Integral Antioxidant Capacity Research Articles

Determination of polyphenol component fractions and integral antioxidant capacity of Syrian aniseed and fennel seed extracts using GC–MS, HPLC analysis, and photochemiluminescence assay

The chemical components of both Syrian aniseed and fennel seeds collected from Idlib and Aleppo regions were identified using GC/MS spectrometry. Thirty-four component fractions representing an average of 98.5% of anise seed extract were characterized. The major average components were (E)-Anethole, Estragole, Limonene, Fenchone, Linalool, para-Anisaldehyde, (Z)-Anethole, and methyl chavicol. Also, thirty-one component fractions representing an average of 99.46% of fennel seed extract were identified. The major components were α-Pinene, α-Phellandrene, Fenchone, Methyl chavicol, Estragole, (Z)-Anethole, Limonene, 1,8-Cineole, Anisole-p-allyl, E,E-Farnesene, Estragole, (E)-Anethole, Anisaldehyde, and Carvacrol. The extract of aniseed was characterized by higher amounts of trans-anethole (52.2%) than fennel extract (38.3%). The integral antioxidant capacity (IAC) of two different extracts from both aniseed and fennel seeds have been determined using photochemiluminescence assay (PCL). The sum of antioxidant capacity (IAC) of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components in both aniseed and fennel seeds was determined, as a total equivalent per gram of dry material (nmolTE/gDM) at 166.69 ± 0.42 and 363.28 ± 1.11 nmol for hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, respectively. Eight major phenolic compounds known as possible antioxidant sources with their concentrations have been identified in both aniseed and fennel seeds by HPLC and GC–MS analysis.

Probiotics for plants: NO-producing lactobacilli protect plants from drought

After the inoculation of wheat roots with a suspension of the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum, leveling of oxidative stress detected by the accumulation of H2O2 and MDA was found in leaves. Activation of catalase and increased integral antioxidant capacity in seedlings treated with NO-producing lactobacilli were detected during the determination of the contribution of bacterial NO to the plant stress reaction. Thus, for the first time, we have demonstrated that lactobacilli affect plant adaptive responses to stress by the involvement of nitric oxide.

Fractionation and quantification of phenolic antioxidants from Saeunamu (Ostrya japonica)

Saeunamu (Ostrya japonica), a natural plant in Jeju, was extracted and fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and their phenolic compounds and integral antioxidative capacity (IAC) were evaluated. Eight fractions were obtained, and the relative contents of ethanol fractions (F1-F6) and methanol fractions (F7, F8) were 64.0 and 33.1%, respectively. Total phenolics in the methanol fractions were high as 672.8 and 613.3 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g in F8 and F7, compared with those in the ethanol fractions as 438.4 and 411.1 mg CE/g in F4 and F5, respectively. Only 4 phenolics such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and quercetin were identified. Catechin was concentrated as 4.6 and 4.4 times in F7 and F8, and quercetin was 2.9 and 2.6 times in F5 and F6, respectively, compared with the unfractionated. IAC of water-soluble substances were high as 6.41 and 7.71 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g, and those of lipid-soluble substances were high as 2.50 and 2.41 mmol Trolox equivalents/g in F4 and F5, respectively. It was concluded that ethanol fractions (F4-F6) possessing strong IAC may be used as a natural source of antioxidants in functional food ingredients.

식물 40종 고압용매 추출물의 통합적 항산화 능력 및 항균 활성

제주, 전남 고흥, 경북 울릉도에 자생하는 식물자원 40종을 대상으로 고압용매 추출하여 항산화 활성과 항균활성을 측정하여, 식품산업에 응용할 천연소재를 탐색하였다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 짚신나물이 174.4 ㎎ GAE/g로 자생식물 중 가장 높았고, 다음으로 물참나무, 서어나무, 붉나무가 각각 116.9, 113.3, 108.2 ㎎ GAE/g로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총고형분 함량에 대한 총 페놀 함량의 비율은 짚신나물이 72.6%로 가장 높았고, 서어나무(47.3%), 물참나무(46.4%), 자금우(40.2%), 바늘꽃(40.1%) 순으로 높은 비율을 나타내었다. 수용성 항산화 능력은 마가목이 5.81 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 나도송이풀, 붉나무, 물참나무, 서어나무가 각각 3.96, 3.63, 3.63, 3.34 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g를 나타내었다. 지용성 항산화능력은 서어나무가 8.51 mmol Trolox equivalents/g로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 마가목, 세잎이질풀, 물참나무, 바늘꽃, 섬기린초가 각각 6.57, 5.68, 3.85, 3.83, 3.69 mmol Trolox equivalents/g를 나타내었다. 국내 자생식물 40종 추출물에 대하여 4종의 양식 넙치 질병 세균에 대한 항균활성을 측정한 결과 9종 즉, 바늘꽃, 독활, 짚신나물, 물참나무, 나도송이풀, 세잎이질풀, 서어나무, 섬기린초, 섬바디 만이 항균활성을 나타내었다. 짚신나물은 S. iniae에 대하여 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 독활, 나도송이풀, 섬바디는 S. parauberis과 S. iniae에 대하여, 물참나무, 세잎이질풀, 서어나무는 V. ordalii에 대하여 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다.

Antioxidant activity and cell toxicity of pressurised liquid extracts from 20 selected plant species in Jeju, Korea

Abstract Twenty plant species were selected from Jeju, Korea, and extracts made using a pressurised liquid extraction system. Integral antioxidative capacity (IAC), inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell toxicity were evaluated to identify new dietary antioxidants of natural origin with a low degree of cell toxicity. Geranium thunbergii and Pyrrosia lingua showed high IAC values of water-soluble substances (9.76 and 9.48 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g), with high IAC values of lipid-soluble substances of 5.20 and 1.97 mmol trolox equivalents/g, respectively. Prunus padus and Rhus javanica did not show any cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophages or HS-68 normal skin fibroblast cells and showed inhibitory activity of NO production (IC 50 = 327 and 337 μg/ml) with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Malus sieboldii did not exhibit cytotoxicity with either cell type and showed high inhibitory activity of NO production (IC 50 = 219 μg/ml) and high IAC values of water-soluble substances (4.93 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g).

제주 자생식물 고압용매 추출물의 통합적 항산화 능력

제주 자생식물 20종을 대상으로 고압용매 추출(추출용매 100% methanol, 추출 온도 40℃, 추출 압력 13.6 ㎫, 추출시간 10분)하여 총페놀 함량과 통합적 항산화 능력을 측정하고 폴리페놀 성분을 동정하였다. 추출수율은 붉나무, 말오줌 때, 사방오리나무, 사람주나무, 팥배나무가 각각 21.8, 21.5, 21.1, 20.7, 20.1%로 가장 높았다. 총페놀 함량은 아그배가 68.3 ㎎ GAE/g로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 사람주나무, 석위, 말오줌때가 각각 57.6, 56.6, 55.1 ㎎ GAE/g을 나타내었다. 수용성 항산화 능력은 이질풀, 사람주나무, 산딸나무, 붉나무가 각각 598, 394, 293, 270 μ㏖ ascorbic acid equivalent/g로 높았고, 지용성 항산화 능력은 백량금, 새우나무, 이질풀, 붉가시나무가 611, 314, 296, 242 μmol trolox equivalent/g로 높았다. GC/MS에 의한 폴리페놀성분을 동정한 결과 15개의 주요 피크를 얻었으며, 그 중 2종의 폴리페놀류(gallic acid(체류시간 19.7분)와 quercetin(체류시간 33.5 분)), ascorbic acid(체류시간 35.3분) 그리고 다수의 지방산류(체류시간 18.6, 21.0, 21.8, 21.9, 23.6분)를 확인할 수 있었는데, 이 중 gallic acid는 다른 성분보다 peak area가 높은 것으로 나타나 사람주나무의 가장 중요한 폴리페놀 성분으로 추정되었다.

Antioxidative activity of anthocyanins from sour cherries

The aim of this study was to examine antioxidant activities of the anthocyanins isolated from different sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) cultivars. DPPH radical method and photochemiluminescence detection method were employed. The effect of isolated anthocyanins on peroxidase activity was also investigated. In the DPPH method, methanol extract of isolated anthocyanins was employed and results showed the highest radical-scavenging activity of anthocyanins isolated from one genotype of Cigancica cherry (genotype VN 10-11), Petrovaradinska and Oblacinska cherry cultivar. Integral antioxidative capacity was determined by luminometry (Photochem), calculating the ascorbic acid equivalents. The best reducing power was shown by anthocyanins isolated from Maraska and Petrovaradinska cherry cultivars. Peroxidase activity of fresh plant material was determined and the influence of anthocyanins on peroxidase activity was investigated.

The use of photochemiluminescence for the measurement of the integral antioxidant capacity of baobab products

The number of methods to measure antioxidants in botanicals, foods, nutraceuticals and other dietary supplements are increased considerably in the last 10 years. However most techniques require long experimental times and high costs to determine antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic or lipophilic compound in a food mixture. By means of a photochemiluminescence method, we assessed the Integral Antioxidant Capacity (IAC) which represents the sum of the antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. In this study the IAC of extracts from Adansonia digitatata (i.e. red fiber, fruit pulp and leaves), was assessed in comparison to those deriving from other natural sources of antioxidants (i.e. orange, kiwi, apple and strawberry). When compared, IAC values for the examined product resulted as follows: Adansonia digitata red fibre ⋙ Adansonia digitata fruit pulp ≫ Adansonia digitata fresh leaves ≫ Adansonia digitata seeds ⩾ Adansonia digitata radix cuticle ⩾ orange fresh pulp ≫ strawberry fresh fruit pulp > Adansonia digitata radix > bilberry fresh pulp ⩾ kiwi fruit pulp. Results clearly indicate the interesting antioxidants properties of Adansonia digitata red fibre, in particular the IAC value of baobab red fibre was 66 time higher than that of orange pulp, with value of 1617.3 μmol/g and 24.3 μmol/g, respectively.

Photochemiluminescent detection of antiradical activity. VII. Comparison with a modified method of thermo‐initiated free radical generation with chemiluminescent detection

The method of photosensitized chemiluminescence (PCL) allows the quantification of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the same measuring system. However, it needs a special device, which we have described in a previous paper in this series. Another method suitable for the assay of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants is the thermo-initiated decay of azo-compounds combined with the measurement of O2 consumption (Niki, 1985; Wayner et al., 1985). Its long duration and the complicated measuring procedure is not acceptable for routine medical applications. We show that a modification using CL detection of free radicals with luminol, has results comparable with PCL for the determination of non-enzymic water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants, SOD activity and oxidative modification of proteins. In contrast to PCL, it is possible to use any luminometer with a heatable measuring cell and to investigate coloured samples. While the new method has an overall higher sensitivity and is scalable to microtitre plates, PCL measurements can be made at different pH. The advantages and analytical information content of certain components of the integral antioxidative capacity of blood plasma are discussed in comparison with other methods.

Clastogenesis and Aneugenesis in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The genetic system in children with cerebral palsy was studied by the method of registration of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes. A high level of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in the peripheral blood cells was revealed. A significant reduction of the integral antioxidant capacity of the blood and plasma was detected by coulombometric titration with electrogenerated bromine in patients with all forms of cerebral palsy. Aneugenic and antianeugenic effects of glutamate were studied in experiments on mice. Biphasic effect of glutamate was revealed: it exhibited aneugenic effect in high doses and antianeugenic in low doses. Impairment of the genome stability in children with cerebral palsy is believed to be caused by increased generation of endomutagens under conditions of disease and reduction of the genome antimutagenic defense system.

LC-MS Analysis of Antioxidant Plant Phenoloids

Extracts of selected medicinal plants with promising integral antioxidative capacity were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) and on-line mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or APCI-MS). These techniques allowed determination of the main components of each extract, which may serve us thereby providing a typical “finger-print” in the identification of the plants. More specifically various flavonol aglycones, flavon- and flavonol-glycosides, flavonol-diglycosides were detected in herbs of Solidago canadensis chemovarieties, in leaves of Filipendula ulmaria and in the herb of Viola tricolor species.

Antioxidant potential of Anogeissus latifolia.

Anogeissus latifolia is widely used in the Indian indigenous system of medicine and is reported to contain leucocyanidins and tannoid principles like ellagic acid and its derivatives. In view of its wide use and its chemical composition, this study was aimed at examining the antioxidant activity of the extract of A. latifolia. The extract was studied for total antioxidant capacity, hydrogen-donating ability, nitric oxide, superoxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide decomposition activity along with lipid peroxidation. Integral antioxidative capacity was determined by chemiluminescence assay. The extract was also studied for lipid peroxidation assay by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) method using rat liver homogenate. The results indicate that A. latifolia extract has potent antioxidant activity. Also to ascertain the possible reason for the potent activity, percentage of gallic acid was estimated and was found to be 0.95%, which could be one of the reasons for potent antioxidant activity exhibited by the plant.

Herbal remedies of Solidago—correlation of phytochemical characteristics and antioxidative properties

In this study the correlation of phytochemical characteristics and antioxidative properties of classical herbal tea extracts— Infusum solidaginis, Decoctum solidaginis, Maceratum solidaginis—and tinctures prepared by various concentration of ethanol (40, 70, 96% v/v) have been examined for the release of flavonoids and their antioxidant activity. Quantitative and composition determination of flavonoids were carried out by spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, respectively. Hydrogen-donating ability and reducing power properties were used to define in vitro radical scavenging activity of Solidago extracts, but integral antioxidative capacity was determined by luminometry (Photochem ®), calculating the ascorbic acid equivalents. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3- O-β- d-rutinoside, quercetin-3- O-β- d-galactoside, quercetin-3- O-β- d-glucoside, quercetin-3- O-β- d-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3- O-α- l-rhamnoside and quercetin were confirmed by retention times and UV spectra. Based on the dissolution rate, variance of flavonoid release and ascorbic acid equivalents it was concluded, that Tinctura solidaginis (70% v/v ethanol) and Infusum solidaginis are the most appropriate preparations.

Photochemiluminescent detection of antiradical activity; IV: testing of lipid-soluble antioxidants

A new method for quantification of antiradical properties of pure lipid-soluble antioxidants and for measurement of integral antioxidant capacity in the lipid phase (ACL) of polycomponent systems, such as blood plasma or tissue homogenates, is developed. It is based on an antioxidant-sensitive inhibition of a photo-induced, chemiluminescence accompanied autoxidation of luminol. The sensitivity of the photochemiluminescent (PCL) assay lies within nmol quantities of substances, the measuring range for α-tocopherol is between 0.1 and 3 nmol. The interassay variability of the method is lower than 5%, the intraassay variability <2%. The antioxidant efficiency of γ-tocopherol was found to be 43% of α-tocopherol. The results of the PCL measurements on pure antioxidants and on lipid extracts from blood plasma were compared with the level of, ‘vitamin E’ (VE) determined as a sum of α- and γ-tocopherol by HPLC. Very good coincidence of both methods was observed for pure substances ( r = 0.998, P<0.001). The ACL of human blood plasma was found to be 27.98 ± 0.68 μmol equivalents of α-tocopherol/l (mean ± mean error, n = 142), it is ∼ 25% more than the concentration of VE found in the same samples (22.09 ± 0.59 μmol/l). In this case, the correlation of both parameters was lower: r = 0.811, P<0.001. The animal experiments showed that synthetic antioxidants may not only increase the value of ACL of blood plasma but in the same time reduce the concentration of biological antioxidants, e.g. VE drastically. The prooxidant activity of synthetic antioxidants in vivo or the replacing of structured α-tocopherol from its position can be the cause. This important circumstance has to be considered during the testing of new antioxidants for clinical application.

Photochemiluminescent detection of antiradical activity: II. Testing of nonenzymic water-soluble antioxidants

A method for testing und quantification of nonenzymic antioxidants, such ascorbic acid and uric acid, and of polycomponent system, e.g., blood plasma, is described. This method is based on a photo-induced, chemiluminescence-accompanied, and antioxidant-inhibitable autoxidation of luminol. The sensitivity of the assay lies in a region of nanomolar quantities of substances. The interassay variability of the method is lower than 5%, the intraassay variability is 2%. The mean values of an integral antioxidant capacity (AC) of human blood plasma, measured with this method as a duration of the chemiluminescence inhibition, were between 10 and 20 arbitrary Units (10 arb.U. = 1 min) per 1 μl, and showed the age-dependent patterns with maximal values (±SD) with newborns ( n = 7): 20.8 ± 4.1 arb.U. and aged persons (46 ± 9.4 years old, n = 16): 15.4 ± 5.2 arb.U., and minimal with children (7.3 ± 3 years old, n = 10): 9.9 ± 2.6 arb.U. AC of young people (28.7 ± 6.5 years old, n = 22) was 12.1 ± 2.7 arb.U. AC of six tested animal species was lower as that of humans, with maximal values with guinea pigs: 8.5 arb.U. (mean value) and spontaneously hypertensive rats: 8.6 arb.U. The lowest values were registered with minipigs: 1.4 arb.U. Mice (strain 17) showed 3.8, lewis and Wistar rats accordingly 4.6 and 6.2 arb.U.

The antioxidant system of the organism. Theoretical basis and practical consequences

On the basis of the literature and our own investigations, the antioxidant mechanisms and substances of the human organism are described and classified as compartmentalization, detoxification, repair and utilization. The existence and the structure of an antioxidant system, which serves as support of the antioxidant homeostasis, are hypothesized. A parameter for characterizing the state of the antioxidant system and for detecting its changes under pathological conditions — the integral antioxidant capacity of blood plasma — and a method for its determination are suggested.