields a very good approximation of the actual data. The inventory equation is also implemented and shows reasonable agreement. These equations, and the physical intuition that they yield, are key to properly characterizing MANOTEA transients and any subsequent modeling efforts.

Abstract 1892: Integrated energetics and flux analysis reveals differential metabolic reprogramming in highly and less invasive cancer cells.

Abstract Cancer cell metabolism was investigated using systems biology tools such as metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to reveal intracellular cancer cell metabolic flux distribution. To obtain a complete role of nutrient-induced deprivation in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, we need to use metabolic flux analysis to determine unknown intracellular fluxes. MFA provides a framework for the estimation of intracellular fluxes and energy balance analysis (EBA) ensures the thermodynamic feasibility of the computed optimal metabolic fluxes. MFA uses stoichiometric and mass balance constraints to compute the intracellular fluxes. Here, we have developed an integrated energy balance and flux balance analysis framework. Our framework allows estimation of intracellular fluxes and reveals specific adaptations and dysregulation of metabolic pathways in ovarian cancer cells as a result of the nutrient (glucose and glutamine) deprivation conditions. Glutamine and glucose are known to be important for cancer cell survival, growth and progression. Thus, there is a strong motivation to study metabolic alternations caused by glucose and glutamine deprivation and uncover links between various fuel sources for highly and less invasive cancer cells. Our findings indicate that NAD+/NADH ratio regulates glutamine's direct effect on lactate production irrespective of the bioenergetic substrate requirement for different kinds of cancer cells. Our findings, using quantification of metabolites pertaining to central carbon and nitrogen metabolism provided clues as to which pathways relevant to glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA, urea cycles and lipid cycles, amino acid and nucleotide metabolisms may be altered by glucose and glutamine in cancer cells. This resulted in identification of dominant factors which control cancer metabolism. We believe that development of our oncosecretomics based metabolic strategy provides an unprecedented opportunity for the development of nutritional supplementation that can deregulate the adaptations and alterations induced by various nutrients in cancer metabolism. Citation Format: Abhinav Achreja, Lifeng Yang, Hongyun Zhao, Juan C. Marini, Deepak Nagrath. Integrated energetics and flux analysis reveals differential metabolic reprogramming in highly and less invasive cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1892. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1892 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.

Nonlocal effects in energy balance in an equilibrium plasma during its fast heating/cooling in tokamaks and stellarators

The long-standing problem of nonlocal energy transfer observed in a number of fast heating/cooling experiments in tokamaks and stellarators is discussed. The most representative and still unexplained are the results from cold-pulse experiments that demonstrate a rapid transient increase in the electron temperature in the plasma core in response to an abrupt cooling of the edge. This occurs on a timescale much faster than the diffusive one, which is incompatible with conventional local transport models. This paper contains a review of the most enigmatical observations and theoretical efforts to describe them, and offers an alternative theoretical approach to the problem. Its essential element is the incorporation of the induction effects and fast energy exchange between the plasma and the magnetic field into the traditional transport model. This makes an emphasis on the magnetic field as the main carrier of the interaction, which naturally explains the fast and nonlocal character of the process. The approach uses the ideas recently applied to the analysis of a closely related problem of ‘missing power’. Accordingly, the flux-conserving evolution of the plasma equilibrium and evaluation of the integral energy balance are parts of the analysis.