Intake Of Sugar-sweetened Soft Drinks Research Articles

Soft Drink Intake in Europe-A Review of Data from Nationally Representative Food Consumption Surveys.

Public health interest in reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has resulted in various guidelines and initiatives related to their consumption, together with an increase in availability and sales of low and no-sugars versions. The aim of this review was to gain insight regarding individual-level amounts and types of soft drinks consumed across the lifecycle as reported in nationally representative surveys in Europe. The review highlighted significant gaps and challenges regarding the availability of recent country-specific soft drink consumption data including heterogeneity in categorisations used in reporting soft drinks. Nonetheless, crude estimates of mean intake (across countries) indicated that total soft drinks and soft drinks with sugars was highest in adolescents and lowest in infants/toddlers and older adults. For infants/toddlers, crude mean intakes of soft drinks with reduced/no sugars were higher than soft drinks with sugars. The review also found that consumption of total soft drinks is decreasing with a shift to consumption of soft drinks with reduced/no sugars in replacement of sugars-containing soft drinks. This review provides valuable insight into what data are currently available on soft drink consumption in Europe with heterogeneity in categorisations, terminology, and definitions of soft drinks observed.

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and serum uric acid concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Serum uric acid concentration has been linked with metabolic abnormalities. The available evidence on the association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) intake with serum uric acid concentrations is conflicting. The present study aimed to summarise earlier findings on the association of SSB consumption with serum uric acid concentrations in adults. Using relevant keywords, we conducted a search in PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Scopus (https://www.scopus.com) and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com) up to September 2017 for all published papers assessing SSB intake and serum uric acid concentrations. SSBs were defined as the dietary intake of Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks and Fruit Juice (FJ), or as Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Diet Soft Drinks and Orange Juice or as Soda and FJ. After excluding non-relevant papers, five studies, with six effect sizes, remained in our systematic review. All studies included in the current systematic review were of cross-sectional design that were published between 2007 and 2013. The number of participants ranged from 483 to 14761 people. Most studies had controlled for age, body mass index, weight and sex. We found that individuals in the highest category of SSB intake had 0.18mgdL-1 greater concentrations of serum uric acid compared to those in the lowest category (summary effect size: 0.18mgdL-1 ; 95% confidence interval=0.11-0.25). No significant between-study heterogeneity was found (I2 =0.0%, P=0.698). In the sensitivity analysis, we found no particular study influence on the summary effect. There was no evidence of publication bias. We found that SSB consumption was significantly associated with increased serum uric acid concentrations in an adult population.

Social Media Use Is Positively Associated with Healthy Nutrition Behaviors in Native American Adults

Abstract Objectives Research shows that social media (SM) is a promising platform for promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity (PA) behaviors, especially for sharing goals, successes, and challenges with others to foster community support. However, there is inadequate evidence exploring its use in Native American (NA) adults, who are 60% more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic white adults. The objective of this analysis was to explore the association between SM use and specific nutrition and PA behaviors in a random sample of NA adults. Methods A total of 600 NA adults were interviewed on SM use as part of baseline data collection for a large obesity intervention (OPREVENT2) which was implemented in six communities in the Southwest and Midwest US. Respondents were asked: “In the last 30 days, how often did you share your own health-related goals, successes, or challenges with others on social media, like Facebook or Instagram?” Response options included: Never, Hardly ever, Some of the time, or Most of the time. A brief 30-day food frequency questionnaire and a modified International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form were used to assess usual dietary intake and frequency, duration, and amount of PA in the last seven days, respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to determine association between SM use and 1) daily servings of specific foods and beverages promoted (water, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) and discouraged (fats, oils and sweets, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks) by the OPREVENT2 intervention, and 2) frequency, duration, and amount of PA. Results Over half (59.9%) of respondents reported using SM. Greater frequency of SM use to share health-related goals, successes, or challenges was associated with decreased intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (–3.94; P < 0.01), and increased intake of vegetables (1.47; P < 0.01), fruits (0.19; P < 0.05), and water (7.56; P < 0.01). No other significant associations were observed. Conclusions Use of SM to share health-related goals, successes, and challenges in NA adults may play a role in supporting nutrition behaviors that protect against obesity. Future obesity interventions may consider using a SM component to promote these behaviors and to provide a platform for engagement among NA program participants. Funding Sources National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL122150; J. Gittelsohn).

Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults.

This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream of the Hazelwood Health Study. Participants completed a 120 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, diabetes, and body mass index was used to examine the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean (SD) age of participants was 71 (8) years, and 55% were male. More than half of men and women did not meet recommended intakes of fibre, while 60% of men and 42% of women exceeded recommended dietary sodium intakes. Higher diet quality in terms of intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed meat, as well as intake of non-fried fish, was associated with more favourable cardiometabolic risk profiles, while sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factor levels. In older, regionally-dwelling adults, dietary public health strategies that address whole grain products, vegetable and fish consumption, and sugar-sweetened soft-drink intake may be of benefit in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

The Heat Is On: A Mixed-Method Examination of Eating Behavior and Executive Functions Among Low Income Minority Girls During Summertime

Despite evidence that youth gain weight disproportionately over the summer months, few studies examine contributing obesogenic behaviors. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this study examined associations between summertime dietary intake patterns and executive function among 79 low-income urban minority early adolescent girls (ages 9-13 years). Participants were interviewed via the multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recall method and completed individually administered executive function tasks. A subsample of 14 parents completed interviews to gather qualitative information about summertime eating patterns. Results suggested that participants consumed 25% to 35% more daily calories than recommended, and inhibition difficulties were associated with higher calorie and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake. In addition, over one third of participants were classified as nighttime eaters, and these participants had more difficulty with inhibition, even when accounting for sleep influences, and consumed more soft drinks than daytime eaters. Qualitative interviews consistently indicated that summertime changes food consumption as well as the timing and structure of the meals.

Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of obesity-related cancers.

To test the hypothesis that more frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks would be associated with increased risk of obesity-related cancers. Associations for artificially sweetened soft drinks were assessed for comparison. Prospective cohort study with cancers identified by linkage to cancer registries. At baseline, participants completed a 121-item FFQ including separate questions about the number of times in the past year they had consumed sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened soft drinks. Anthropometric measurements, including waist circumference, were taken and questions about smoking, leisure-time physical activity and intake of alcoholic beverages were completed. The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) is a prospective cohort study which recruited 41 514 men and women aged 40-69 years between 1990 and 1994. A second wave of data collection occurred in 2003-2007. Data for 35 593 participants who developed 3283 incident obesity-related cancers were included in the main analysis. Increasing frequency of consumption of both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks was associated with greater waist circumference at baseline. For sugar-sweetened soft drinks, the hazard ratio (HR) for obesity-related cancers increased as frequency of consumption increased (HR for consumption >1/d v. 1/d v. <1/month=1·00; 95 % CI 0·79, 1·27; P-trend=0·61). Our results add to the justification to minimise intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks.

Temporal changes in sugar-sweetened soft drink intake and variation across municipalities in the Capital Region of Denmark.

We aimed to examine the changes in sugar-sweetened soft drink intake across the Capital Region of Denmark from 2007 to 2013 and to examine the association between intake and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. The study included data from three health surveys in 2007 (n = 30,426), 2010 (n = 42,218) and 2013 (n = 34,330) in the Capital Region of Denmark. Frequency of soft drink intake was derived from questionnaires among residents aged 25–79 years and linked with information from central registers. Municipality social groups (MSG) 1–4 of decreasing affluence were defined as a composite measure. Logistic regression analyses were conducted for individuals with an appropriate soft drink intake (< once/week) and for individuals with a frequent soft drink intake (≥ 3 times/week). The proportion of individuals reporting an appropriate soft drink intake increased by 71% during 2007–2013 (p < 0.0001). A corresponding decrease was found in the proportion of individuals reporting a frequent soft drink intake. Compared to MSG 1, odds of an appropriate soft drink intake were significantly lower in MSG 3–4: OR = 0.87 (95%CI 0.83–0.91) and OR = 0.89 (95%CI 0.85–0.92), respectively. Compared to MSG 1, odds of a frequent soft drink intake were significantly higher in MSG 3–4: OR = 1.24 (95%CI 1.63–1.31) and 1.17 (95%CI 1.10–1.25), respectively. A significant interaction between MSG and educational level was found among individuals reporting a frequent soft drink intake (p = 0.02). The results show an encouraging reduction in frequency of soft drink intake among capital residents in the period of 2007–2013. A social gradient was observed in soft drink intake across MSG.

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are associated with poorer cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study.

The importance of adequate nutrition on cognitive performance is well recognised. Greater intakes of soft drinks are associated with a higher risk for type 2 diabetes, as well as other cardiometabolic diseases. A few studies have specifically examined whether the intake of soft drinks may be related to cognitive function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soft drink intakes, including both sugar-sweetened and diet beverages, are associated with cognitive function, with adjustment for cardiovascular, lifestyle and dietary factors, and stratified according to type 2 diabetes status. Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken using 803 community-dwelling participants, aged 23-98 years, from the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study. Cognitive function was measured using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Usual dietary intake of soft drinks was assessed using a FFQ. Stratification by type 2 diabetes indicated that a greater intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks was significantly associated with poorer performance in visual spatial memory, working memory, scanning and tracking, executive function, the global composite and the Mini-Mental State Examination in diabetic individuals. These relations were not attenuated with statistical control for BMI and other cardiovascular, lifestyle and dietary factors. Diet soft drink intake was unrelated to cognitive performance. Frequent sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was associated with poorer cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the underlying causal mechanisms are yet to be determined. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these findings and the underlying causal mechanisms.

Association of lifestyle habits and academic achievement in Norwegian adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundWhile healthy lifestyle habits are generally assumed to be important for high academic achievement, there has been little research on this topic among adolescents. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the associations between several lifestyle habits and academic achievement in adolescent girls and boys.MethodsThe study included 2,432 Norwegian adolescents, 15–17 years old. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess dietary-, physical activity-, smoking- and snuffing habits and academic achievement. Logistic regression models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and parental education.ResultsIn both girls and boys, high academic achievement was associated with a regular consumption of breakfast (AOR: 3.30 (2.45-4.45) and AOR: 1.76 (1.32-2.34), respectively) and lunch (AOR: 1.44 (1.08-1.93) and AOR: 1.43 (1.09-1.89), respectively), and in boys, with a regular consumption of dinner (AOR: 1.44 (1.16-1.79)) and a regular meal pattern in general (AOR: 1.50 (1.10 – 2.03)). In both girls and boys, high academic achievement was associated with a high intake of fruit and berries (AOR: 2.09 (1.51-2.88) and AOR: 1.47 (1.04-2.07), respectively), and in girls, with a high intake of vegetables (AOR: 1.82 (1.30-2.53)). In both girls and boys, high academic achievement was associated with a high leisure time physical activity level (AOR: 1.51 (1.10-2.08) and AOR: 1.39 (1.05-1.85), respectively) and use of active commuting (AOR: 1.51 (1.10-2.08) and AOR: 1.72 (1.26-2.35), respectively). In both girls and boys, high academic achievement was associated with a low intake of lemonade (AOR: 0.42 (0.27-0.64) and AOR: 0.67 (0.48-0.94), respectively), and in girls, with a low intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (AOR: 0.47 (0.35- 0.64)) and salty snacks (AOR: 0.63 (0.47-0.85)). Lastly, high academic achievement was inversely associated with smoking and snuffing in both girls (AOR: 0.18 (0.12-0.25) and AOR: 0.25 (0.17-0.37), respectively) and boys (AOR: 0.37 (0.25-0.54) and AOR: 0.51 (0.36-0.72), respectively).ConclusionsA regular meal pattern, an intake of healthy food items and being physically active were all associated with increased odds of high academic achievement, whereas the intake of unhealthy food and beverages, smoking cigarettes and snuffing were associated with decreased odds of high academic achievement in Norwegian adolescents.

Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.

The intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but it is unclear whether this is because of the sugar content or related lifestyle factors, whether similar associations hold for artificially sweetened soft drinks, and how these associations are related to BMI. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review and dose-response meta-analysis of evidence from prospective cohorts to explore these issues. We searched multiple sources for prospective studies on sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes. Data were extracted from eleven publications on nine cohorts. Consumption values were converted to ml/d, permitting the exploration of linear and non-linear dose-response trends. Summary relative risks (RR) were estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The summary RR for sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks were 1·20/330 ml per d (95 % CI 1·12, 1·29, P< 0·001) and 1·13/330 ml per d (95 % CI 1·02, 1·25, P= 0·02), respectively. The association with sugar-sweetened soft drinks was slightly lower in studies adjusting for BMI, consistent with BMI being involved in the causal pathway. There was no evidence of effect modification, though both these comparisons lacked power. Overall between-study heterogeneity was high. The included studies were observational, so their results should be interpreted cautiously, but findings indicate a positive association between sugar-sweetened soft drink intake and type 2 diabetes risk, attenuated by adjustment for BMI. The trend was less consistent for artificially sweetened soft drinks. This may indicate an alternative explanation, such as lifestyle factors or reverse causality. Future research should focus on the temporal nature of the association and whether BMI modifies or mediates the association.

Associations between dietary intake and body fat independent of genetic and familial environmental background

To determine whether habitual dietary intake was associated with body fat mass and body fat distribution, independently of possible confounding by the genetic and shared environmental background. We examined correlations between intrapair differences in specific dietary composition and intake of foods and macronutrients in relation to differences in anthropometric phenotypes in a population-based sample of monozygotic twins. Data originated from a cross-sectional study, conducted in 1997-2000, of healthy twin pairs with measured anthropometry and information from food frequency questionnaire supplemented by self-reported weight from 1994 to 2002 and self-reported waist circumference from 2002. For this study, 153 men and 158 women identical twin pairs were included. Intrapair differences in dietary factors and anthropometry were studied using correlation analyses. Only few statistically significant correlations between intrapair differences in dietary intake and anthropometry were found. Consistent positive associations were found between intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and body fat in men, but not in women. Intake of vegetable oil was inversely associated with waist change in men. Only the latter finding remained significant when accounting for multiple testing. Only few associations between individually modifiable dietary factors and body fat measures were found, and only among men. Intake of vegetable oil was inversely related to waist change and intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks was directly related to body fat in men.

Sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake in childhood in relation to adult BMI and overweight. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

To investigate the associations of BMI and overweight in adulthood with consumption of sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drinks in childhood and with the change in consumption between childhood and adulthood. Longitudinal 21-year follow-up study of Finnish children and adolescents from childhood to adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, comprising participants from both eastern and western Finland. Boys (n 967) and girls (n 1172) aged 3-18 years at baseline in 1980. The increase in consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks from childhood to adulthood was directly associated with BMI in adulthood in women (b = 0.45, P = 0.0001) but not in men. In women, BMI increased by 0.45 kg/m2 for every 10-unit increase per month. Consumption of sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drinks in childhood and adolescence was not associated with BMI in adulthood. The change in consumption of sweets was not associated with BMI in adulthood. The increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks from childhood to adulthood was associated with being overweight (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI 1.38, 2.61) in women, but not in men. No association was found between overweight (BMI >or= 25 kg/m2) in adulthood and consumption of sweets in childhood or the change in consumption from childhood to adulthood. We conclude that direct associations exist between adulthood overweight and BMI and an increase in consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks in women. Thus sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption may be important when considering weight management in women.

Sugar‐sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum uric acid level: The third national health and nutrition examination survey

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks contain large amounts of fructose, which may significantly increase serum uric acid levels and the risk of gout. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between sugar-sweetened soft drink intake, diet soft drink intake, and serum uric acid levels in a nationally representative sample of men and women. Using data from 14,761 participants age>or=20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), we examined the relationship between soft drink consumption and serum uric acid levels using linear regression. Additionally, we examined the relationship between soft drink consumption and hyperuricemia (serum uric acid level>7.0 mg/dl for men and >5.7 mg/dl for women) using logistic regression. Intake was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Serum uric acid levels increased with increasing sugar-sweetened soft drink intake. After adjusting for covariates, serum uric acid levels associated with sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption categories (<0.5, 0.5-0.9, 1-3.9, and >or=4 servings/day) were greater than those associated with no intake by 0.08, 0.15, 0.33, and 0.42 mg/dl, respectively (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.73; P<0.001 for trend). The multivariate odds ratios for hyperuricemia according to the corresponding sweetened soft drink consumption levels were 1.01, 1.34, 1.51, and 1.82, respectively (P=0.003 for trend). Diet soft drink consumption was not associated with serum uric acid levels or hyperuricemia (multivariate P>0.13 for trend). These findings from a nationally representative sample of US adults suggest that sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption is associated with serum uric acid levels and frequency of hyperuricemia, but diet soft drink consumption is not.

Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Two Prospective Cohorts

A history of diabetes mellitus and a diet high in glycemic load are both potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are a prevalent source of readily absorbable sugars and have been associated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes. We investigated whether higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. We examined the relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and the development of pancreatic cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among 88,794 women and 49,364 men without cancer at baseline, we documented 379 cases of pancreatic cancer during up to 20 years of follow-up. Soft drink consumption was first assessed at baseline (1980 for the women, 1986 for the men) and updated periodically thereafter. Compared with participants who largely abstained from sugar-sweetened soft drinks, those who consumed more than three sugar-sweetened soft drinks weekly experienced overall a multivariate relative risk (RR) of pancreatic cancer of 1.13 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.81-1.58; P for trend = 0.47]. Women in the highest category of sugar-sweetened soft drink intake did experience a significant increase in risk (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02-2.41; P for trend = 0.05), whereas there was no association between sweetened soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer among men. Among women, the risk associated with higher sugar-sweetened soft drink was limited to those with elevated body mass index (>25 kg/m(2); RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 0.96-3.72) or with low physical activity (RR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.06-3.85). In contrast, consumption of diet soft drinks was not associated with an elevated pancreatic cancer risk in either cohort. Although soft drink consumption did not influence pancreatic cancer risk among men, consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks may be associated with a modest but significant increase in risk among women who have an underlying degree of insulin resistance.