Starch Intake Research Articles

Škrob u obroku konja poboljšat će mikrobiotu fecesa, in vitro probavljivost vlakana i suhe tvari

When higher concentrations of starch are given to horses, starch degradation may shift from small intestine further to hindgut where it can cause alternation of the hindgut microbiome and unsatisfied fiber fermentation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the daily starch intake levels of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g/kg body weight (BW) of the animal on the fecal in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fibers (IVNDFD) and dry matter (IVDMD) and whether changes in fecal microbiome occur. Three horses were fed in three periods with three starch levels in the trial, designed as 3x3 latin square. The main influences were the level of starch in the horse meal and the effect of an individual animal on in vitro digestibility of three forages (straw, clover and meadow hay). The results showed that with increasing starch level, proportionally the significant increase in IVNDFD and IVDMD in all forages was observed. By increasing the starch level, the higher number of lactobacilli, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria in the feces of the horse was recorded. It can be concluded that the daily level of starch in the horse meal up to 0.9 g/kg BW has a positive effect on fiber digestibility and feces microbiome.

Physiologic Responses to Feeding Rumen-Protected Glucose to Lactating Dairy Cows

It was hypothesized that rumen-protected glucose (RPG) in diets of dairy cows increases concentrations of insulin resulting in greater blood progesterone concentrations because elevated insulin decreases activity of liver enzymes inactivating steroid hormones. Timing of ovulation was synchronized among 64 postpartum Holstein cows using GnRH and PGF2α (Day 0 = ovulation). Cows were milked thrice daily and assigned randomly a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 kg of an RPG product in place of corn grain, top-dressed in the diet beginning on Day -3. Blood was collected pre- and post-prandial on Days 0, 2, and 4 to determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and daily from Days 2 through 12. Intake of crude protein and energy-soluble carbohydrates increased linearly with dose, whereas starch intake decreased linearly with dose. Neither daily milk yield nor dry matter intake (DMI), energy-corrected milk (ECM), somatic cell count, or percentages of milk fat, protein and lactose on Day 8 differed among dietary treatments. Neither pre- nor post-prandial changes in plasma glucose differed among treatments. In contrast, post-prandial glucose decreased from Days 0 through 4. A change in plasma insulin (post-prandial minus pre-prandial) was detected. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with RPG dose. Concentrations of progesterone were unaffected by RPG dose. It is concluded that insulin response to RPG was decreased relative to the control and RPG supplementation linearly increased crude protein intake and milk urea nitrogen with increasing dose, but did not affect concentrations of progesterone, milk yield, or dry matter intake.

Takeaway meal consumption and risk markers for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity in children aged 9–10 years: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between takeaway meal consumption and risk markers for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity risk markers in children.DesignA cross-sectional, school-based observational study.Setting85 primary schools across...

Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity Is Associated with Starch Intake and Waist Circumference in Adults

Background: Recent studies have proposed that humans may perceive complex carbohydrates and that sensitivity to simple carbohydrates is independent of sensitivity to complex carbohydrates. Variation in oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity may influence food consumption.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity, anthropometry, and dietary intake in adults.Methods: We assessed oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrates (maltodextrin and oligofructose) by measuring detection thresholds (DTs) and suprathreshold intensity perceptions (STs) for 34 participants, including 16 men (mean ± SEM age : 26.2 ± 0.4 y; range: 24-30 y) and 18 women (age: 29.4 ± 2.1 y; range: 24-55 y). We also measured height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) and participants completed a 4-d food diary and a food-frequency questionnaire.Results: Measurements of oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrates were significantly correlated with WC and dietary energy and starch intakes (DT: r = -0.38, P < 0.05; ST: r = 0.36-0.48, P < 0.05). When participants were grouped into tertiles, there were significant differences in WC and total energy or starch intakes for those who were more sensitive or experienced high intensity compared with those who were less sensitive or experienced low intensity. Being more sensitive or experiencing high intensity was associated with greater energy (7968-8954 kJ/d) and starch (29.1-29.8% of energy) intakes and a greater WC (88.2-91.4 cm) than was being less sensitive or experiencing low intensity (6693-7747 kJ/d, 20.9-22.2% of energy, and 75.5-80.5 cm, respectively).Conclusion: Complex carbohydrate sensing is associated with WC and consumption of complex carbohydrates and energy in adults. This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12616001356459.

Feeding DigestaWell Buffer to Horses Alters the Effects of Starch Intake on Blood pH, Lipopolysaccharide, and Interleukin-1β

Diets with moderate levels of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) elevate plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 2 hours and interleukin-1β (IL1B) at 1 hour postprandially. It is possible that rapid fermentation of NSC in the digestive tract lowers the pH, inducing inflammation. DigestaWell buffer, a bicarbonate-containing dietary supplement, may mitigate changes in LPS and IL1B through pH buffering. Six mature geldings, in a crossover design, consumed a feed providing 1.2 g/kg bodyweight of NSC. Plasma glucose, insulin, LPS, IL1B, and d-lactate were analyzed from samples obtained at −0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours postfeeding. Whole blood was analyzed for pH and TCO2. Plasma glucose and insulin increased postprandially (P < .001); however, insulin responses were lower in horses receiving buffer (P = .017). The buffer also reduced plasma concentrations of IL1B (P = .039) compared to controls. Concentrations of d-lactate (P = .022) and LPS (P = .004) were affected by the time by treatment interaction, whereby control horses had higher concentrations of d-lactate at 2, 4, and 8 hours (P < .02) and LPS at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours (P < .05). Meal consumption reduced blood pH (P = .011); however, pH was higher in horses receiving buffer (P = .012). Blood TCO2 levels remained <37 mmol/L but tended to be higher in horse receiving buffer (P = .081). Given these findings, we believe that DigestaWell buffer mitigates the negative effects of rapid NSC fermentation in the equine digestive tract, evidenced by reduced postprandial LPS and IL1B.

Developing a synbiotic fermented milk using probiotic bacteria and organic green banana flour

The addition of organic green banana flour (GBF, 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% w/v) on the quality parameters of fermented milk was investigated (21days/5°C). Suitable viability of lactic and probiotic cultures (>6logCFU/g) and resistant starch level (3.01–10.29g/100g) were observed. 1% and 3% GBF addition increased post acidification, proteolysis and concentration of lactic and acetic acids, but at suitable ranges. Furthermore, it improved the fatty acid (long-chain) and volatile profiles, increasing aroma and flavor acceptance. 3% GBF addition resulted in higher firmness, lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and better aromatic profile than 1%, allowing the consumption of lower quantities of the fermented milk (100g) to provide the minimum daily intake of resistant starch. GBF at 3% is a suitable ingredient in fermented milk formulation, contributing to the development of a synbiotic product with shelf life of at least 21days.

The influence of the selection of macronutrients coupled with dietary energy density on the performance of broiler chickens.

A total of 360 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in a feeding study to assess the influence of macronutrients and energy density on feed intakes from 10 to 31 days post-hatch. The study comprised ten dietary treatments from five dietary combinations and two feeding approaches: sequential and choice feeding. The study included eight experimental diets and each dietary combination was made from three experimental diets. Choice fed birds selected between three diets in separate feed trays at the same time; whereas the three diets were offered to sequentially fed birds on an alternate basis during the experimental period. There were no differences between starch and protein intakes between choice and sequentially fed birds (P > 0.05) when broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch, protein and lipid concentrations. When broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch and protein but similar lipid concentrations, both sequentially and choice fed birds selected similar ratios of starch and protein intake (P > 0.05). However, when broiler chickens selected from diets with different protein and lipid but similar starch concentrations, choice fed birds had higher lipid intake (129 versus 118 g/bird, P = 0.027) and selected diets with lower protein concentrations (258 versus 281 g/kg, P = 0.042) than birds offered sequential diet options. Choice fed birds had greater intakes of the high energy diet (1471 g/bird, P < 0.0001) than low energy (197 g/bird) or medium energy diets (663 g/bird) whilst broiler chickens were offered diets with different energy densities but high crude protein (300 g/kg) or digestible lysine (17.5 g/kg) concentrations. Choice fed birds had lower FCR (1.217 versus 1.327 g/g, P < 0.0001) and higher carcass yield (88.1 versus 87.3%, P = 0.012) than sequentially fed birds. This suggests that the dietary balance between protein and energy is essential for optimal feed conversion efficiency. The intake path of macronutrients from 10–31 days in choice and sequential feeding groups were plotted and compared with the null path if broiler chickens selected equal amounts of the three diets in the combination. Regardless of feeding regimen, the intake paths of starch and protein are very close to the null path; however, lipid and protein intake paths in choice fed birds are father from the null path than sequentially fed birds.

Evaluation of a gas in vitro system for predicting methane production in vivo

Methane production from ruminant livestock varies with the diet as a result of factors such as dry matter intake, diet composition, and digestibility. To estimate the effect of dietary composition and feed additives, CH4 production can be measured in vitro as a first step because large numbers of samples can be incubated and analyzed at the same time. This study evaluated a recently developed in vitro method for prediction of in vivo CH4 production by examining the relationship between predicted and observed CH4 production values. A total of 49 different diets (observations), used in previous 13 in vivo studies, were selected to include diets varying in nutrient composition. Methane production was measured in all in vivo studies by respiration chambers or the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Overall, the in vitro system predicted CH4 production well (R2 = 0.96), but the values obtained were slightly underestimated compared with observed in vivo values (mean 399 L/d compared with 418 L/d: root mean square prediction error = 51.6 L/d or 12.3% of observed mean). Further analysis of the effect on residuals showed no significant relationship between CH4 production and most factors known to affect CH4 production such as dry matter intake, digestibility, and dietary concentrations of fat and starch. However, some factors included in the model were not well predicted by the system, with residuals negatively related to neutral detergent fiber concentration and positively related to concentrate proportion. The in vitro system can thus be useful for screening diets and evaluation of feed additives as a first step that can be best interpreted when feeding cows at maintenance level.

Glycemic index, glycemic load and carbohydrate intake in association with risk of renal cell carcinoma.

Carbohydrate intake affects postprandial glucose levels and insulin response, which plays a role in carcinogenesis. The relationship between carbohydrate intake, dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. We conducted a case-control study including 854 patients with newly diagnosed RCC (cases) and 1255 healthy participants (controls) recruited since 2002. GI, GL and carbohydrate intake were obtained via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. We found that higher GI was significantly associated with RCC risk with an OR of 1.32 (95% CI, 0.99-1.74; Ptrend = 0.026) (the highest versus the lowest quartiles). We also observed an inverse association between fiber intake and RCC risk with OR of 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50-0.99) as well as between starch intake and risk of RCC with OR of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.49-0.87). Individuals with a high-GI diet and hypertension or high body mass index (BMI) had a 2.7 times (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.96-3.64) and two times (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.29-2.92) higher RCC risk, respectively, than those without these factors. Our findings suggest that a high-GI diet is associated with an increased risk of RCC, whereas increased fiber and starch intakes appear to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC. We found that reducing GI levels and increasing fiber intake could be a dietary strategy to decrease RCC risk, especially for individuals with hypertension or high BMI.

Dietary starch intake modifies the relation between copy number variation in the salivary amylase gene and BMI

Background: Studies have shown conflicting associations between the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number and obesity. Salivary amylase initiates starch digestion in the oral cavity; starch is a major source of energy in the diet.Objective: We investigated the association between AMY1 copy number and obesity traits, and the effect of the interaction between AMY1 copy number and starch intake on these obesity traits.Design: We first assessed the association between AMY1 copy number (genotyped by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) and obesity traits in 4800 individuals without diabetes (mean age: 57 y; 60% female) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort. Then we analyzed interactions between AMY1 copy number and energy-adjusted starch intake (obtained by a modified diet history method) on body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage.Results:AMY1 copy number was not associated with BMI (P = 0.80) or body fat percentage (P = 0.38). We observed a significant effect of the interaction between AMY1 copy number and starch intake on BMI (P-interaction = 0.007) and body fat percentage (P-interaction = 0.03). Upon stratification by dietary starch intake, BMI tended to decrease with increasing AMY1 copy numbers in the low-starch intake group (P = 0.07) and tended to increase with increasing AMY1 copy numbers in the high-starch intake group (P = 0.08). The lowest mean BMI was observed in the group of participants with a low AMY1 copy number and a high dietary intake of starch.Conclusions: Our findings suggest an effect of the interaction between starch intake and AMY1 copy number on obesity. Individuals with high starch intake but low genetic capacity to digest starch had the lowest BMI, potentially because larger amounts of undigested starch are transported through the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to fewer calories extracted from ingested starch.

Effect of dehydrated alfalfa on equine gastric and faecal microbial ecosystems

Disturbances of the gastric and hindgut ecosystems can lead to damage of the mucosa in the stomach and to intestinal colic. Some studies suggested that alfalfa could have preventive and healing capacities against gastric ulcerations. Preliminary data suggest that buffering capacity of alfalfa could also be beneficial for the hindgut ecosystem. The objective of this study was thus to assess the effect of dehydrated alfalfa pellets on the bacterial composition and the microbial activity of the equine gastric and faecal ecosystems. Six adult horses allotted in three pairs were studied in a 3 diets x 3 periods Latin square design experiment. During the 18-days experimental period, horses were fed grass hay (57% of total DMI) plus rolled barley and high-protein pellets (27% and 16% of total DMI) that represented a total intake of 1.8% BW / day. High-protein pellets consisted of alfalfa (obtained from 2 different processes, ALF – 2.35mcal/kg DM, 16.9% DM CP, 27.2% DM NFC, 10.8% DM ash, 2.1% DM Ca) and sunflower meal (SFM – 2.26 mcal/kg DM, 29.1% DM CP, 13.8% DM NFC, 7.2% DM ash, 0.5% DM Ca) pellets. Daily starch intake (289g) was divided into 2 equal meals. During the 5-day wash-out period, horses were fed grass hay and rolled barley (93% and 7% of total DMI respectively). On day 18 of the experimental period, faeces and gastric content were collected 3:00 and 3:30h respectively after morning barley + high-protein pellets meal to assess microbial ecosystem parameters. Horses fed ALF had significantly lower gastric concentrations of amylolytic bacteria than the ones fed SFM (P=0.04). On the contrary, amylolytic bacterial concentrations were higher in the faeces of horses fed ALF (P=0.01) compared to SFM diets, as well as lactate-utilizing and pectinolytic bacterial concentrations (P=0.05 and P=0.04 respectively). However, no significant modification of the pH, VFAs proportions, VFAs and lactic-acid concentrations were measured in gastric content and faeces. Regarding gastric health, minimizing carbohydrate fermentation could be beneficial, although VFAs concentrations were not different in this study between ALF and SFM diets. In the hindgut, higher lactate-utilizing concentrations could be advantageous to limit hindgut acidosis. Further work is required to understand the mechanisms that altered gastric and faecal bacterial ecosystems in horses fed the alfalfa diet and to investigate whether other proportions or processed forms of alfalfa in the diet would be more beneficial.

Feeding and Management Practices for Racehorses in Turkey

The aim of this study was to gather information on feeding practices and to identify nutrient imbalances of racehorses in Turkey. A total of 134 racehorses who visited the Turkish Jockey Club Racecourse Equine Hospital in Istanbul were referred for professional nutritional advice in 2013. Each horse was examined, and body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), exercise level, feeding practices, reasons for the veterinary visit as well as feed and supplement intake were recorded. Intakes of energy, crude nutrients, starch, sugar, and minerals were calculated and compared to the requirements. Descriptive data were calculated using commercial statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 24, Chicago, IL). The median age of the population was 3 years. The mean BW of the horses was 423 ± 38.4 kg, and BCS was 4.5/9 ± 0.7. Nearly all (99.2%) horses were fed grass hay, and 61% of the horses received alfalfa as well. The average forage intake was 1.0 ± 0.4% of BW/d. The average intake of concentrate was 1.2 ± 0.4% of BW. Forty-nine percent of the horses were fed supplements, and only 12% received oil. The mean metabolizable energy (ME) intake was 1.0 ± 0.2 MJ ME/kg BW0.75 for thoroughbreds and 0.9 ± 0.1 MJ ME/kg BW0.75 for Arabians. The calculated mean starch intake was 5.0 ± 2.2 g/kg BW, and the sugar intake was 1.2 ± 0.4 g/kg BW. Communication between horse owners/trainers and the equine nutritionists are needed with regard to formulating a proper diet for each horse.

Effect of resistant starch on the intestinal health of old dogs: fermentation products and histological features of the intestinal mucosa.

The effects of resistant starch (RS) intake on nutrient digestibility, microbial fermentation products, faecal IgA, faecal pH, and histological features of the intestinal mucosa of old dogs were evaluated. The same formulation was extruded in two different conditions: one to obtain elevated starch cooking degree with low RS content (0.21%) and the other lower starch cooking with high RS content (1.46%). Eight geriatric Beagles (11.5±0.38years old) were fed each diet for 61days in a crossover design. Food intake, nutrient digestibility, fermentation products, faecal pH, and faecal IgA were examined via variance analysis. Histological results of intestinal biopsies were assessed via Wilcoxon test for paired data. The morphometric characteristics of large intestine crypts were evaluated via paired t tests (p<.05). Protein, fat, and energy digestibilities were higher for the low-RS diet (p<.05). Dogs receiving the high-RS diet had lower faecal pH and higher values for propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids, and lactate (p<.05). No differences between diets were found in the histological parameters of the gut mucosa, and only a tendency for deeper crypts in the descending colon was observed for dogs fed the high-RS diet (p=.083). The intake of a corn-based kibble diet manufactured with coarse ground raw material and low starch gelatinization to obtain 1.4% of RS affected microbial fermentation products and faecal pH and tended to increase crypt depth in the descending colon of old dogs.

Genetic variation in the AMY1 gene is associated with dietary carbohydrate and starch intake in a young adult population

BackgroundGenetic variation contributes to individual differences in energy and nutrient intake and may be a contributing factor to the selection of certain foods and macronutrient preference. Salivary amylase is encoded by the AMY1 gene, which displays high copy number variation (CNV) and plays an important role in starch digestion. Research has found that AMY1 CNV is positively correlated with both salivary amylase concentration and activity and higher AMY1 copy numbers have been found in populations with high starch diets. Individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the amylase genes have been found to correlate with AMY1 copy number within populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether common variants in the AMY1 gene are associated with habitual dietary intake.MethodsFasting blood samples were drawn from a total of 1,600 ethno‐culturally diverse participants aged 20–29 years from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study for genotyping of 9 SNPs associated with AMY1 copy number: rs4244372 (T/A), rs11577390 (C/T), rs1566154 (A/G), rs10881197(G/C), rs2132957 (A/G), rs11185098(G/A), rs1999478(C/A), rs1330403(A/G) and rs6696797(A/G). Dietary intake was assessed using a one‐month, 196‐item Toronto‐modified Willett food frequency questionnaire. An analysis of covariance adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, and physical activity was used to determine the association between AMY1 genotypes and dietary intake.ResultsAmong Caucasians (n = 620), carriers of the minor allele in rs10881197 had a significantly lower energy intake (1838 vs 2089 kcal/day, p = 0.005). Carriers of the minor allele in rs11185098 had significantly higher total carbohydrate (CHO) and starch intakes (273 vs 266 g CHO/day, p =0.03 and 122 vs 117g starch/day, p= 0.02 respectively). Among East Asians (n = 465), carriers of the minor allele in rs1999478 had significantly higher total energy and sugar intakes (1985 vs 1828 kcal/day, p = 0.02 and 113 vs 105 g sugar/day, p = 0.03 respectively). No other associations were observed between AMY1 variants and carbohydrate or starch intake.ConclusionPolymorphisms in the AMY1 gene are associated with dietary intake patterns. Identifying the genetic determinants of dietary intake and food preference may enhance our understanding of excessive caloric intake and obesity, a common risk factor of many chronic conditions and provide further evidence to support the use of personalized nutrition recommendations.Support or Funding InformationResearch support from Mitacs

Exogenous lactobacilli mitigate microbial changes associated with grain fermentation (corn, oats, and wheat) by equine fecal microflora ex vivo.

Cereal grains are often included in equine diets. When starch intake exceeds foregut digestion starch will reach the hindgut, impacting microbial ecology. Probiotics (e.g., lactobacilli) are reported to mitigate GI dysbioses in other species. This study was conducted to determine the effect of exogenous lactobacilli on pH and the growth of amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria. Feces were collected from 3 mature geldings fed grass hay with access to pasture. Fecal microbes were harvested by differential centrifugation, washed, and re-suspended in anaerobic media containing ground corn, wheat, or oats at 1.6% (w/v) starch and one of five treatments: Control (substrate only), L. acidophilus, L. buchneri, L. reuteri, or an equal mixture of all three (107 cells/mL, final concentration). After 24 h of incubation (37°C, 160 rpm), samples were collected for pH and enumerations of total amylolytics, Group D Gram-positive cocci (GPC; Enterococci, Streptococci), lactobacilli, and lactate-utilizing bacteria. Enumeration data were log transformed prior to ANOVA (SAS, v. 9.3). Lactobacilli inhibited pH decline in corn and wheat fermentations (P < 0.0001). Specifically, addition of either L. reuteri or L. acidophilus was most effective at mitigating pH decline with both corn and wheat fermentation, in which the greatest acidification occurred (P < 0.05). Exogenous lactobacilli decreased amylolytics, while increasing lactate-utilizers in corn and wheat fermentations (P < 0.0001). In oat fermentations, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri inhibited pH decline and increased lactate-utilizers while decreasing amylolytics (P < 0.0001). For all substrates, L. reuteri additions (regardless of viability) had the lowest number of GPC and the highest number of lactobacilli and lactate-utilizers (P < 0.05). There were no additive effects when lactobacilli were mixed. Exogenous lactobacilli decreased the initial (first 8 h) rate of starch catalysis when wheat was the substrate, but did not decrease total (24 h) starch utilization in any case. These results indicate that exogenous lactobacilli can impact the microbial community and pH of cereal grain fermentations by equine fecal microflora ex vivo. Additionally, dead (autoclaved) exogenous lactobacilli had similar effects as live lactobacilli on fermentation. This latter result indicates that the mechanism by which lactobacilli impact other amylolytic bacteria is not simple resource competition.

Relationship between pickiness and subsequent development in body mass index and diet intake in obesity prone normal weight preschool children.

BackgroundMost children have periods in their life where they reject familiar as well as non-familiar food items and this is often referred to as pickiness. The consequences of pickiness may be malnutrition and, if prolonged, potentially lower body weight. However, studies investigating the consequence of pickiness on subsequent changes in diet intake and weight are limited.ObjectivesTo examine whether pickiness influences body mass index as well as diet intake over subsequent 15 months among obesity prone normal weight children aged 2–6 years.MethodsData was obtained from the “Healthy Start” intervention study which included 271 children aged 2–6 years susceptible to overweight later in life. Information on pickiness was obtained from a parental questionnaire. Dietary habits were collected by 4-day dietary records filled in by the parents and height and weight were measured by trained health professionals and both measured twice over a 15 month period. Linear regression models were performed to assess the influence of pickiness on body mass index and diet with adjustments for possible confounders.ResultsNo differences in mean BMI Z-score were seen between picky/non-picky (P = 0.68) and little picky/non-picky (P = 0.68) children at 15 month follow-up. Picky children had a lower intake of protein (P = 0.01) than non-picky children despite no differences in total energy intake (P = 0.74), or in the other macronutrients, or the intake of fruit and vegetables, though children being a little picky had a lower intake of starch compared to non-picky children (P = 0.05). Results were essentially similar before and after adjustment for key covariates.ConclusionOur study showed that BMI Z-score after 15 months follow-up was similar for picky and non-picky children. Picky children seemed to develop a lower protein intake despite similar total energy intake and diet composition.

Abstract P221: Relationship of Dietary Carbohydrate and Fiber Intake to Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Japanese: NIPPON DATA80

Aims: The association between carbohydrate intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been investigated; however, it remains unclear. Carbohydrate quality is considered to be more important than its amount. Carbohydrate consists of fiber and available carbohydrate which includes starch and sugar. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of each of carbohydrate, available carbohydrate, starch and fiber intake to the long-term CVD mortality risk in Japanese population. We also examined the relationship of the ratios of carbohydrate, available carbohydrate or starch-to-fiber to CVD risk. Methods: We prospectively followed 8,925 participants (3,916 men and 5,009 women) aged 30-79 years without CVD who participated in the National Nutrition Survey in 1980 from 300 randomly selected areas in Japan. The participants were followed for 24 years. To identify the cause of death, the National Vital Statistics database of Japan was used. Food intake survey using weighed food records over three days in each household was conducted. The nutrient intake reported for each household was proportionally allocated to each household member according to the mean consumption rate by age and sex in 1995. Ratios of carbohydrate, available carbohydrate or starch intake (g/day) divided by dietary fiber intake (g/day) were also calculated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality by sex-specific quartiles of fiber (g/1000kcal), carbohydrate (%kcal), available carbohydrate (%kcal), starch (%kcal) and their ratios. HRs were adjusted for age, sex, lifestyle factors (smoking status, drinking status, BMI, medication of hypertension, past history of diabetes mellitus), and dietary factors (intakes of sodium, saturated fatty acids and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). Results: During 24-years of follow up, 823 CVD deaths were observed (419 men and 404 women). Adjusted HR for CVD mortality was lower in the highest quartile (Q4) of fiber intake (0.71, 95%CI: 0.57-0.89, P -trend 0.003) compared with the lowest (Q1). However, carbohydrate, available carbohydrate and starch intake were not associated with CVD mortality (Adjusted HR for Q4 compared with Q1: 1.00, 95%CI: 0.76-1.32, P -trend 0.875; 1.07, 0.82-1.40, 0.757; 0.92, 0.71-1.20, 0.619; respectively). The ratios of carbohydrate, available carbohydrate or starch-to-fiber were all positively associated with CVD mortality (Adjusted HR for Q4 compared with Q1: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.13-1.73, P -trend 0.003; 1.33, 1.08-1.64, 0.006; 1.23, 0.99-1.52, 0.032; respectively). Conclusions: Dietary fiber intake was inversely related to long-term CVD mortality risk in Japanese. The ratios of carbohydrate, available carbohydrate or starch-to-fiber were positively associated with long-term CVD mortality risk; they might be useful indexes to predict future CVD risk.

Effect of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy goats

The objective of the study was to evaluate ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and apparent transfer of long-chain (FA) from duodenum into milk in dairy goats fed Ca salts of palm oil (CaS, 45g/d) or lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acids (LE-CLA, 45g/d providing 4.5g trans-10, cis-12 C18:2/d and 4.5g cis-9, trans-11 C18:2/d). Twelve lactating multiparous dairy Saanen or Alpine goats (65±3 days in milk) were randomly allocated to two experimental treatments (CaS vs LE-CLA) for a 3 wks experiment. The goats were fitted with a ruminal cannula and a T-type duodenal cannula for the measurement of duodenal flow by supplying 2.4g of Cr2O3/d through the rumen cannula during 3 wks: the first one was for reaching steady-state concentration of this marker in the digestive tract, the second wk was for measuring the daily flow of faecal chrome and nutrient faecal digestibility, and the third wk was for the duodenal sampling. LE-CLA did not affect intake, duodenal flow and apparent ruminal digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and starch. Compared to CaS, LE-CLA tended to decrease total digestibility of DM and NDF whereas total digestibility of starch was not affect by dietary treatments. The duodenal flow of FA was higher than FA intake in goats fed CaS or LE-CLA. LE-CLA increased the duodenal flows of C18:2 trans-10, cis-12, and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, leading to a calculated 16% protection from BH for both FA. The LE-CLA treatment tended to decrease the duodenal flows of C18:2 cis-9, trans-12 and C18:2 trans-9, cis-12. The ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9, cis-12, and C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 was not affected by the LE-CLA treatment. Average apparent transfer between the duodenum and milk fat was 22%, 44%, 36% and 22% for C18:2 trans-10, cis-12, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11+ C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 and C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively. Apparent transfer efficiency of long-chain FA was not affected by LE-CLA treatment.

Changes in rumen microbiota composition and in situ degradation kinetics during the dry period and early lactation as affected by rate of increase of concentrate allowance

Changes in rumen microbiota and in situ degradation kinetics were studied in 12 rumen-cannulated Holstein Friesian dairy cows during the dry period and early lactation. The effect of a rapid (RAP) or gradual (GRAD) postpartum (pp) rate of increase of concentrate allowance was also investigated. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake and had free access to a mixed ration consisting of chopped wheat straw (dry period only), grass silage, corn silage, and soybean meal. Treatment consisted of either a rapid (1.0 kg of dry matter/d; n = 6) or gradual (0.25 kg of dry matter/d; n = 6) increase of concentrate allowance (up to 10.9 kg of dry matter/d), starting at 4 d pp. In whole rumen contents, bacterial community composition was assessed using samples from 50, 30, and 10 d antepartum (ap), and 3, 9, 16, 30, 44, 60, and 80 d pp, and protozoal and archaeal community composition using samples from 10 d ap, and 16 and 44 d pp. Intake of fermentable organic matter, starch, and sugar was temporarily greater in RAP than GRAD at 16 d pp. Bacterial community richness was higher during the dry period than during the lactation. A rapid increase in concentrate allowance decreased bacterial community richness at 9 and 16 d pp compared with a gradual increase in concentrate allowance, whereas from 30 d pp onward richness of RAP and GRAD was similar. In general, the relative abundances of Bacteroidales and Aeromonadales were greater, and those of Clostridiales, Fibrobacterales, and Spirochaetales were smaller, during the lactation compared with the dry period. An interaction between treatment and sampling day was observed for some bacterial community members, and most of the protozoal and archaeal community members. Transition to lactation increased the relative abundance of Epidinium and Entodinium, but reduced the relative abundance of Ostracodinium. Archaea from genus Methanobrevibacter dominated during both the dry period and lactation. However, during lactation the abundance of the methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccaceae and Methanosphaera increased. The in situ degradation of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch, and crude protein was neither affected by treatment nor by transition from the dry period to lactation. Results show that the composition of the rumen microbiota can change quickly from the dry period to the lactation period, in particular with a rapid increase in fermentable substrate supply postpartum, but this was not associated with changes in rumen degradation kinetics.

Effect of dietary roughage level on chewing activity, ruminal pH, and saliva secretion in lactating Holstein cows

Increasing dietary roughage level is a commonly used strategy to prevent subacute ruminal acidosis. We hypothesized that high-roughage diets could promote chewing activity, saliva secretion, and hence more alkaline to buffer rumen pH. To verify the hypothesis, 12 multiparous Holstein cows in mid lactation were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a triplicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with one cow in each treatment surgically fitted with a ruminal cannula. Treatments were diets containing 40, 50, 60, or 70% of roughage on a DM basis. Increasing dietary roughage level decreased DM, CP, OM, starch, and NEL intake, increased ADF intake, and decreased milk yield linearly. Intake of NDF was quite stable across treatments and ranged from 7.8 to 8.1 kg/d per cow. Daily eating time increased linearly with increased roughage level. The increase in eating time was due to increased eating time per meal but not number of meals per day, which was stable and ranged from 8.3 to 8.5 meals per day across treatments. Increasing dietary roughage level had no effect on ruminating time (min/d), the number of ruminating periods (rumination periods per d), and chewing time per ruminating period (min/ruminating period). Ruminating time per kilogram of NDF intake and total chewing time per kilogram of ADF intake were similar across treatments (57.4 and 183.8 min/kg, respectively). Increasing dietary roughage level linearly increased daily total chewing time; linearly elevated the mean, maximum, and minimum ruminal pH; and linearly decreased total VFA concentration and molar proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid. Saliva secretion during eating was increased, the secretion during rumination was unaffected, but the secretion during resting tended to decrease with increased dietary roughage level. As a result, total saliva secretion was not affected by treatments. In conclusion, the results of the present study did not support the concept that high-roughage diets elevated ruminal pH through increased salivary recycling of buffering substrates.