Fat Intake Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Mental Health

Dietary patterns play a crucial role in shaping mental health, as they influence the availability of essential nutrients that support brain function and emotional regulation. The high intake of antioxidants and healthy fats supports brain health, reducing the risk of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. For example, in patients with depression, markers of systemic inflammation are often significantly greater than in controls, which is indicative of immune system dysregulation. The potential importance of the relationship between dietary patterns or quality and mental health early in the life span. Prospective and intervention studies are now required to improve the level of evidence. Given that the average age of onset for anxiety and mood disorders is 6 years and 13 years, respectively, the potential for early intervention using strategies targeted at improving dietary intake at a population level may be of substantial public health benefit. However, this would require policy action to improve the global food environment. Diets high in processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats are linked to an increased risk of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Prioritizing a balanced, nutritious diet can therefore play a crucial role in preventing mental health issues and enhancing overall well-being.

Prevalence and determinants of healthy and balanced diet among office workers in a sedentary working environment: evidence from Southern Sri Lanka

BackgroundAn unhealthy diet is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCD), which account for a significant number of premature deaths and disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Office workers are reported to have unhealthy and unbalanced diets, while being sedentary due to the nature of their work, placing them at a greater risk of NCD. This study aimed to determine dietary intake and associated factors among sedentary office workers in Southern Sri Lanka.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 518 sedentary workers in 20 offices in the Galle district. Socio-demographic, health and work-related factors and dietary practices were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall was used to assess dietary intake, which was converted into the number of servings from each food group. Healthy dietary intake was defined as ‘adherence to the numbers of servings recommended in Food Based Dietary Guidelines for Sri Lankans for more than three food groups including cereal and cereal-based foods, fruits, and vegetables, with the consumption of one or no unhealthy food per day’.ResultsOnly 4.6% (n = 24) of the participants consumed a healthy diet, while a considerable proportion had the recommended intake of cereal-based foods, vegetables and fish, meat and pulses (65.3%, 65.8% and 50.8%, respectively). Intake of fruits, dairy products, nuts and seeds was low among the participants. Meal skipping and group eating were significantly associated with an overall unhealthy diet. Stratified analysis showed sex as an effect modifier for the association between group eating and unhealthy diet. In multivariate analysis, none of the factors showed a significant association with healthy dietary intake.ConclusionsThe dietary intake of sedentary office workers was not up to the recommendations. Meal skipping and group eating were associated with unhealthy dietary intake. This study recommends introducing interventions to improve the intake of fruits, dairy products, nuts, and seeds for sedentary office workers.

Assessment of Relationship between Dietary Factors, Socioeconomic Factor, Behavioral Factor, Physical Measurement and Risk of Migraine: A Univariable and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study.

Although numerous studies have identified associations between socioeconomic, behavioral, dietary, and physical factors and migraine, the causal nature of these relationships has yet to be adequately established. We utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization to elucidate the causal associations of 28 distinct traits for socioeconomic factor, behavioral factor, dietary factor and physical measurement with migraine. In the univariable Mendelian randomization analysis, the inverse-variance weighted method served as the primary analytic approach. Robustness checks included Cochran Q test, Egger intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis. A multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis framework was utilized to assess the direct causal impacts of these traits on migraine risk. The univariable Mendelian randomization analysis analysis revealed that genetic predispositions to higher coffee intake (OR=0.547; 95% CI=0.359-0.834; P=0.005), greater oily fish intake (OR=0.556; 95% CI=0.394-0.785; P=0.001), and higher educational attainment (OR=0.916; 95% CI=0.884-0.949; P<0.001) were associated with reduced migraine risk. In contrast, predispositions to higher poultry intake (OR=4.690; 95% CI=1.377-15.977; P=0.013) and longer mobile phone use (OR=1.526; 95% CI=1.080-2.157; P=0.017) correlated with increased risk. These associations remained consistent in the multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis after adjusting for stroke and particulate matter air pollution. Our study robustly supports the significant causal roles of specific socioeconomic, behavioral, and dietary factors with physical measurement in the development of migraine. Notably, coffee intake, oily fish intake, and educational attainment appear protective, whereas poultry intake and extensive mobile phone use elevate risk. These insights pave the way for developing targeted preventive strategies for migraine.

Demographic, socioeconomic and dietary factors are associated with double burden of malnutrition among indigenous communities in Sarawak

Introduction: Double burden of malnutrition (DBM), encompassing both overnutrition and undernutrition, is a growing global public health issue. Indigenous people are one of the marginalised populations experiencing DBM at varying severity. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to DBM in indigenous households in Sarawak. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilised multistage random sampling to include 286 indigenous households from six administrative divisions in Sarawak. Mothers aged 20–49 years who had at least one child aged 2–12 years were recruited. Trained interviewers obtained information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, food security, and dietary intake via a two-day, 24-hour dietary recall. Height and weight measurements followed World Health Organization protocols. DBM household was identified as having an overnourished (overweight/ obese) mother with an undernourished (underweight/stunting/wasting) child within the same household. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Prevalence of DBM among the indigenous communities in Sarawak was 25.2%. Households with an overweight/obese mother and a stunted child was 12.9%, wasted child (11.9%), and underweight child (9.4%). Households with younger mothers, a household size of &gt;4 persons, and higher income per capita (relative to sample population) were significantly more likely to have DBM. Conversely, households with higher monthly non-food expenditure and greater fish and seafood intake scores in children were significantly less likely to have DBM. Conclusion: DBM is prevalent among Sarawak’s indigenous communities, affecting 25.2% of households. Further research and targeted interventions are needed to address socioeconomic and dietary factors in these populations.

Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomization analysis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent autoimmune disease, and there is growing evidence suggesting a potential correlation between dietary factors and the pathogenesis of this condition. In order to investigate the causal relationship between diet and RA, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal associations between 22 dietary factors and RA. Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of RA were obtained from large GWAS meta-analyses. GWAS summary data for 22 dietary factors were obtained from UK Biobank (UKB). Random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary method for assessing causality, and analyses of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were performed to ensure the accuracy of the results. Research indicates a negative genetic causal relationship between cereal intake (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41 - 0.99, P = 0.048) and oily fish intake (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52 - 0.95, P = 0.020) with the risk of RA. Other dietary factors were not causally related to RA. Sensitivity analysis shows that our results are reliable. This study provides genetic evidence suggesting that cereal intake and oily fish intake are protective factors for RA, indicating that RA patients and individuals at high risk should make appropriate dietary adjustments.

The association between consumption of dairy products and risk of type 2 diabetes.

The effects of dairy products on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are unclear. Some studies have revealed the beneficial effects, whereas others found harmful effects of dairy products on the risk of T2DM. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of different types of dairy products with risk of T2DM in Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study included a total of 4241 individuals. Among these participants, 1804 were diagnosed with T2DM or prediabetes, whereas the remaining 2437 individuals were without T2DM. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the consumption of different types of dairy products. A positive association was found between T2DM with dietary intake of milk [odds ratio (OR): 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.23, P = 0.008] and cheese (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.41-2.29, P = 0.001) after adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, BMI, education level, energy, and fat intake. There was no significant association between T2DM and dietary intake of total dairy, yogurt, ayran (yogurt drink), and curd. A positive association was found between the consumption of some dairy products including milk and cheese and the risk of T2DM. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to approve this finding.

Healthy Diets and Lifestyles in the World: Mediterranean and Blue Zone People Live Longer. Special Focus on Gut Microbiota and Some Food Components.

Longevity has been associated with healthy lifestyles, including some dietary regimens, such as the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and the Blue Zone (BZ) diets. MedDiet relies on a large consumption of fruit, vegetables, cereals, and extra-virgin olive oil, with less red meat and fat intake. Four major BZ have been recognized in the world, namely, Ogliastra in Sardinia (Italy), Ikaria (Greece), the Peninsula of Nicoya (Costa Rica), and Okinawa (Japan). Extreme longevity in these areas has been associated with correct lifestyles and dietary regimens. Fibers, polyphenols, beta-glucans, and unsaturated fatty acids represent the major constituents of both MedDiet and BZ diets, given their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Particularly, inhibition of the NF-kB pathway, with a reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induction of T regulatory cells, with the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin- 10, are the main mechanisms that prevent or attenuate the "inflammaging." Notably, consistent physical activity, intense social interactions, and an optimistic attitude contribute to longevity in BZD areas. Commonalities and differences between MedDIet and BZ diets will be outlined, with special reference to microbiota and food components, which may contribute to longevity.

Racial and Ethnical Disparities in Dietary Intakes Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2020

Backgrounds: Diet holds crucial significance in the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes. This study aims to compare dietary intake of key macronutrients and micronutrients across different race/ethnicity among adults with diabetes.Method: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 3,120 adults with diagnosed diabetes using the NHANES data from 2010 to March 2020. Type 2 diabetes was defined based on self-reported diagnosis or the use of anti-diabetic medications. Participants diagnosed with diabetes at age < 25years were assumed to have type 1 diabetes and were excluded. Race/ethnicity were categorized into White, Black, Asian, Mexican and other Hispanic adults. We compared the energy-adjusted nutrient intakes by race/ethnicity group and adjusted for sex and age.Results: There were significant differences in various nutrient intakes across race/ethnicity in adults with diabetes . Compared to White adults, Black adults were less likely to consume saturated fatty acids, calcium, zinc, and potassium; Asian adults had higher carbohydrate, fiber, magnesium, and sodium intakes but lower sugar, fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and calcium consumptions; Mexican adults had higher fiber and magnesium intakes but a lower sugar intake; other Hispanic adults had lower intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids.(all p<0.01.)Conclusion: There were significant racial/ethnical differences in dietary intake among various racial and ethnic groups in the US population. Tailored approaches through racial and ethnic considerations may

The Recommendation of the Mediterranean-styled Japanese Diet for Healthy Longevity.

The Mediterranean diet, listed as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO, is known as healthy and consumed worldwide. The Japanese diet is also listed and considered healthy. This narrative review compares the Mediterranean diet with its Japanese counterpart. Research has reported that people in Mediterranean regions, such as Italy and Greece, have one-third of the mortality ratio from cardiovascular diseases compared to people in the United States and Northern Europe because of the difference in eating habits. Therefore, Mediterranean diets are considered as healthy. A typical Western diet containing high amounts of fat, sugar, and calories is responsible for several diseases like metabolic syndrome and obesity, which are induced by chronic inflammation. In contrast, Mediterranean and Japanese diets contain them only less. The similarity between Mediterranean and Japanese diets is the substantial intake of vegetables, beans, and fish. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet consumes large amounts of olive oil, especially polyphenol-rich extra virgin olive oil and dairy products, but meat consumption is relatively small. In contrast, the Japanese diet does not use oil and fat, contains abundant fermented foods, and consumes seaweed. Japan is known for its longevity, and people think that a well-balanced diet daily is good for preventing and curing illness. In this regard, finding non-disease conditions, so-called "ME-BYO," and curing them before the manifestation of diseases is becoming more common. In this review, we discuss the healthy eating habit, "The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet," which prevents ME-BYO condition and reduces the risk of various diseases. The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet, a hybrid of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, reduces the risk of various diseases by suppressing chronic inflammation. This nutritional intervention prevents ME-BYO and is beneficial for healthy longevity. Hence, a Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet might be helpful for healthy longevity in Japan and around the world.

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish: A Comparative Study of Various Freshwater Species

The aqueous environment has been reported to be seriously threatened by the pollution of microplastics (MPs), which has been confirmed in numerous studies affecting various aquatic habitats. Despite this, few investigations exist on MP contamination in fish of specific regions. Thus, the current study aims to determine MP concentrations in the fish species of the Chhota Nagpur zone of eastern India. From August to September 2023, fish samples were collected from 10 km distance between two locations of Subarnarekha and Kharkai river banks through fishermen. Microplastics were found in the gastrointestinal tract of 45 fish of 8 species out of 48 samples. Of these species, six species were secondary consumers, while the remaining two were primary consumers. The average amount of microplastics consumed by each fish (n = 48) was 3.0 ± 1.8. A total of 144 microplastics were found in collected samples of fish species. Among the analyzed sample of MPs, 69.4% were fibers, films were (22.3%), and (8.3%) were fragments. The least contaminated species was T. ilisha (0.8 ± 0.7 particles/ind.), while L. rohita had the highest microplastic contamination (4.5 ± 1.7 particles/ind.). The present study found a negative correlation of - 0.83 between MP consumption and the mean body weight of fish. Similarly, a negative correlation of - 0.5 was found between the length of fish and MP intake. Polyamide (nylon), polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene polymers were found. The size of MPs ranged from 45-355 μm and mainly were fibers. They were also predominantly blue and black. Polyamide and polyvinyl chloride were the common MP types in every specimen. The possible sources of MPs were fishing nets, ropes, and packaging material. This investigation points to MP contamination in aquatic ecosystems and particular species. It provides advanced knowledge of MP pollution, sources, and effects on regional ecosystems and public health.

A Study on the Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Carbohydrate and Fat Intake according to Abdominal Obesity in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Based on 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

A Study on the Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Carbohydrate and Fat Intake according to Abdominal Obesity in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Based on 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Paneer in everyday diet: Health impacts, risks, and best consumption practices

Paneer, a traditional Indian dairy product, has gained immense popularity due to its high protein content and versatility in vegetarian diets. This article explores the nutritional benefits, potential health risks, and best practices for the safe consumption of paneer. Paneer is rich in proteins, fats, and essential micronutrients like calcium, making it an important food in many diets. However, challenges such as its short shelf life, potential contamination during production, and the presence of saturated fats raise concerns about its health and safety when consumed in excess or under improper conditions. This paper reviews the key health benefits of paneer, including its role in supporting muscle growth and bone health, while also addressing the risks posed by adulteration, microbial contamination, and improper storage. Through an analysis of traditional and commercial production methods, this study identifies critical control points in the processing and handling of paneer that can reduce risks and enhance its safety. Best practices for safe consumption include proper refrigeration, adherence to hygienic production standards, and limiting consumption of full-fat paneer to avoid excessive saturated fat intake. The article also highlights risk in consuming paneer which are adulterated, causing health threat to general public. Recommendations for future research focus on improving processing techniques and public awareness around safe paneer consumption to ensure its benefits outweigh potential risks.

Growth, fat metabolism and hepatic health in largemouth bass fed varying fat-level diets

This 60-day experiment investigated the influences of growth, fat metabolism and hepatic health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed varying fat diets. 225 fish (34 ± 0.04 g) were divided into three groups and fed diets with fat levels of 10 % (Low-fat diet, LFD), 14 % (Medium-fat diet, MFD) and 18 % (High-fat diet, HFD), respectively. The results revealed that fish fed HFD exhibited significantly better protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than LFD group (P<0.05), but survival rate (SR) and weight gain rate (WGR) were unaffected (P>0.05). Dietary fat levels significantly decreased hepatosomatic index (HSI) of fish (P<0.05), but visceral somatic index (VSI) and condition factor (CF) were unaffected (P>0.05). The contents of fat and ash in whole-body, and hepatic fat contents were increased with dietary fat levels (P<0.05), the contents of moisture and crude protein in whole-body and liver exhibited no substantial variations (P>0.05). Serum biochemical indexes and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities were increased significantly with rising dietary fat levels (P<0.05), serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities had no statistical differences (P>0.05). The expression of srebp-1 and acc in liver were down-regulated, but atgl, aco and bax were up-regulated with rising dietary fat contents (P<0.05). Caspase-3 exhibited a remarkable tendency of initially rising and then declining (P<0.05), the expression of fas, cpt-I, bcl-2 and the ratio of bcl-2/bax were unaffected (P>0.05). The histology of liver indicated the size and quantity of fat droplets increased with increment of dietary fat intake. Conclusion: the dietary fat levels of 14 %-18 % could be conducive to better growth of largemouth bass in this study.

Dietary Habits of Individuals With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Poor Fat-Soluble Vitamin Intake and Dietary Quality.

Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have expressed a need for more dietary information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary intake of individuals with PSC and compare it with Nordic nutrition recommendations 2023 (NNR2023). A cross-sectional assessment of dietary intake was performed using a food-frequency questionnaire among 120 individuals with PSC from five regions across Sweden. Macro- and micronutrient intake was compared to NNR2023. Dietary quality was evaluated using an index developed by the National Food Agency in Sweden. The median age was 47 years (IQR 18), and median body mass index (BMI) was 25.2 kg/m2 (IQR 5.9). Eight percent had a BMI < 20, and 13% had a BMI > 30. The average fibre intake was 18 g (IQR 18). Median energy distribution included 36% from fat (15% saturated, 4.6% polyunsaturated), 17% from protein and 43% from carbohydrates, highlighting an imbalanced diet with low carbohydrate, fibre and polyunsaturated fat intake and high saturated fat consumption. More than half reported suboptimal intake of zinc, selenium and vitamins C, D and K and > 30% suboptimal intake of vitamins A, B6, E, niacin, folate, potassium, magnesium and iron. Forty percent had poor dietary quality. Longer PSC duration and previous colectomy were associated with a lower dietary quality. Many individuals with PSC do not reach the recommended levels of various micronutrients, especially fat-soluble vitamins and report a poor dietary quality. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to nutritional management in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04133792.

Dietary fat intakes, food sources, and tracking across early childhood: results from the Melbourne InFANT Program.

Despite the important role of dietary fat in early childhood, our understanding of fat intake trends during this period is limited, particularly among Australian children. This study aimed to describe total and saturated fat (SFA) intake trends, food sources, and tracking in young Australian children. Data of children at ages 9 months (n = 393), 18 months (n = 284), 3.5 years (n = 244), and 5 years (n = 240) from the Melbourne InFANT Program were used. Dietary intakes were collected via three 24-hour recalls. Food groups and nutrient intakes were calculated using the 2007 AUSNUT Food Composition Database. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize fat intake and key food sources of fat. Tracking of fat intake was examined using Pearson correlations of residualized fat scores between time points. Total and SFA intake (g/d) increased over time in early childhood. The percentage of energy from total fat decreased from 9 to 18 months but remained stable until 5 years of age. The percentage of energy from SFA decreased across early childhood. Milk and milk products were the primary sources of both total fat and SFA, followed by breads/cereals, and cakes/cookies. Slight to moderate tracking of fat was observed in most age groups. This study described trends and food sources of young children's fat intakes and showed that early fat intakes track up to age 5 years. The study will contribute to the development and refinement of fat recommendations in young Australian children and inform the design of interventions to improve fat intake.

The Role of Diet in Tympanostomy Tube Otorrhea.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of diet quality in children with tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) complicated by tympanostomy tube otorrhea (TTO). Three-day 24-hour diet recall. Tertiary care medical center. Children between the ages of 2 to 6 years old with TTP performed 6 months to 2 years prior to enrollment were included. Children with a history of Down syndrome, cleft palate, craniofacial syndromes, known immunodeficiency, g-tube dependent, or a non-English speaking family were excluded. The primary outcome variable was TTO. The primary predictor was total caloric intake measured by percent estimated energy rate (%EER). A total of 120 families completed the 3-day diet recall. The median age was 27 months (interquartile range: 7.9-68.5), with 57% male sex. Most children reported dietary intake within the recommended range percent intake for carbohydrates and fat and less than recommended range for percent vitamin D. Within this cohort 63 (52.5%) participants had >1 TTO episode and 57 (47.5%) 1 TTO episode. Children with an EER% that was average or high were at higher odds of >1 TTO episodes compared to participants with a low EER% with ORs of 4.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 15.6) and 5.7 (95% CI: 1.5, 22.1) respectively. Children with a typical or high total daily caloric intake are approximately 5 to 6 times more likely to have multiple TTO episodes compared to those with low intake.

Dose-Response Associations Between Diet and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

To provide a systematic and quantitative summary of dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis included prospective cohort studies from 2000 to 2024 reporting relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for RA incidence relating to 32 different dietary exposures. Linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were conducted. Thirty studies were included, involving 2,986,747 participants with 9,677 RA cases. Linear dose-response analysis suggested that each 2-unit per week increase in total alcohol intake was linked to 4% risk reduction (RR (95%-CI), heterogeneity (I2), NutriGrade score: 0.96 (0.94, 0.98), 58%, moderate certainty), and beer consumption was associated with a 10% reduction per 2 units/week increase (0.90 (0.84, 0.97), 0%, very low certainty). Each 2-unit/week increase in total alcohol intake was associated with a 3% decrease in seropositive RA risk (0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 28%, moderate certainty). Increased intakes of fruit (per 80 g/day) and cereals (per 30 g/day) were associated with 5% (0.95 (0.92, 0.99), 57%, moderate certainty) and 3% (0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 20%, moderate certainty) reduced risk, respectively. Conversely, tea consumption showed a 4% increased risk per additional cup/day (1.04 (1.02, 1.05), 0%, moderate certainty). Non-linear associations were observed for total coffee, vegetables, oily fish, and vitamin D supplementation. Data on dietary patterns and specific micronutrients were limited. The findings suggest that moderate alcohol consumption and a higher intake of fruits, oily fish, and cereals are associated with a reduced risk of RA, while tea and coffee may be linked to an increased risk. Optimising dietary intake of certain food components may reduce RA risk, despite moderate-quality evidence.

Modification of Macronutrient Intake for Prevention of Gout in Japanese People in 2022: 2024 Update

In Japan, the prevalence of gout has increased markedly since the 1960s. Following on from the previous report, the aim of this article is to suggest what macronutrient intake is important for the prevention of gout in Japanese people in 2022 referencing the results of clinical research reported. As the previous report, the author used the data of the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan for the number of gout patients (1986-2022) and the data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan (1946-2022) for the intake of macronutrients. Macronutrient intake of Japanese people in 2022 were compared with those in 2019. The relationship between the number of gout patients and macronutrient intake in Japanese people was examined. The number of gout patients of Japanese people in 2022 was higher compared to that in 2019 (2019: 1.254 million; 2022: 1.306 million). Almost all gout patients were adults, and the number of gout patients were higher in men than in women. Compared to the Japanese diet in 2019, in the Japanese diet in 2022, the mean ratio of energy intake from protein in total energy intake (Protein/Energy) was the same and the mean ratio of energy intake from fat in total energy intake (Fat/Energy) increased by 0.5% and the mean ratio of energy intake from carbohydrate in total energy intake (Carbohydrate /Energy) decreased by 0.5%. The daily intake of dietary fiber of Japanese men (aged ≥ 15 years) in 2022 was below the Adequate Intakes (AIs) established by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S. The Fat/Energy and Saturated fatty acids/Energy and the daily intake of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were positively correlated with the number of gout patients, respectively. Whereas the Protein/Energy and the daily intake of energy, total carbohydrate, total protein, animal protein, and vegetable protein were negatively correlated with the number of gout patients, respectively. Modification of macronutrient intake for the prevention of gout in Japanese people (especially adults) in 2022 is suggested as follows: reduce the mean ratio of energy intake from saturated fatty acids in total energy intake (Saturated fatty acids/Energy); limiting or decreasing intake of fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol; increase intake of carbohydrate (particularly dietary fiber) and protein (particularly animal protein from low-fat dairy products and vegetable protein).

Does keto make the difference? A comprehensive review of its impact on physical activity, cognitive function and hormonal balance.

Introduction: The ketogenic diet, characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate intake, has become increasingly popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts due to its potential for supporting weight loss and enhancing metabolic health. This study aims to analyze the impact of the keto diet on physical and cognitive performance, as well as to understand the mechanisms and challenges associated with its use. Materials and methods: A systematic review of available studies was conducted through extensive searches in databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. State of knowledge: The ketogenic diet can be beneficial in endurance sports by improving fat utilization as an energy source and increasing energy stability, but its impact on aerobic capacity and time to exhaustion varies. In strength sports that require intense effort, carbohydrate restriction can negatively affect strength and muscle mass development, as glycogen is a key energy source in such activities. The ketogenic diet does not provide full benefits in high-intensity sports, such as sprints or team sports, due to limited glycogen availability. The ketogenic diet can improve body composition and metabolic efficiency in athletes, but its impact on performance depends on individual responses, and the adaptation process may involve challenges such as "keto flu." Ketogenic diet may positively impact mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, it may enhance sleep quality, particularly by supporting deep sleep, and potentially increase testosterone production. Conclusions: The ketogenic diet can benefit endurance sports by improving fat oxidation and sustaining energy levels, though its effectiveness in high-intensity, glycogen-dependent activities is less certain. Strategies like TKD or CKD, along with performance monitoring, can help athletes optimize results.

Chronotype, temporal patterns of eating and diet composition on work and work-free days

ABSTRACT Temporal patterns of eating and diet composition are influenced by factors including circadian preference (chronotype) and work schedule, yet their combined influence is unknown. We investigated relationships between chronotype, temporal eating patterns (duration of eating window (DEW), time of first (FEO) and last (LEO) eating occasions), and diet composition on workdays (WD) and work-free days (FD). Non-shift workers (n = 39) completed the Chrononutrition Questionnaire (CNQ) (age: 38.8 ± 17.2 years, BMI: 24.8 ± 4.78 kg/m2, 82% female) that captures chronotype and temporal eating patterns, and returned work diaries (work schedule) and 7-day food diaries (diet composition) after 2 weeks. Twenty-nine participants provided dietary data for at least two work and work-free days. Later chronotype was associated with later FEO on FD (rs = 0.45, p = 0.004), later LEO on FD (rs = 0.60, p < 0.001) and WD (rs = 0.61, p < 0.001), and longer DEW on WD (rs = 0.37, p = 0.024). Relationships between chronotype and diet composition were small. Later FEO was associated with higher % energy from fat (rs = 0.39, p = 0.043) and lower fibre intake (rs = −0.69, p < 0.001) on WD. Later chronotypes had shorter and later eating windows on FD than WD. Our findings suggest that relationships between chronotype, temporal eating patterns, and diet composition differ by day type. Further investigation may inform dietary strategies that are day-specific.